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Guo Y, Wang H, Lyu R, Wang J, Wang T, Shi J, Lyu L. Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery of MicroRNAs for Fibrotic Diseases. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:53-67. [PMID: 37897655 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous noncoding RNAs that mediate the fibrotic process by regulating multiple targets. MicroRNA-based therapy can restore or inhibit miRNA expression and is expected to become an effective approach to prevent and alleviate fibrotic diseases. However, the safe, targeted, and effective delivery of miRNAs is a major challenge in translating miRNA therapy from bench to bedside. In this review, we briefly describe the pathophysiological process of fibrosis and the mechanism by which miRNAs regulate the progression of fibrosis. Additionally, we summarize the miRNA nanodelivery tools for fibrotic diseases, including chemical modifications and polymer-based, lipid-based, and exosome-based delivery systems. Further clarification of the role of miRNAs in fibrosis and the development of a novel nanodelivery system may facilitate the prevention and alleviation of fibrotic diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rumin Lyu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jingpei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650106, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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2
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Deir S, Mozhdehbakhsh Mofrad Y, Mashayekhan S, Shamloo A, Mansoori-Kermani A. Step-by-step fabrication of heart-on-chip systems as models for cardiac disease modeling and drug screening. Talanta 2024; 266:124901. [PMID: 37459786 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are caused by hereditary factors, environmental conditions, and medication-related issues. On the other hand, the cardiotoxicity of drugs should be thoroughly examined before entering the market. In this regard, heart-on-chip (HOC) systems have been developed as a more efficient and cost-effective solution than traditional methods, such as 2D cell culture and animal models. HOCs must replicate the biology, physiology, and pathology of human heart tissue to be considered a reliable platform for heart disease modeling and drug testing. Therefore, many efforts have been made to find the best methods to fabricate different parts of HOCs and to improve the bio-mimicry of the systems in the last decade. Beating HOCs with different platforms have been developed and techniques, such as fabricating pumpless HOCs, have been used to make HOCs more user-friendly systems. Recent HOC platforms have the ability to simultaneously induce and record electrophysiological stimuli. Additionally, systems including both heart and cancer tissue have been developed to investigate tissue-tissue interactions' effect on cardiac tissue response to cancer drugs. In this review, all steps needed to be considered to fabricate a HOC were introduced, including the choice of cellular resources, biomaterials, fabrication techniques, biomarkers, and corresponding biosensors. Moreover, the current HOCs used for modeling cardiac diseases and testing the drugs are discussed. We finally introduced some suggestions for fabricating relatively more user-friendly HOCs and facilitating the commercialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Deir
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Mozhdehbakhsh Mofrad
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Nano-Bioengineering Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Du J, Liu X, Wong CWY, Wong KKY, Yuan Z. Direct cellular reprogramming and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts on wound healing-Fantasy or reality? Chronic Dis Transl Med 2023; 9:191-199. [PMID: 37711868 PMCID: PMC10497843 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is one of the de novo approaches in regeneration medicine and has led to new research applications for wound healing in recent years. Fibroblasts have attracted wide attention as the first cell line used for differentiation into iPSCs. Researchers have found that fibroblasts can be induced into different types of cells in variable mediums or microenvironments. This indicates the potential "stem" characteristics of fibroblasts in terms of direct cellular reprogramming compared with the iPSC detour. In this review, we described the morphology and biological function of fibroblasts. The stem cell characteristics and activities of fibroblasts, including transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, osteogenic cells, chondrogenic cells, neurons, and vascular tissue, are discussed. The biological values of fibroblasts are then briefly reviewed. Finally, we discussed the potential applications of fibroblasts in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Diabetic Foot Diagnosis and Treatment CentreJilin Province People HospitalChangchunJilinChina
| | - Xuelai Liu
- Department of SurgeryCapital Institute of Pediatrics Affiliated Children HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Carol Wing Yan Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Kenneth Kak Yuen Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Zhixin Yuan
