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Brandt P, Mirhakkak MH, Wagner L, Driesch D, Möslinger A, Fänder P, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G, Vylkova S. High-Throughput Profiling of Candida auris Isolates Reveals Clade-Specific Metabolic Differences. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0049823. [PMID: 37097196 PMCID: PMC10269459 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00498-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant human fungal pathogen that causes outbreaks of invasive infections, emerged as four distinct geographical clades. Previous studies identified genomic and proteomic differences in nutrient utilization on comparison to Candida albicans, suggesting that certain metabolic features may contribute to C. auris emergence. Since no high-throughput clade-specific metabolic characterization has been described yet, we performed a phenotypic screening of C. auris strains from all 4 clades on 664 nutrients, 120 chemicals, and 24 stressors. We identified common and clade- or strain-specific responses, including the preferred utilization of various dipeptides as nitrogen source and the inability of the clade II isolate AR 0381 to withstand chemical stress. Further analysis of the metabolic properties of C. auris isolates showed robust growth on intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as citrate and succinic and malic acids. However, there was reduced or no growth on pyruvate, lactic acid, or acetate, likely due to the lack of the monocarboxylic acid transporter Jen1, which is conserved in most pathogenic Candida species. Comparison of C. auris and C. albicans transcriptomes of cells grown on alternative carbon sources and dipeptides as a nitrogen source revealed common as well as species-unique responses. C. auris induced a significant number of genes with no ortholog in C. albicans, e.g., genes similar to the nicotinic acid transporter TNA1 (alternative carbon sources) and to the oligopeptide transporter (OPT) family (dipeptides). Thus, C. auris possesses unique metabolic features which could have contributed to its emergence as a pathogen. IMPORTANCE Four main clades of the emerging, multidrug-resistant human pathogen Candida auris have been identified, and they differ in their susceptibilities to antifungals and disinfectants. Moreover, clade- and strain-specific metabolic differences have been identified, but a comprehensive overview of nutritional characteristics and resistance to various stressors is missing. Here, we performed high-throughput phenotypic characterization of C. auris on various nutrients, stressors, and chemicals and obtained transcriptomes of cells grown on selected nutrients. The generated data sets identified multiple clade- and strain-specific phenotypes and induction of C. auris-specific metabolic genes, showing unique metabolic properties. The presented work provides a large amount of information for further investigations that could explain the role of metabolism in emergence and pathogenicity of this multidrug-resistant fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Brandt
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad H. Mirhakkak
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lysett Wagner
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Anna Möslinger
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
- Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Pauline Fänder
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Slavena Vylkova
- Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University, and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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Druseikis M, Mottola A, Berman J. The Metabolism of Susceptibility: Clearing the FoG Between Tolerance and Resistance in Candida albicans. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 10:36-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-023-00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Sutar Y, Nabeela S, Singh S, Alqarihi A, Solis N, Ghebremariam T, Filler S, Ibrahim AS, Date A, Uppuluri P. Niclosamide-loaded nanoparticles disrupt Candida biofilms and protect mice from mucosal candidiasis. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001762. [PMID: 35976859 PMCID: PMC9385045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans biofilms are a complex multilayer community of cells that are resistant to almost all classes of antifungal drugs. The bottommost layers of biofilms experience nutrient limitation where C. albicans cells are required to respire. We previously reported that a protein Ndu1 is essential for Candida mitochondrial respiration; loss of NDU1 causes inability of C. albicans to grow on alternative carbon sources and triggers early biofilm detachment. Here, we screened a repurposed library of FDA-approved small molecule inhibitors to identify those that prevent NDU1-associated functions. We identified an antihelminthic drug, Niclosamide (NCL), which not only prevented growth on acetate, C. albicans hyphenation and early biofilm growth, but also completely disengaged fully grown biofilms of drug-resistant C. albicans and Candida auris from their growth surface. To overcome the suboptimal solubility and permeability of NCL that is well known to affect its in vivo efficacy, we developed NCL-encapsulated Eudragit EPO (an FDA-approved polymer) nanoparticles (NCL-EPO-NPs) with high niclosamide loading, which also provided long-term stability. The developed NCL-EPO-NPs completely penetrated mature biofilms and attained anti-biofilm activity at low microgram concentrations. NCL-EPO-NPs induced ROS activity in C. albicans and drastically reduced oxygen consumption rate in the fungus, similar to that seen in an NDU1 mutant. NCL-EPO-NPs also significantly abrogated mucocutaneous candidiasis by fluconazole-resistant strains of C. albicans, in mice models of oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal candidiasis. To our knowledge, this is the first study that targets biofilm detachment as a target to get rid of drug-resistant Candida biofilms and uses NPs of an FDA-approved nontoxic drug to improve biofilm penetrability and microbial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Sutar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Norma Solis
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Teklegiorgis Ghebremariam
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Filler
