Electrospun sandwich mesh structures loaded with naringenin and vitamin K2 polycaprolactone/gelatin nanofibers synergistically promote bone regeneration

Comparative Analysis of Electrospun Silk Fibroin/Chitosan Sandwich-Structured Scaffolds for Osteo Regeneration: Evaluating Mechanical Properties, Biological Performance, and Drug Release

An intensive idea of bone tissue engineering is to design regenerative nanofibrous scaffolds that could afford a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment with the ability to induce cell proliferation, biodegradation, sustained drug release, and bioactivity. Even the mechanical properties and orientation of the nanofibers may enhance the performance of the scaffolds. To address this issue, we designed novel sandwich-like hybrid silk fibroin (SF)/silica/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers scaffolds. The developed scaffold was further characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and water/blood contact angle measurements. Owing to the interfacial interaction between the layers of organic (chitosan/silk fibroin) and inorganic (silica) in the nanofibrous scaffold, a biocompatibility study has been made on an osteoblast-like (MG63) cell line, which has significant statistical differences; hemocompatibility and the mechanical profile were evaluated in detail to understand the suitability as a biomaterial. To endow the scaffold biodegradation rate, antibacterial activity, porosity profile, and cephalexin monohydrate (CEM), a drug-loading/drug release study was also performed for all of the nanofibers. This strategy explored superior mechanical strength with higher biomineralization on SF/silica/PVA nanofibers. Eventually, the proposed article compared the observation of monolayered scaffolds with designed sandwich-structured scaffolds for the enhancement of bone regeneration.

Advances in natural and synthetic macromolecules with stem cells and extracellular vesicles for orthopedic disease treatment

Serious orthopedic disorders resulting from myriad diseases and impairments continue to pose a considerable challenge to contemporary clinical care. Owing to its limited regenerative capacity, achieving complete bone tissue regeneration and complete functional restoration has proven challenging with existing treatments. By virtue of cellular regenerative and paracrine pathways, stem cells are extensively utilized in the restoration and regeneration of bone tissue; however, low survival and retention after transplantation severely limit their therapeutic effect. Meanwhile, biomolecule materials provide a delivery platform that improves stem cell survival, increases retention, and enhances therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we present the basic concepts of stem cells and extracellular vesicles from different sources, emphasizing the importance of using appropriate expansion methods and modification strategies. We then review different types of biomolecule materials, focusing on their design strategies. Moreover, we summarize several forms of biomaterial preparation and application strategies as well as current research on biomacromolecule materials loaded with stem cells and extracellular vesicles. Finally, we present the challenges currently impeding their clinical application for the treatment of orthopedic diseases. The article aims to provide researchers with new insights for subsequent investigations.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Modeling Techniques in Unraveling the Underlying Mechanism of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium aganist Type 2 Diabetic Osteoporosis

Type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP) is a common complication in diabetic patients that seriously affects their health and quality of life. The pathogenesis of T2DOP is complex, and there are no targeted governance means in modern medicine. Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has a long history and has been used in the treatment of osteoporosis diseases. However, the molecular mechanism for the CRP treatment of T2DOP is not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of CRP for the treatment of T2DOP by using network pharmacology and molecular modeling techniques. By retrieving multiple databases, we obtained 5 bioactive compounds and 63 common targets of bioactive compounds with T2DOP, and identified AKT 1, TP 53, JUN, BCL 2, MAPK 1, NFKB 1, and ESR 1 as the core targets of their PPI network. Enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were mainly enriched in the estrogen signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetics, which were mainly related to oxidative stress and hormonal regulation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have shown the excellent binding effect of the bioactive compounds of CRP and the core targets. These findings reveal that CRP may ameliorate T2DOP through multiple multicomponent and multitarget pathways.