- Department of Emergency SurgeryJilin Province People HospitalChangchunJilinChina
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Perveen S, Vanni R, Lo Iacono M, Rastaldo R, Giachino C. Direct Reprogramming of Resident Non-Myocyte Cells and Its Potential for In Vivo Cardiac Regeneration. Cells 2023; 12:1166. [PMID: 37190075 PMCID: PMC10136631 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the foremost cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The heart has limited regenerative potential; therefore, lost cardiac tissue cannot be replenished after cardiac injury. Conventional therapies are unable to restore functional cardiac tissue. In recent decades, much attention has been paid to regenerative medicine to overcome this issue. Direct reprogramming is a promising therapeutic approach in regenerative cardiac medicine that has the potential to provide in situ cardiac regeneration. It consists of direct cell fate conversion of one cell type into another, avoiding transition through an intermediary pluripotent state. In injured cardiac tissue, this strategy directs transdifferentiation of resident non-myocyte cells (NMCs) into mature functional cardiac cells that help to restore the native tissue. Over the years, developments in reprogramming methods have suggested that regulation of several intrinsic factors in NMCs can help to achieve in situ direct cardiac reprogramming. Among NMCs, endogenous cardiac fibroblasts have been studied for their potential to be directly reprogrammed into both induced cardiomyocytes and induced cardiac progenitor cells, while pericytes can transdifferentiate towards endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This strategy has been indicated to improve heart function and reduce fibrosis after cardiac injury in preclinical models. This review summarizes the recent updates and progress in direct cardiac reprogramming of resident NMCs for in situ cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Vanni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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Sharma AR, Lee YH, Lee SS. Recent advancements of miRNAs in the treatment of bone diseases and their delivery potential. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 4:100150. [PMID: 36691422 PMCID: PMC9860349 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding miRNAs as endogenous posttranscriptional regulatory units have projected them as novel therapeutics for several untreatable diseases. miRNAs are endogenous non-coding small single-stranded RNA molecules (20-24 nucleotides) with specific gene regulatory functions like repression of mRNA translation by degrading mRNAs. Emerging evidence suggests the role of miRNAs in various stages of bone growth and development. Undoubtedly, due to their critical role in bone remodeling, miRNAs might be projected as a novel approach to treating bone-related diseases. However, the instability associated with miRNAs in their complex environment, such as degradation by nucleases, is a concern. Thus, recent attention is being paid to maintaining the miRNAs' safety and efficacy in the cells. Various efficient delivery systems and chemical modifications of miRNAs are being developed to make them a potential therapeutic option for bone diseases. Here, we have tried to recapitulate the recent advances in the role of miRNAs in bone disease, along with the potential delivery systems for their efficient delivery to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Corresponding author. Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24252, South Korea.
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Corresponding author. Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24252, South Korea.
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Direct Cardiac Epigenetic Reprogramming through Codelivery of 5'Azacytidine and miR-133a Nanoformulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315179. [PMID: 36499508 PMCID: PMC9739153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) is a promising approach to cardiac regeneration. However, the low yield of reprogrammed cells and the underlying epigenetic barriers limit its potential. Epigenetic control of gene regulation is a primary factor in maintaining cellular identities. For instance, DNA methylation controls cell differentiation in adults, establishing that epigenetic factors are crucial for sustaining altered gene expression patterns with subsequent rounds of cell division. This study attempts to demonstrate that 5'AZA and miR-133a encapsulated in PLGA-PEI nanocarriers induce direct epigenetic reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells. The results present a cardiomyocyte-like phenotype following seven days of the co-delivery of 5'AZA and miR-133a nanoformulation into human cardiac fibroblasts. Further evaluation of the global DNA methylation showed a decreased global 5-methylcytosine (5-medCyd) levels in the 5'AZA and 5'AZA/miR-133a treatment group compared to the untreated group and cells with void nanocarriers. These results suggest that the co-delivery of 5'AZA and miR-133a nanoformulation can induce the direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocyte-like cells in-vitro, in addition to demonstrating the influence of miR-133a and 5'AZA as epigenetic regulators in dictating cell fate.