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abhijit Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R.K. Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Stevenson EM, Gaze WH, Gow NAR, Hart A, Schmidt W, Usher J, Warris A, Wilkinson H, Murray AK. Antifungal Exposure and Resistance Development: Defining Minimal Selective Antifungal Concentrations and Testing Methodologies. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:918717. [PMID: 37746188 PMCID: PMC10512330 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.918717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aims to summarise the current understanding of selection for antifungal resistance (AFR) and to compare and contrast this with selection for antibacterial resistance, which has received more research attention. AFR is an emerging global threat to human health, associated with high mortality rates, absence of effective surveillance systems and with few alternative treatment options available. Clinical AFR is well documented, with additional settings increasingly being recognised to play a role in the evolution and spread of AFR. The environment, for example, harbours diverse fungal communities that are regularly exposed to antifungal micropollutants, potentially increasing AFR selection risk. The direct application of effect concentrations of azole fungicides to agricultural crops and the incomplete removal of pharmaceutical antifungals in wastewater treatment systems are of particular concern. Currently, environmental risk assessment (ERA) guidelines do not require assessment of antifungal agents in terms of their ability to drive AFR development, and there are no established experimental tools to determine antifungal selective concentrations. Without data to interpret the selective risk of antifungals, our ability to effectively inform safe environmental thresholds is severely limited. In this review, potential methods to generate antifungal selective concentration data are proposed, informed by approaches used to determine antibacterial minimal selective concentrations. Such data can be considered in the development of regulatory guidelines that aim to reduce selection for AFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Stevenson
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - William H. Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. R. Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alwyn Hart
- Chief Scientist’s Group, Environment Agency, Horizon House, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Schmidt
- Chief Scientist’s Group, Environment Agency, Horizon House, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Usher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Wilkinson
- Chief Scientist’s Group, Environment Agency, Horizon House, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee K. Murray
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Medical School, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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Peng X, Yu Q, Liu Y, Ma T, Li M. Study on the Function of the Inositol Polyphosphate Kinases Kcs1 and Vip1 of Candida albicans in Energy Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:566069. [PMID: 33362729 PMCID: PMC7758236 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.566069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, inositol polyphosphate kinase KCS1 but not VIP1 knockout is of great significance for maintaining cell viability, promoting glycolysis metabolism, and inducing mitochondrial damage. The functions of Candida albicans inositol polyphosphate kinases Kcs1 and Vip1 have not yet been studied. In this study, we found that the growth rate of C. albicans vip1Δ/Δ strain in glucose medium was reduced and the upregulation of glycolysis was accompanied by a decrease in mitochondrial activity, resulting in a large accumulation of lipid droplets, along with an increase in cell wall chitin and cell membrane permeability, eventually leading to cell death. Relieving intracellular glycolysis rate or increasing mitochondrial metabolism can reduce lipid droplet accumulation, causing a reduction in chitin content and cell membrane permeability. The growth activity and energy metabolism of the vip1Δ/Δ strains in a non-fermentable carbon source glycerol medium were not different from those of the wild-type strains, indicating that knocking out VIP1 did not cause mitochondria damage. Moreover, C. albicans KCS1 knockout did not affect cell activity and energy metabolism. Thus, in C. albicans, Vip1 is more important than Kcs1 in regulating cell viability and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Peng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingzheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Song J, Zhou J, Zhang L, Li R. Mitochondria-Mediated Azole Drug Resistance and Fungal Pathogenicity: Opportunities for Therapeutic Development. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1574. [PMID: 33066090 PMCID: PMC7600254 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of mitochondria in pathogenic fungi in terms of azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity has been a rapidly developing field. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondria are involved in regulating azole resistance and fungal pathogenicity. Mitochondrial function is involved in the regulation of drug efflux pumps at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. On the one hand, defects in mitochondrial function can serve as the signal leading to activation of calcium signaling and the pleiotropic drug resistance pathway and, therefore, can globally upregulate the expression of drug efflux pump genes, leading to azole drug resistance. On the other hand, mitochondria also contribute to azole resistance through modulation of drug efflux pump localization and activity. Mitochondria further contribute to azole resistance through participating in iron homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Additionally, mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in azole resistance. Meanwhile, mitochondrial morphology is important for fungal virulence, playing roles in growth in stressful conditions in a host. Furthermore, there is a close link between mitochondrial respiration and fungal virulence, and mitochondrial respiration plays an important role in morphogenetic transition, hypoxia adaptation, and cell wall biosynthesis. Finally, we discuss the possibility for targeting mitochondrial factors for the development of antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Song
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Rongpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province and School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China;
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What do we know about the biology of the emerging fungal pathogen of humans Candida auris? Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126621. [PMID: 33096325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is a worrisome fungal pathogen of humans which emerged merely about a decade ago. Ever since then the scientific community worked hard to understand clinically relevant traits, such as virulence factors, antifungal resistance mechanisms, and its ability to adhere to human skin and medical devices. Whole-genome sequencing of clinical isolates and epidemiological studies outlining the path of nosocomial outbreaks have been the focus of research into this pathogenic and multidrug-resistant yeast since its first description in 2009. More recently, work was started by several laboratories to explore the biology of C. auris. Here, we review the insights of studies characterizing the mechanisms underpinning antifungal drug resistance, biofilm formation, morphogenetic switching, cell aggregation, virulence, and pathogenicity of C. auris. We conclude that, although some progress has been made, there is still a long journey ahead of us, before we fully understand this novel pathogen. Critically important is the development of molecular tools for C. auris to make this fungus genetically tractable and traceable. This will allow an in-depth molecular dissection of the life cycle of C. auris, of its characteristics while interacting with the human host, and the mechanisms it employs to avoid being killed by antifungals and the immune system.
