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Gruszecka A, Gruszecki M, Neary JP, Singh J, Teckchandani T, Waskow M, Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Guminski W, Frydrychowski AF, Rumiński J, Lass P, Kratzig GP, Winklewski PJ. Comparison of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and near-infrared transillumination-backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS) methods. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18668. [PMID: 33122672 PMCID: PMC7596711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare simultaneously recorded a NIR-T/BSS and NIRS signals from healthy volunteers. NIR-T/BSS is a device which give an ability to non-invasively detect and monitor changes in the subarachnoid space width (SAS). Experiments were performed on a group of 30 healthy volunteers (28 males and 2 females, age 30.8 ± 13.4 years, BMI = 24.5 ± 2.3 kg/m2). We analysed recorded signals using analysis methods based on wavelet transform (WT) for the wide frequency range from 0.0095 to 2 Hz. Despite the fact that both devices use a similar radiation source both signals are distinct from each other. We found statistically significant differences for WT amplitude spectra between both signals. Additionally, we showed different relationships of both signals to blood pressure. Collectively, based on the present findings and those of previous studies, we can conclude that the combination of NIR-T/BSS or NIRS signals and time-frequency analysis opens new frontiers in science, and give possibility to understand and diagnosis of various neurodegenerative and ageing related diseases to improve diagnostic procedures and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gruszecka
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Tuwima Str. 15, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Jyotpal Singh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Taylor Teckchandani
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Monika Waskow
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Rumiński
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Lass
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.,Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Winklewski PJ, Wolf J, Gruszecki M, Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Narkiewicz K. Current understanding of the effects of inspiratory resistance on the interactions between systemic blood pressure, cerebral perfusion, intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1206-1214. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative intrathoracic pressure (nITP) is generated by the respiratory muscles during inspiration to overcome inspiratory resistance, thus enabling lung ventilation. Recently developed noninvasive techniques have made it possible to assess the effects of nITP in real time in several physiological aspects such as systemic blood pressure (BP), intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral blood flow (CBF). It has been shown that nITP from 0 to −20 cmH2O elevates BP and diminishes ICP, which facilitates brain perfusion. The effects of nITP from −20 to −40 cmH2O on BP, ICP, and CBF remain largely unrecognized, yet even nITP at −40 cmH2O may facilitate CBF by diminishing ICP. Importantly, nITP from −20 to −40 cmH2O has been documented in adults in commonly encountered obstructive sleep apnea, which justifies research in this area. Recent revelations about interactions between ICP and BP have opened up new fields of research in physiological regulation and the pathophysiology of common diseases, such as hypertension, brain injury, and respiratory disorders. A better understanding of these interactions may translate directly into new therapies in various fields of clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J. Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Nuckowska MK, Gruszecki M, Kot J, Wolf J, Guminski W, Frydrychowski AF, Wtorek J, Narkiewicz K, Winklewski PJ. Impact of slow breathing on the blood pressure and subarachnoid space width oscillations in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6232. [PMID: 30996273 PMCID: PMC6470142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess cardiac and respiratory blood pressure (BP) and subarachnoid space (SAS) width oscillations during the resting state for slow and fast breathing and breathing against inspiratory resistance. Experiments were performed on a group of 20 healthy volunteers (8 males and 12 females; age 25.3 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 22.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2). BP and heart rate (HR) were measured using continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography. SAS signals were recorded using an SAS monitor. Oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2) and end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) were measured using a medical monitoring system. Procedure 1 consisted of breathing spontaneously and at controlled rates of 6 breaths/minute and 6 breaths/minute with inspiratory resistance for 10 minutes. Procedure 2 consisted of breathing spontaneously and at controlled rates of 6, 12 and 18 breaths/minute for 5 minutes. Wavelet analysis with the Morlet mother wavelet was applied for delineation of BP and SAS signals cardiac and respiratory components. Slow breathing diminishes amplitude of cardiac BP and SAS oscillations. The overall increase in BP and SAS oscillations during slow breathing is driven by the respiratory component. Drop in cardiac component of BP amplitude evoked by slow-breathing may be perceived as a cardiovascular protective mechanism to avoid target organ damage. Further studies are warranted to assess long-term effects of slow breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Nuckowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Kot
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Wtorek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland.
