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Sun H, Li X, Liu Q, Sheng H, Zhu L. pH-responsive self-assembled nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Drug Target 2024; 32:672-706. [PMID: 38682299 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2349124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of drug delivery have opened new avenues for the development of novel nanodrug delivery systems (NDDS) in cancer therapy. Self-assembled nanoparticles (SANPs) based on tumour microenvironment have great advantages in improving antitumor effect, and pH-responsive SANPs prepared by the combination of pH-responsive nanomaterials and self-assembly technology can effectively improve the efficacy and reduce the systemic toxicity of antitumor drugs. In this review, we describe the characteristics of self-assembly and its driving force, the mechanism of pH-responsive NDDS, and the nanomaterials for pH-responsive SANPs type. A series of pH-responsive SANPs for tumour-targeted drug delivery are discussed, with an emphasis on the relation between structural features and theranostic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henglai Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huagang Sheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Liqiao Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Hamdallah SI, Zoqlam R, Yang B, Campbell A, Booth R, Booth J, Belton P, Qi S. Using a systematic and quantitative approach to generate new insights into drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles using nanoprecipitation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3188-3198. [PMID: 38868816 PMCID: PMC11166107 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation in solvent/antisolvent mixtures is well reported but lacks clarity in explaining drug loading mechanisms and the prediction of efficiency of drug entrapment. Various methods using physical parameters such as log P and solid-state drug-polymer solubility aim to predict the intensity of drug-polymer interactions but lack precision. In particular, the zero-enthalpy method for drug/polymer solubility may be intrinsically inaccurate, as we demonstrate. Conventional measurement of loading capacity (LC), expressed in weight ratios, can be misleading for comparing different drugs and we stress the importance of using molar units. This research aims to provide new insights and critically evaluate the established methodologies for drug loading of PLGA nanoparticles. The study employs four model drugs with varying solubilities in solvent/antisolvent mixtures, log P values, and solid-state solubility in PLGA: ketoprofen (KPN), indomethacin (IND), sorafenib (SFN), and clofazimine (CFZ). This study highlights that drug loading efficiency is primarily influenced by the drug's solubilities within the solvent system. We emphasise that both kinetic and thermodynamic factors play a role in the behaviour of the system by considering the changes in drug solubility during mixing. The study introduces a pseudo-constant K* to characterise drug-polymer interactions, with CFZ and SFN showing the highest K* values. Interestingly, while IND and KPN have lower K* values, they achieve higher loading capacities due to their greater solubilities, indicating the key role of solubility in determining LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Hamdallah
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Randa Zoqlam
- School of Pharmacy, University College London London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Bin Yang
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Discovery Center (DISC) 1 Francis Crick Avenue Cambridge CB2 0AA UK
| | - Rebecca Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Jonathan Booth
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Peter Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Sheng Qi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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3
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Santhanes D, Zhang H, Wilkins A, John Aitken R, Gannon AL, Liang M. Engineering pH-sensitive dissolution of lipid-polymer nanoparticles by Eudragit integration impacts plasmid DNA (pDNA) transfection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114299. [PMID: 38643953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Lipid-polymer nanoparticles offer a promising strategy for improving gene nanomedicines by combining the benefits of biocompatibility and stability associated with the individual systems. However, research to date has focused on poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and resulted in inefficient transfection. In this study, biocompatible Eudragit constructs E100 and RS100 were formulated as lipid-polymer nanoparticles loaded with pDNA expressing red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a model therapeutic. Using a facile nanoprecipitation technique, a core-shell structure stabilised by lipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfactant was produced and displayed resistance to ultracentrifugation. Both cationic polymers E100 (pH-sensitive dissolution at 5) and RS100 (pH-insensitive dissolution) produced 150-200 nm sized particles with a small positive surface charge (+3-5 mV) and high pDNA encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 75-90%. The dissolution properties of the Eudragit polymers significantly impacted the biological performance in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). Nanoparticles composed of polymer RS100 resulted in consistently high cell viability (80-100%), whereas polymer E100 demonstrated dose-dependent behaviour (20-90% cell viability). The low dissolution of polymer RS100 over the full pH range and the resulting nanoparticles failed to induce RFP expression in HEK293T cells. In contrast, polymer E100-constructed nanoparticles resulted in reproducible and gradually increasing RFP expression of 26-42% at 48-72 h. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the polymer E100-based nanoparticles in C57BL/6 mice resulted in targeted RFP expression in mouse testes with favourable biocompatibility one-week post-administration. These findings predicate Eudragit based lipid-polymer nanoparticles as a novel and effective carrier for nucleic acids, which could facilitate pre-clinical evaluation and translation of gene nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diviya Santhanes