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Chybowska AD, Childers DS, Farrer RA. Nine Things Genomics Can Tell Us About Candida auris. Front Genet 2020; 11:351. [PMID: 32351544 PMCID: PMC7174702 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently emerged multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen causing severe illness in hospitalized patients. C. auris is most closely related to a few environmental or rarely observed but cosmopolitan Candida species. However, C. auris is unique in the concern it is generating among public health agencies for its rapid emergence, difficulty to treat, and the likelihood for further and more extensive outbreaks and spread. To date, five geographically distributed and genetically divergent lineages have been identified, none of which includes isolates that were collected prior to 1996. Indeed, C. auris' ecological niche(s) and emergence remain enigmatic, although a number of hypotheses have been proposed. Recent genomic and transcriptomic work has also identified a variety of gene and chromosomal features that may have conferred C. auris with several important clinical phenotypes including its drug-resistance and growth at high temperatures. In this review we discuss nine major lines of enquiry into C. auris that big-data technologies and analytical approaches are beginning to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra D. Chybowska
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Delma S. Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys A. Farrer
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at The University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Zamith-Miranda D, Heyman HM, Cleare LG, Couvillion SP, Clair GC, Bredeweg EL, Gacser A, Nimrichter L, Nakayasu ES, Nosanchuk JD. Multi-omics Signature of Candida auris, an Emerging and Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen. mSystems 2019; 4:e00257-19. [PMID: 31186339 PMCID: PMC6561322 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00257-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently described pathogenic fungus that is causing invasive outbreaks on all continents. The fungus is of high concern given the numbers of multidrug-resistant strains that have been isolated in distinct sites across the globe. The fact that its diagnosis is still problematic suggests that the spreading of the pathogen remains underestimated. Notably, the molecular mechanisms of virulence and antifungal resistance employed by this new species are largely unknown. In the present work, we compared two clinical isolates of C. auris with distinct drug susceptibility profiles and a Candida albicans reference strain using a multi-omics approach. Our results show that, despite the distinct drug resistance profile, both C. auris isolates appear to be very similar, albeit with a few notable differences. However, compared to C. albicans both C. auris isolates have major differences regarding their carbon utilization and downstream lipid and protein content, suggesting a multifactorial mechanism of drug resistance. The molecular profile displayed by C. auris helps to explain the antifungal resistance and virulence phenotypes of this new emerging pathogen.IMPORTANCE Candida auris was first described in Japan in 2009 and has now been the cause of significant outbreaks across the globe. The high number of isolates that are resistant to one or more antifungals, as well as the high mortality rates from patients with bloodstream infections, has attracted the attention of the medical mycology, infectious disease, and public health communities to this pathogenic fungus. In the current work, we performed a broad multi-omics approach on two clinical isolates isolated in New York, the most affected area in the United States and found that the omic profile of C. auris differs significantly from C. albicans In addition to our insights into C. auris carbon utilization and lipid and protein content, we believe that the availability of these data will enhance our ability to combat this rapidly emerging pathogenic yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Heino M Heyman
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Levi G Cleare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sneha P Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Erin L Bredeweg
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Attila Gacser
- Department of Microbiology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Antifungal Compounds against Candida Infections from Traditional Chinese Medicine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4614183. [PMID: 29445739 PMCID: PMC5763084 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4614183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Candida albicans, often refractory and with high morbidity and mortality, cause a heavy burden on the public health while the current antifungal drugs are limited and are associated with toxicity and resistance. Many plant-derived molecules including compounds isolated from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are reported to have antifungal activity through different targets such as cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, and virulence factors. Here, we review the recent progress in the anti-Candida compounds from TCM, as well as their antifungal mechanisms. Considering the diverse targets and structures, compounds from TCM might be a potential library for antifungal drug development.
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