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Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Wolf J, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ, Szurowska E, Narkiewicz K. Central sympathetic nervous system reinforcement in obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 39:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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5
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Gruszecki M, Lancaster G, Stefanovska A, Neary JP, Dech RT, Guminski W, Frydrychowski AF, Kot J, Winklewski PJ. Human subarachnoid space width oscillations in the resting state. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3057. [PMID: 29449606 PMCID: PMC5814422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsatility has been implicated in patients suffering from various diseases, including multiple sclerosis and hypertension. CSF pulsatility results in subarachnoid space (SAS) width changes, which can be measured with near-infrared transillumination backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS). The aim of this study was to combine NIR-T/BSS and wavelet analysis methods to characterise the dynamics of the SAS width within a wide range of frequencies from 0.005 to 2 Hz, with low frequencies studied in detail for the first time. From recordings in the resting state, we also demonstrate the relationships between SAS width in both hemispheres of the brain, and investigate how the SAS width dynamics is related to the blood pressure (BP). These investigations also revealed influences of age and SAS correlation on the dynamics of SAS width and its similarity with the BP. Combination of NIR-T/BSS and time-frequency analysis may open up new frontiers in the understanding and diagnosis of various neurodegenerative and ageing related diseases to improve diagnostic procedures and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | | | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Ryan T Dech
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Kot
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
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Gruszecki M, Nuckowska MK, Szarmach A, Radkowski M, Szalewska D, Waskow M, Szurowska E, Frydrychowski AF, Demkow U, Winklewski PJ. Oscillations of Subarachnoid Space Width as a Potential Marker of Cerebrospinal Fluid Pulsatility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1070:37-47. [PMID: 29435957 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation, two components can be distinguished: bulk flow (circulation) and pulsatile flow (back and forth motion). CSF pulsatile flow is generated by both cardiac and respiratory cycles. Recent years have seen increased interest in cardiac- and respiratory-driven CSF pulsatility as an important component of cerebral homeostasis. CSF pulsatility is affected by cerebral arterial inflow and jugular outflow and potentially linked to white matter abnormalities in various diseases, such as multiple sclerosis or hypertension. In this review, we discuss the physiological mechanisms associated with CSF pulsation and its clinical significance. Finally, we explain the concept of using the oscillations of subarachnoid space width as a surrogate for CSF pulsatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- Second Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Szalewska
- Chair of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Waskow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Slupsk Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Edyta Szurowska
- Second Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel J Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
- Second Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Slupsk Pomeranian University, Slupsk, Poland.
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7
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Kalicka R, Mazur K, Wolf J, Frydrychowski AF, Narkiewicz K, Winklewski PJ. Modelling of subarachnoid space width changes in apnoea resulting as a function of blood flow parameters. Microvasc Res 2017; 113:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Wolf J, Swierblewska E, Kunicka K, Mazur K, Gruszecki M, Winklewski PJ, Frydrychowski AF, Bieniaszewski L, Narkiewicz K. Increased inspiratory resistance affects the dynamic relationship between blood pressure changes and subarachnoid space width oscillations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179503. [PMID: 28654638 PMCID: PMC5487010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Respiration is known to affect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement. We hypothesised that increased inspiratory resistance would affect the dynamic relationship between blood pressure (BP) changes and subarachnoid space width (SAS) oscillations. METHODS Experiments were performed in a group of 20 healthy volunteers undergoing controlled intermittent Mueller Manoeuvres (the key characteristic of the procedure is that a studied person is subjected to a controlled, increased inspiratory resistance which results in marked potentiation of the intrathoracic negative pressure). BP and heart rate (HR) were measured using continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography; oxyhaemoglobin saturation with an ear-clip sensor; end-tidal CO2 with a gas analyser; cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), pulsatility and resistive indices with