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Electron Microscopy and X-ray Unit, Research and Innovation Division, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alex Wilkins
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Gannon
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mingtao Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Mohammadi M, Ahmed Qadir S, Mahmood Faraj A, Hamid Shareef O, Mahmoodi H, Mahmoudi F, Moradi S. Navigating the future: Microfluidics charting new routes in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2024:124142. [PMID: 38648941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a transformative force in the field of drug delivery, offering innovative avenues to produce a diverse range of nano drug delivery systems. Thanks to its precise manipulation of small fluid volumes and its exceptional command over the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, this technology is notably able to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs. It has initiated a revolutionary phase in the domain of drug delivery, presenting a multitude of compelling advantages when it comes to developing nanocarriers tailored for the delivery of poorly soluble medications. These advantages represent a substantial departure from conventional drug delivery methodologies, marking a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical research and development. Furthermore, microfluidic platformsmay be strategically devised to facilitate targeted drug delivery with the objective of enhancing the localized bioavailability of pharmaceutical substances. In this paper, we have comprehensively investigated a range of significant microfluidic techniques used in the production of nanoscale drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review can serve as a valuable reference and offer insightful guidance for the development and optimization of numerous microfluidics-fabricated nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ahmed Qadir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Aryan Mahmood Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Halabja Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Halabja, Iraq
| | - Osama Hamid Shareef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Kouhjani M, Jaafari MR, Kamali H, Abbasi A, Tafaghodi M, Mousavi Shaegh SA. Microfluidic-assisted preparation of PLGA nanoparticles loaded with insulin: a comparison with double emulsion solvent evaporation method. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:306-329. [PMID: 38100556 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2287247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is an ideal polymer for the delivery of small and macromolecule drugs. Conventional preparation methods of PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) result in poor control over NPs properties. In this research, a microfluidic mixer was designed to produce insulin-loaded PLGA NPs with tuned properties. Importantly; aggregation of the NPs through the mixer was diminished due to the coaxial mixing of the precursors. The micromixer allowed for the production of NPs with small size and narrow size distribution compared to the double emulsion solvent evaporation (DESE) method. Furthermore, encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity indicated a significant increase in optimized NPs produced through the microfluidic method in comparison to DESE method. NPs prepared by the microfluidic method were able to achieve a more reduction of trans-epithelial electrical resistance values in the Caco-2 cells compared to those developed by the DESE technique that leads to greater paracellular permeation. Compatibility and interaction between components were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and fourier transform infrared analysis. Also, the effect of NPs on cell toxicity was investigated using MTT test. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the effect of mixing patterns on the properties of the NPs. It was revealed that by decreasing flow rate ratio, i.e. flow rate of the organic phase to the flow rate of the aqueous phase, mixing of the two streams increases. As an alternative to the DESE method, high flexibility in modulating hydrodynamic conditions of the microfluidic mixer allowed for nanoassembly of NPs with superior insulin encapsulation at smaller particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Kouhjani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Abbasi
- Laboratory of Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Orthopedic Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Nanotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh
- Laboratory of Microfluidics and Medical Microsystems, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Orthopedic Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Clinical Research Unit, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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6
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Huanbutta K, Sriamornsak P, Suwanpitak K, Klinchuen N, Deebugkum T, Teppitak V, Sangnim T. Key Fabrications of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Delivery Using Flow Chemistry Reactors. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7889-7900. [PMID: 38146468 PMCID: PMC10749571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s433756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitosan nanoparticles have garnered considerable interest in the field of drug delivery owing to their distinctive properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to encapsulate a wide range of drugs. However, the conventional methods (eg, the drop method) for synthesizing chitosan nanoparticles often face limitations in regard to controlling the particle size, morphology, and scalability, hindering their extensive application in drug delivery systems. To overcome these challenges, this study explores using a novel flow chemistry reactor design for fabricating clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Methods By varying two critical operating parameters of flow chemistry, namely, the flow rate ratio and total flow rate, the impact of these parameters on the properties of chitosan nanoparticles is investigated using a central composite experimental design. Results The optimized conditions for nanoparticle preparation yielded remarkable results, with chitosan nanoparticles exhibiting a small size of 371.60 nm and an extremely low polydispersity index of 0.042. Furthermore, using novel design flow chemistry reactor, the productivity of chitosan nanoparticles was estimated to be 25,402.17 mg/min, which was ~12.71 times higher than that obtained via batch synthesis. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that the use of novel design flow chemistry reactor is promising for synthesizing clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles intended for drug delivery applications. This is primarily attributed to their ability to produce nanoparticles with a considerably reduced particle size distribution and smaller overall size. The demonstrated high productivity of this technique suggests the potential for industrial-scale nanoparticle manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, the Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Suwanpitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Nattapat Klinchuen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Deebugkum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Vasanchai Teppitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
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7
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Zhang H, Yang J, Sun R, Han S, Yang Z, Teng L. Microfluidics for nano-drug delivery systems: From fundamentals to industrialization. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3277-3299. [PMID: 37655333 PMCID: PMC10466004 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, owing to the miniaturization of the fluidic environment, microfluidic technology offers unique opportunities for the implementation of nano drug delivery systems (NDDSs) production processes. Compared with traditional methods, microfluidics improves the controllability and uniformity of NDDSs. The fast mixing and laminar flow properties achieved in the microchannels can tune the physicochemical properties of NDDSs, including particle size, distribution and morphology, resulting in narrow particle size distribution and high drug-loading capacity. The success of lipid nanoparticles encapsulated mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 by microfluidics also confirmed its feasibility for scaling up the preparation of NDDSs via parallelization or numbering-up. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of microfluidics-based NDDSs, including the fundamentals of microfluidics, microfluidic synthesis of NDDSs, and their industrialization. The challenges of microfluidics-based NDDSs in the current status and the prospects for future development are also discussed. We believe that this review will provide good guidance for microfluidics-based NDDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rongze Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Songren Han
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Fabozzi A, Della Sala F, di Gennaro M, Barretta M, Longobardo G, Solimando N, Pagliuca M, Borzacchiello A. Design of functional nanoparticles by microfluidic platforms as advanced drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1389-1409. [PMID: 36647782 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle systems are functional carriers that can be used in the cancer therapy field for the delivery of a variety of hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic drugs. Recently, the advent of microfluidic platforms represents an advanced approach to the development of new nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Particularly, microfluidics can simplify the design of new nanoparticle-based systems with tunable physicochemical properties such as size, size distribution and morphology, ensuring high batch-to-batch reproducibility and consequently, an enhanced therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. In this perspective, we present accurate state-of-the-art microfluidic platforms focusing on the fabrication of polymer-based, lipid-based, lipid/polymer-based, inorganic-based and metal-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fabozzi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Francesca Della Sala
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario di Gennaro
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Barretta
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Longobardo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Solimando
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Maurizio Pagliuca
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
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Agha A, Waheed W, Stiharu I, Nerguizian V, Destgeer G, Abu-Nada E, Alazzam A. A review on microfluidic-assisted nanoparticle synthesis, and their applications using multiscale simulation methods. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:18. [PMID: 36800044 PMCID: PMC9936499 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) owing to their potential use in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, imaging agents, gene therapy, and vaccines, where recently, lipid nanoparticle mRNA-based vaccines were developed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. NPs typically fall into two broad categories: organic and inorganic. Organic NPs mainly include lipid-based and polymer-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymersomes, dendrimers, and polymer micelles. Gold and silver NPs, iron oxide NPs, quantum dots, and carbon and silica-based nanomaterials make up the bulk of the inorganic NPs. These NPs are prepared using a variety of top-down and bottom-up approaches. Microfluidics provide an attractive synthesis alternative and is advantageous compared to the conventional bulk methods. The microfluidic mixing-based production methods offer better control in achieving the desired size, morphology, shape, size distribution, and surface properties of the synthesized NPs. The technology also exhibits excellent process repeatability, fast handling, less sample usage, and yields greater encapsulation efficiencies. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the microfluidic-based passive and active mixing techniques for NP synthesis, and their latest developments. Additionally, a summary of microfluidic devices used for NP production is presented. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements in the experimental procedures, complete details of a nanoparticle-based system cannot be deduced from the experiments alone, and thus, multiscale computer simulations are utilized to perform systematic investigations. The work also details the most common multiscale simulation methods and their advancements in unveiling critical mechanisms involved in nanoparticle synthesis and the interaction of nanoparticles with other entities, especially in biomedical and therapeutic systems. Finally, an analysis is provided on the challenges in microfluidics related to nanoparticle synthesis and applications, and the future perspectives, such as large-scale NP synthesis, and hybrid formulations and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Agha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eiyad Abu-Nada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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10
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Santhanes D, Wilkins A, Zhang H, John Aitken R, Liang M. Microfluidic formulation of lipid/polymer hybrid nanoparticles for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122223. [PMID: 36155792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid/polymer hybrid nanoparticles loaded with red fluorescent protein (RFP) encoded plasmid DNA (pDNA) was formulated using poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), cationic lipid DC-cholesterol and surfactant mPEG2000- DSPE. A lipid/ polymer ratio of 1: 10 at 1 mg/mL surfactant concentration was found to be optimal for producing nanoparticles with diameters of 100-120 nm that remained stable upon ultracentrifugation. The production of lipid/ polymer hybrid nanoparticles was investigated using microfluidics with a toroidal mixer design. Our results showed that the flow parameters significantly influenced the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles and loading of pDNA was only achieved at flow rate ratio (FRR) of 3: 1. The pDNA associated with nanoparticles was demonstrated to be structurally intact using gel electrophoresis, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was measured to be ∼65%. The prepared hybrid nanoparticles resulted in 20% of transfection efficacy in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T). This study demonstrated the potential of microfluidics in the development of hybrid nanoparticles for pDNA delivery, thus facilitating the clinical translation of DNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diviya Santhanes
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Alex Wilkins
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Electron Microscopy and X-ray Unit, Research and Innovation Division, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mingtao Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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11
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Arruda DC, Lachagès AM, Demory H, Escriou G, Lai-Kuen R, Dugas PY, Hoffmann C, Bessoles S, Sarrabayrouse G, Malachias A, Finet S, Gastelois PL, de Almeida Macedo WA, da Silva Cunha A, Bigey P, Escriou V. Spheroplexes: Hybrid PLGA-cationic lipid nanoparticles, for in vitro and oral delivery of siRNA. J Control Release 2022; 350:228-243. [PMID: 35995297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vectorized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are widely used to induce gene silencing. Among the delivery systems used, lipid-based particles are the most effective. Our objective was the development of novel lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, from lipoplexes (complexes of cationic lipid and siRNAs), and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), using a simple modified nanoprecipitation method. Due to their morphology, we called these hybrid nanoparticles Spheroplexes. We elucidated their structure using several physico-chemical techniques and showed that they are composed of a hydrophobic PLGA matrix, surrounded by a lipid envelope adopting a lamellar structure, in which the siRNA is complexed, and they retain surface characteristics identical to the starting nanoparticles, i.e. lipoplexes siRNA. We analyzed the composition of the particle population and determined the final percentage of spheroplexes within this population, 80 to 85% depending on the preparation conditions, using fluorescent markers and the ability of flow cytometry to detect nanometric particles (approximately 200 nm). Finally, we showed that spheroplexes are very stable particles and more efficient than siRNA lipoplexes for the delivery of siRNA to cultured cells. We administered spheroplexes contain siRNAs targeting TNF-α to mice with ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate and our results indicate a disease regression effect with a response probably mediated by their uptake by macrophages / monocytes at the level of lamina propria of the colon. The efficacy of decreased level of TNF-α in vivo seemed to be an association of spheroplexes polymer-lipid composition and the specific siRNA. These results demonstrate that spheroplexes are a promising hybrid nanoparticle for the oral delivery of siRNA to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Campiol Arruda
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Hélène Demory
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | - René Lai-Kuen
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Platform, US 25 Inserm, UMS 3612 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Dugas
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Laboratoire Catalyse, Polymérisation, Procédés et Matériaux (CP2M), 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Angelo Malachias
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Stéphanie Finet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Pedro Lana Gastelois
- Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, CDTN, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Armando da Silva Cunha
