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Isola D, Lee HJ, Chung YJ, Zucconi L, Pelosi C. Once upon a Time, There Was a Piece of Wood: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Fungal Deterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Diagnostic Tools. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:366. [PMID: 38786721 PMCID: PMC11122135 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wooden Cultural Heritage (WCH) represents a significant portion of the world's historical and artistic heritage, consisting of immovable and movable artefacts. Despite the expertise developed since ancient times to enhance its durability, wooden artefacts are inevitably prone to degradation. Fungi play a pivotal role in the deterioration of WCH in terrestrial ecosystems, accelerating its decay and leading to alterations in color and strength. Reviewing the literature of the last 25 years, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of fungal diversity affecting WCH, the biochemical processes involved in wood decay, and the diagnostic tools available for fungal identification and damage evaluation. Climatic conditions influence the occurrence of fungal species in threatened WCH, characterized by a prevalence of wood-rot fungi (e.g., Serpula lacrymans, Coniophora puteana) in architectural heritage in temperate and continental climates and Ascomycota in indoor and harsh environments. More efforts are needed to address the knowledge fragmentation concerning biodiversity, the biology of the fungi involved, and succession in the degradative process, which is frequently centered solely on the main actors. Multidisciplinary collaboration among engineers, restorers, and life sciences scientists is vital for tackling the challenges posed by climate change with increased awareness. Traditional microbiology and culture collections are fundamental in laying solid foundations for a more comprehensive interpretation of big data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Institute of Preventive Conservation for Cultural Heritage, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33115, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Jae Chung
- Department of Heritage Conservation and Restoration, Graduate School of Cultural Heritage, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33115, Republic of Korea;
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Claudia Pelosi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
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Xuemei X, Kejia D, Weishan L, Tingxu F, Fei L, Xijie W. Indirect influence of soil enzymes and their stoichiometry on soil organic carbon response to warming and nitrogen deposition in the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1381891. [PMID: 38694804 PMCID: PMC11061507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1381891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the impact of warming and nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon components, the response mechanisms of microbial community composition and enzyme activity to soil organic carbon remain poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of warming and nitrogen deposition on soil organic carbon components in the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow and elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of microbial characteristics, including soil microbial community, enzyme activity, and stoichiometry, on organic carbon components. Results indicated that both warming and nitrogen deposition significantly increased soil organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon. The interaction between warming and nitrogen deposition influenced soil carbon components, with soil organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon, and dissolved organic carbon reaching maximum values in the W0N32 treatment, while microbial biomass carbon peaked in the W3N32 treatment. Warming and nitrogen deposition also significantly increased soil Cellobiohydrolase, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase. Warming decreased the soil enzyme C: N ratio and C:P ratio but increased the soil enzyme N:P ratio, while nitrogen deposition had the opposite effect. The bacterial Chao1 index and Shannon index increased significantly under warming conditions, particularly in the N32 treatment, whereas there were no significant changes in the fungal Chao1 index and Shannon index with warming and nitrogen addition. Structural equation modeling revealed that soil organic carbon components were directly influenced by the negative impact of warming and the positive impact of nitrogen deposition. Furthermore, warming and nitrogen deposition altered soil bacterial community composition, specifically Gemmatimonadota and Nitrospirota, resulting in a positive impact on soil enzyme activity, particularly soil alkaline phosphatase and β-xylosidase, and enzyme stoichiometry, including N:P and C:P ratios. In summary, changes in soil organic carbon components under warming and nitrogen deposition in the alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau primarily depend on the composition of soil bacterial communities, soil enzyme activity, and stoichiometric characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - De Kejia
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Guo Z, Liu CA, Hua K, Wang D, Wu P, Wan S, He C, Zhan L, Wu J. Changing soil available substrate primarily caused by fertilization management contributed more to soil respiration temperature sensitivity than microbial community thermal adaptation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169059. [PMID: 38061650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Substrate depletion and microbial community thermal adaptation are major mechanisms that regulate the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil microbial respiration. Traditionally, the Q10 of soil microbial respiration is measured using laboratory incubation, which has limits in the continuous input of available substrates and the time scale for microbial community thermal adaptation. How the available substrate and the soil microbial community regulate the Q10 of soil microbial respiration under