Doppler ultrasound. Changes in SAS were recorded with a new method i.e. near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding. Wavelet transform analysis was used to assess the BP and SAS oscillations coupling. RESULTS Initiating Mueller manoeuvres evoked cardiac SAS component decline (-17.8%, P<0.001), systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR increase (+6.3%, P<0.001; 6.7%, P<0.001 and +2.3%, P<0.05, respectively). By the end of Mueller manoeuvres, cardiac SAS component and HR did not change (+2.3% and 0.0%, respectively; both not statistically significant), but systolic and diastolic BP was elevated (+12.6% and +8.9%, respectively; both P<0.001). With reference to baseline values there was an evident decrease in wavelet coherence between BP and SAS oscillations at cardiac frequency in the first half of the Mueller manoeuvres (-32.3%, P<0.05 for left hemisphere and -46.0%, P<0.01 for right hemisphere) which was followed by subsequent normalization at end of the procedure (+3.1% for left hemisphere and +23.1% for right hemisphere; both not statistically significant). CONCLUSIONS Increased inspiratory resistance is associated with swings in the cardiac contribution to the dynamic relationship between BP and SAS oscillations. Impaired cardiac performance reported in Mueller manoeuvres may influence the pattern of cerebrospinal fluid pulsatility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital in Brno (FNUSA), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Swierblewska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kunicka
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kamila Mazur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pawel J. Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital in Brno (FNUSA), Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Wszedybyl-Winklewska M, Wolf J, Swierblewska E, Kunicka K, Gruszecka A, Gruszecki M, Kucharska W, Winklewski PJ, Zabulewicz J, Guminski W, Pietrewicz M, Frydrychowski AF, Bieniaszewski L, Narkiewicz K. Acute hypoxia diminishes the relationship between blood pressure and subarachnoid space width oscillations at the human cardiac frequency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172842. [PMID: 28241026 PMCID: PMC5328277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute hypoxia exerts strong effects on the cardiovascular system. Heart-generated pulsatile cerebrospinal fluid motion is recognised as a key factor ensuring brain homeostasis. We aimed to assess changes in heart-generated coupling between blood pressure (BP) and subarachnoid space width (SAS) oscillations during hypoxic exposure. Methods Twenty participants were subjected to a controlled decrease in oxygen saturation (SaO2 = 80%) for five minutes. BP and heart rate (HR) were measured using continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography, oxyhaemoglobin saturation with an ear-clip sensor, end-tidal CO2 with a gas analyser, and cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV), pulsatility and resistive indices with Doppler ultrasound. Changes in SAS were recorded with a recently-developed method called near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding. Wavelet transform analysis was used to assess the relationship between BP and SAS oscillations. Results Gradual increases in systolic, diastolic BP and HR were observed immediately after the initiation of hypoxic challenge (at fifth minute +20.1%, +10.2%, +16.5% vs. baseline, respectively; all P<0.01), whereas SAS remained intact (P = NS). Concurrently, the CBFV was stable throughout the procedure, with the only increase observed in the last two minutes of deoxygenation (at the fifth minute +6.8% vs. baseline, P<0.05). The cardiac contribution to the relationship between BP and SAS oscillations diminished immediately after exposure to hypoxia (at the fifth minute, right hemisphere -27.7% and left hemisphere -26.3% vs. baseline; both P<0.05). Wavelet phase coherence did not change throughout the experiment (P = NS). Conclusions Cerebral haemodynamics seem to be relatively stable during short exposure to normobaric hypoxia. Hypoxia attenuates heart-generated BP SAS coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Wolf
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Swierblewska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kunicka
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wieslawa Kucharska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pawel J. Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, Slupsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Zabulewicz
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Pietrewicz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Winklewski PJ, Barak O, Madden D, Gruszecka A, Gruszecki M, Guminski W, Kot J, Frydrychowski AF, Drvis I, Dujic Z. Effect of Maximal Apnoea Easy-Going and Struggle Phases on Subarachnoid Width and Pial Artery Pulsation in Elite Breath-Hold Divers. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135429. [PMID: 26285143 PMCID: PMC4540420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was to assess changes in subarachnoid space width (sas-TQ), the marker of intracranial pressure (ICP), pial artery pulsation (cc-TQ) and cardiac contribution to blood pressure (BP), cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and cc-TQ oscillations throughout the maximal breath hold in elite apnoea divers. Non-invasive assessment of sas-TQ and cc-TQ became possible due to recently developed method based on infrared radiation, called near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS). Methods The experimental group consisted of seven breath-hold divers (six men). During testing, each participant performed a single maximal end-inspiratory breath hold. Apnoea consisted of the easy-going and struggle phases (characterised by involuntary breathing movements (IBMs)). Heart rate (HR) was determined using a standard ECG. BP was assessed using the photoplethysmography method. SaO2 was monitored continuously with pulse oximetry. A pneumatic chest belt was used to register thoracic and abdominal movements. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was estimated by a 2-MHz transcranial Doppler ultrasonic probe. sas-TQ and cc-TQ were measured using NIR-T/BSS. Wavelet transform analysis was performed to assess cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations. Results Mean BP and CBFV increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and were further augmented by IBMs. cc-TQ increased compared to baseline at the end of the easy phase and remained stable during the IBMs. HR did not change significantly throughout the apnoea, although a trend toward a decrease during the easy phase and recovery during the IBMs was visible. Amplitudes of BP, CBFV and cc-TQ were augmented. sas-TQ and SaO2 decreased at the easy phase of apnoea and further decreased during the IBMs. Conclusions Apnoea increases intracranial pressure and pial artery pulsation. Pial artery pulsation seems to be stabilised by the IBMs. Cardiac contribution to BP, CBFV and cc-TQ oscillations does not change throughout the apnoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J. Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dennis Madden
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Kot
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | | | - Ivan Drvis
- University of Zagreb School of Kinesiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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11
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Winklewski PJ, Tkachenko Y, Mazur K, Kot J, Gruszecki M, Guminski W, Czuszynski K, Wtorek J, Frydrychowski AF. Sympathetic Activation Does Not Affect the Cardiac and Respiratory Contribution to the Relationship between Blood Pressure and Pial Artery Pulsation Oscillations in Healthy Subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135751. [PMID: 26284650 PMCID: PMC4540578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Using a novel method called near-infrared transillumination backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS) that allows for the non-invasive measurement of pial artery pulsation (cc-TQ) and subarachnoid width (sas-TQ) in humans, we assessed the influence of sympathetic activation on the cardiac and respiratory contribution to blood pressure (BP) cc-TQ oscillations in healthy subjects. Methods The pial artery and subarachnoid width response to handgrip (HGT) and cold test (CT) were studied in 20 healthy subjects. The cc-TQ and sas-TQ were measured using NIR-T/BSS; cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured using Doppler ultrasound of the left internal carotid artery; heart rate (HR) and beat-to-beat mean BP were recorded using a continuous finger-pulse photoplethysmography; respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) and end-tidal O2 (EtO2) were measured using a metabolic and spirometry module of the medical monitoring system. Wavelet transform analysis was used to assess the relationship between BP and cc-TQ oscillations. Results HGT evoked an increase in BP (+15.9%; P<0.001), HR (14.7; P<0.001), SaO2 (+0.5; P<0.001) EtO2 (+2.1; P<0.05) RR (+9.2%; P = 0.05) and MV (+15.5%; P<0.001), while sas-TQ was diminished (-8.12%; P<0.001), and a clear trend toward cc-TQ decline was observed (-11.0%; NS). CBFV (+2.9%; NS) and EtCO2 (-0.7; NS) did not change during HGT. CT evoked an increase in BP (+7.4%; P<0.001), sas-TQ (+3.5%; P<0.05) and SaO2(+0.3%; P<0.05). HR (+2.3%; NS), CBFV (+2.0%; NS), EtO2 (-0.7%; NS) and EtCO2 (+0.9%; NS) remained unchanged. A trend toward decreased cc-TQ was observed (-5.1%; NS). The sas-TQ response was biphasic with elevation during the first 40 seconds (+8.8% vs. baseline; P<0.001) and subsequent decline (+4.1% vs. baseline; P<0.05). No change with respect to wavelet coherence and wavelet phase coherence was found between the BP and cc-TQ oscillations. Conclusions Short sympathetic activation does not affect the cardiac and respiratory contribution to the relationship between BP—cc-TQ oscillations. HGT and CT display divergent effects on the width of the subarachnoid space, an indirect marker of changes in intracranial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel J. Winklewski
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Yurii Tkachenko
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Kamila Mazur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Kot
- National Centre for Hyperbaric Medicine, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Marcin Gruszecki
- Department of Radiology Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Guminski
- Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czuszynski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wtorek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
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