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pascal Bigey
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France; ChimieParisTech, PSL University, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Escriou
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, F-75006 Paris, France
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12
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Shah S, Famta P, Bagasariya D, Charankumar K, Amulya E, Kumar Khatri D, Singh Raghuvanshi R, Bala Singh S, Srivastava S. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems: Does shape really matter? Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122101. [PMID: 35961415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of today, the era of nanomedicine has brought numerous breakthroughs and overcome challenges in the treatment of various disorders. Various factors like size, charge and surface hydrophilicity have garnered significant attention by nanotechnologists. However, more exploration in the field of nanoparticle shape and geometry, one of the basic physical phenomenon is required. Tuning nanoparticle shape and geometry could potentially overcome pitfalls in therapeutics and biomedical fields. Thus, in this article, we unveil the importance of tuning nanoparticle shape selection across the delivery platforms. This article provides an in-depth understanding of nanoparticle shape modulation and advise the researchers on the ideal morphology selection tailored for each implication. We deliberated the importance of nanoparticle shape selection for specific implications with respect to organ targeting, cellular internalization, pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution, protein corona formation as well as RES evasion and tumor targeting. An additional section on the significance of shape transformation, a recently introduced novel avenue with applications in drug delivery was discussed. Furthermore, regulatory concerns towards nanoparticle shape which need to be addressed for harnessing their clinical translation will be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepkumar Bagasariya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Kondasingh Charankumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Etikala Amulya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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13
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Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of LipoParticles as mRNA Carrier Prepared by Automated Microfluidic System and Bulk Method. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061297. [PMID: 35745869 PMCID: PMC9229904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric and/or lipid platforms are promising tools for nucleic acid delivery into cells. We previously reported a lipid–polymer nanocarrier, named LipoParticles, consisting of polylactic acid nanoparticles surrounded by cationic lipids, and allowing the addition of mRNA and cationic LAH4-1 peptide at their surface. Although this mRNA platform has shown promising results in vitro in terms of mRNA delivery and translation, the bulk method used to prepare LipoParticles relies on a multistep and time-consuming procedure. Here, we developed an automated process using a microfluidic system to prepare LipoParticles, and we compared it to the bulk method in terms of morphology, physicochemical properties, and ability to vectorize and deliver mRNA in vitro. LipoParticles prepared by microfluidic presented a smaller size and more regular spherical shape than bulk method ones. In addition, we showed that the total lipid content in LipoParticles was dependent on the method of preparation, influencing their ability to complex mRNA. LipoParticles decorated with two mRNA/LAHA-L1 ratios (1/20, 1/5) could efficiently transfect mouse DC2.4 cells except for the automated 1/5 assay. Moreover, the 1/5 mRNA/LAHA-L1 ratio drastically reduced cell toxicity observed in 1/20 ratio assays. Altogether, this study showed that homogeneous LipoParticles can be produced by microfluidics, which represents a promising platform to transport functional mRNA into cells.
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14
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Procopio A, Lagreca E, Jamaledin R, La Manna S, Corrado B, Di Natale C, Onesto V. Recent Fabrication Methods to Produce Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Matrices (Experimental and In Silico Approaches). Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:872. [PMID: 35456704 PMCID: PMC9027538 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of novel drug delivery systems represents one of the frontiers of the biomedical research area. Multi-disciplinary scientific approaches combining traditional or engineered technologies are used to provide major advances in improving drug bioavailability, rate of release, cell/tissue specificity and therapeutic index. Biodegradable and bio-absorbable polymers are usually the building blocks of these systems, and their copolymers are employed to create delivery components. For example, poly (lactic acid) or poly (glycolic acid) are often used as bricks for the production drug-based delivery systems as polymeric microparticles (MPs) or micron-scale needles. To avoid time-consuming empirical approaches for the optimization of these formulations, in silico-supported models have been developed. These methods can predict and tune the release of different drugs starting from designed combinations. Starting from these considerations, this review has the aim of investigating recent approaches to the production of polymeric carriers and the combination of in silico and experimental methods as promising platforms in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Procopio
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Elena Lagreca
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.L.); (R.J.)
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.L.); (R.J.)
| | - Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Brunella Corrado
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Valentina Onesto
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-Nanotec), Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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