natural warming conditions remains unclear. To fill this gap in knowledge, a long-term field experiment was conducted consisting of two years of soil respiration observations combined with a soil available substrate and microbial community thermal adaptation analysis under seasonal warming conditions. The Q10 of soil respiration was calculated using the square root method, and it was more affected by the available substrate than by microbial community thermal adaptation. Fertilization management has a stronger effect on soil available substrate than temperature. As the temperature increased, NH4-N proved itself to be important for the bacterial community in the process of Q10 regulation, while dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen were key factors for the fungal community. Based on the niche breadth of microbial community composition, the changing Q10 of the soil respiration was not only closely associated with the specialist community, but also the generalist and neutralist communities. Furthermore, bacterial community thermal adaptation primarily occurred through shifts in the abundances of specialists and neutralists, while changes in species richness and species replacement occurred for the fungal generalists and neutralists. This work indicates that changing available nitrogen and DOC primarily caused by fertilization management contributed more in regulating the Q10 of soil microbial respiration than microbial community thermal adaptation, and there are different mechanisms for bacterial and fungal community thermal adaptation under warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Guo
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Chang-An Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun town, Mengla County, Yunnan Province 666303, China.
| | - Keke Hua
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Daozhong Wang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
| | - Pingping Wu
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Shuixia Wan
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Chuanlong He
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Linchuan Zhan
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Ji Wu
- Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Resources Environment of AnHui Province, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China.
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Charpentier-Alfaro C, Benavides-Hernández J, Poggerini M, Crisci A, Mele G, Della Rocca G, Emiliani G, Frascella A, Torrigiani T, Palanti S. Wood-Decaying Fungi: From Timber Degradation to Sustainable Insulating Biomaterials Production. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093547. [PMID: 37176430 PMCID: PMC10179824 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the impacts of climate change and global warming has become an urgent priority for the planet's well-being. In recent decades the great potential of fungal-based products with characteristics equal to, or even outperforming, classic petroleum-derived products has been acknowledged. These new materials present the added advantage of having a reduced carbon footprint, less environmental impact and contributing to the shift away from a fossil-based economy. This study focused on the production of insulation panels using fungal mycelium and lignocellulosic materials as substrates. The process was optimized, starting with the selection of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Ganoderma carnosum and Fomitopsis pinicola isolates, followed by the evaluation of three grain spawn substrates (millet, wheat and a 1:1 mix of millet and wheat grains) for mycelium propagation, and finishing with the production of various mycelium-based composites using five wood by-products and waste materials (pine sawdust, oak shavings, tree of heaven wood chips, wheat straw and shredded beech wood). The obtained biomaterials were characterized for internal structure by X-ray micro-CT, thermal transmittance using a thermoflowmeter and moisture absorption. The results showed that using a wheat and millet 1:1 (w/w) mix is the best option for spawn production regardless of the fungal isolate. In addition, the performance of the final composites was influenced both by the fungal isolate and the substrate used, with the latter having a stronger effect on the measured properties. The study shows that the most promising sustainable insulating biomaterial was created using T. versicolor grown on wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Charpentier-Alfaro
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Benavides-Hernández
- Département Chimie, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Poggerini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alfonso Crisci
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mele
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo (ISAFOM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.Le Enrico Fermi, Portici, 80055 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianni Della Rocca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Angela Frascella
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Tommaso Torrigiani
- Laboratorio di Meteorologia Modellistica Ambientale (LaMMA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sabrina Palanti
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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Komagata Y, Fukasawa Y, Matsuura K. Low temperature enhances the ability of the termite-egg-mimicking fungus Athelia termitophila to compete against wood-decaying fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Fukasawa Y. Ecological impacts of fungal wood decay types: A review of current knowledge and future research directions. Ecol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fukasawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University Osaki Miyagi Japan
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Fukasawa Y, Ando Y, Oishi Y, Matsukura K, Okano K, Song Z, Sakuma D. Effects of forest dieback on wood decay, saproxylic communities, and spruce seedling regeneration on coarse woody debris. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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