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Leung KS, Shirazi S, Cooper LF, Ravindran S. Biomaterials and Extracellular Vesicle Delivery: Current Status, Applications and Challenges. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182851. [PMID: 36139426 PMCID: PMC9497093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the current status of extracellular vesicle (EV) delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds for therapeutic applications and the challenges associated with the development of these functionalized scaffolds. EVs are cell-derived membranous structures and are involved in many physiological processes. Naïve and engineered EVs have much therapeutic potential, but proper delivery systems are required to prevent non-specific and off-target effects. Targeted and site-specific delivery using polymeric scaffolds can address these limitations. EV delivery with scaffolds has shown improvements in tissue remodeling, wound healing, bone healing, immunomodulation, and vascular performance. Thus, EV delivery via biopolymeric scaffolds is becoming an increasingly popular approach to tissue engineering. Although there are many types of natural and synthetic biopolymers, the overarching goal for many tissue engineers is to utilize biopolymers to restore defects and function as well as support host regeneration. Functionalizing biopolymers by incorporating EVs works toward this goal. Throughout this review, we will characterize extracellular vesicles, examine various biopolymers as a vehicle for EV delivery for therapeutic purposes, potential mechanisms by which EVs exert their effects, EV delivery for tissue repair and immunomodulation, and the challenges associated with the use of EVs in scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey S. Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sajjad Shirazi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lyndon F. Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cojocaru E, Ghitman J, Stan R. Electrospun-Fibrous-Architecture-Mediated Non-Viral Gene Therapy Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132647. [PMID: 35808692 PMCID: PMC9269101 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-based therapy represents the latest advancement in medical biotechnology. The principle behind this innovative approach is to introduce genetic material into specific cells and tissues to stimulate or inhibit key signaling pathways. Although enormous progress has been achieved in the field of gene-based therapy, challenges connected to some physiological impediments (e.g., low stability or the inability to pass the cell membrane and to transport to the desired intracellular compartments) still obstruct the exploitation of its full potential in clinical practices. The integration of gene delivery technologies with electrospun fibrous architectures represents a potent strategy that may tackle the problems of stability and local gene delivery, being capable to promote a controlled and proficient release and expression of therapeutic genes in the targeted cells, improving the therapeutic outcomes. This review aims to outline the impact of electrospun-fibrous-architecture-mediated gene therapy drug delivery, and it emphatically discusses the latest advancements in their formulation and the therapeutic outcomes of these systems in different fields of regenerative medicine, along with the main challenges faced towards the translation of promising academic results into tangible products with clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cojocaru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Jana Ghitman
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Raluca Stan
- Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitzescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
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Electrospun nanofibrous membrane for biomedical application. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 4:172. [PMID: 35582285 PMCID: PMC9099337 DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a simple, cost-effective, flexible, and feasible continuous micro-nano polymer fiber preparation technology that has attracted extensive scientific and industrial interest over the past few decades, owing to its versatility and ability to manufacture highly tunable nanofiber networks. Nanofiber membrane materials prepared using electrospinning have excellent properties suitable for biomedical applications, such as a high specific surface area, strong plasticity, and the ability to manipulate their nanofiber components to obtain the desired properties and functions. With the increasing popularity of nanomaterials in this century, electrospun nanofiber membranes are gradually becoming widely used in various medical fields. Here, the research progress of electrospun nanofiber membrane materials is reviewed, including the basic electrospinning process and the development of the materials as well as their biomedical applications. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the latest research progress on electrospun nanofiber membrane materials and the various new electrospinning technologies that have emerged in recent years for various applications in the medical field. The application of electrospun nanofiber membrane materials in recent years in tissue engineering, wound dressing, cancer diagnosis and treatment, medical protective equipment, and other fields is the main topic of discussion in this review. Finally, the development of electrospun nanofiber membrane materials in the biomedical field is systematically summarized and prospects are discussed. In general, electrospinning has profound prospects in biomedical applications, as it is a practical and flexible technology used for the fabrication of microfibers and nanofibers. This review summarizes recent research on the application of electrospun nanofiber membranes as tissue engineering materials for the cardiovascular system, motor system, nervous system, and other clinical aspects. Research on the application of electrospun nanofiber membrane materials as protective products is discussed in the context of the current epidemic situation. Examples and analyses of recent popular applications in tissue engineering, wound dressing, protective products, and cancer sensors are presented.
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