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Essadik I, Boucher C, Bobée C, Cabet É, Gautier V, Lalucque H, Silar P, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G. Mutations in Podospora anserina MCM1 and VelC Trigger Spontaneous Development of Barren Fruiting Bodies. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:79. [PMID: 38276025 PMCID: PMC10819945 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Podospora anserina is a heterothallic filamentous fungus found mainly on herbivore dung. It is commonly used in laboratories as a model system, and its complete life cycle lasting eight days is well mastered in vitro. The main objective of our team is to understand better the global process of fruiting body development, named perithecia, induced normally in this species by fertilization. Three allelic mutants, named pfd3, pfd9, and pfd23 (for "promoting fruiting body development") obtained by UV mutagenesis, were selected in view of their abilities to promote barren perithecium development without fertilization. By complete genome sequencing of pfd3 and pfd9, and mutant complementation, we identified point mutations in the mcm1 gene as responsible for spontaneous perithecium development. MCM1 proteins are MADS box transcription factors that control diverse developmental processes in plants, metazoans, and fungi. We also identified using the same methods a mutation in the VelC gene as responsible for spontaneous perithecium development in the vacua mutant. The VelC protein belongs to the velvet family of regulators involved in the control of development and secondary metabolite production. A key role of MCM1 and VelC in coordinating the development of P. anserina perithecia with gamete formation and fertilization is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Silar
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236—LIED, F-75013 Paris, France (C.B.); (É.C.); (V.G.); (H.L.); (F.C.-L.)
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Demoor A, Lacaze I, Ferrari R, Lalanne C, Silar P, Brun S. GUN Mutants: New Weapons To Unravel Ascospore Germination Regulation in the Model Fungus Podospora anserina. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0146122. [PMID: 36786590 PMCID: PMC10100959 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01461-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Podospora anserina as in many other Ascomycetes, ascospore germination is a regulated process that requires the breaking of dormancy. Despite its importance in survival and dispersal, ascospore germination in filamentous fungi has been poorly investigated, and little is known about its regulation and genetic control. We have designed a positive genetic screen that led to the isolation of mutants showing uncontrolled germination, the GUN (Germination UNcontrolled) mutants. Here, we report on the characterization of the gun1SG (Spontaneous Germination) mutant. We show that gun1SG is mutated in Pa_6_1340, the ortholog of Magnaporthe oryzae Pth2, which encodes a carnitine-acetyltransferase (CAT) involved in the shuttling of acetyl coenzyme A between peroxisomes and mitochondria and which is required for appressorium development. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the mutated residue (I441) is highly conserved among Fungi and that the mutation has a deleterious impact on the protein function. We show that GUN1 is essential for ascospore germination and that the protein is localized both in mitochondria and in peroxisomes. Finally, epistasis studies allowed us to place GUN1 together with the PaMpk2 MAPK pathway upstream of the PaNox2/PaPls1 complex in the regulation of ascospore germination. In addition, we show that GUN1 plays a role in appressorium functioning. The pivotal role of GUN1, the ortholog of Pth2, in ascospore germination and in appressorium functioning reinforces the idea of a common genetic regulation governing both appressorium development and melanized ascospore germination. Furthermore, we characterize the second CAT encoded in P. anserina genome, Pa_3_7660/GUP1, and we show that the function of both CATs is conserved in P. anserina. IMPORTANCE The regulation of ascospore germination in filamentous fungi has been poorly investigated so far. To unravel new genes involved in this regulation pathway, we conducted a genetic screen in Podospora anserina, and we isolated 57 mutants affected in ascospore germination. Here, we describe the Germination UNcontrolled One (gun1SG) mutant, and we characterize the gene affected. GUN1 is a peroxisomal/mitochondrial carnitine-acetyltransferase required for acetyl coenzyme A shuttling between both organelles, and we show that GUN1 is a pleiotropic gene also involved in appressorium functioning similarly to its ortholog, the pathogenesis factor Pth2, in the plant pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Given the similarities in the regulation of appressorium development and ascospore germination, we speculate that discovering new genes controlling ascospore germination in P. anserina may lead to the discovery of new pathogenesis factors in pathogenic fungi. The characterization of GUN1, the ortholog of M. oryzae Pth2, represents a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Demoor
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Lacaze
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Roselyne Ferrari
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lalanne
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Brun
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain/UMR 8236, Paris, France
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Shen L, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Chen Q, Chen S, Adnan M, Wang J, Liu G, Xie N. Involvement of VIVID in white light-responsive pigmentation, sexual development and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2907-2923. [PMID: 35315561 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light serves as a source of information and regulates diverse physiological processes in living organisms. Fungi perceive and respond to light through a complex photosensory system. Fungi have evolved the desensitization mechanism to adapt to the changing light signal in a natural environment. White light exerts multiple essential impacts on the model filamentous fungus P. anserina. However, the light sensing and response in this species has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the light desensitization protein VIVID (VVD) in P. anserina triggered exacerbated light responses, and therefore led to drastic morphological and physiological changes. The white light-sensitive mutant Δvvd showed growth reduction, spermatia overproduction, enhanced hyphae pigmentation and reduced oxidative stress tolerance. We observed the decreased expression level of sterigmatocystin gene cluster by transcriptome analysis, and finally detected the reduced production of sterigmatocystin in Δvvd in response to white light. Our data indicate that VVD acts as a repressor of white collar complex. This study exhibits a vital role of VVD in governing white light-responsive gene expression and secondary metabolite production, and contributes to a better understanding of the photoreceptor VVD in P. anserina. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8236, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Qiyi Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Marine Algal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China
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Functional characterization of the GATA-type transcription factor PaNsdD in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina and its interplay with the sterigmatocystin pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0237821. [PMID: 35080910 PMCID: PMC8939327 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02378-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The model ascomycete Podospora anserina, distinguished by its strict sexual development, is a prolific but yet unexploited reservoir of natural products. The GATA-type transcription factor NsdD has been characterized by the role in balancing asexual and sexual reproduction and governing secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. In the present study, we functionally investigated the NsdD ortholog PaNsdD in P. anserina. Compared to the wild-type strain, vegetative growth, ageing processes, sexual reproduction, stress tolerance, and interspecific confrontations in the mutant were drastically impaired, owing to the loss of function of PaNsdD. In addition, the production of 3-acetyl-4-methylpyrrole, a new metabolite identified in P. anserina in this study, was significantly inhibited in the ΔPaNsdD mutant. We also demonstrated the interplay of PaNsdD with the sterigmatocystin biosynthetic gene pathway, especially as the deletion of PaNsdD triggered the enhanced red-pink pigment biosynthesis that occurs only in the presence of the core polyketide synthase-encoding gene PaStcA of the sterigmatocystin pathway. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the global regulation mediated by PaNsdD in P. anserina, especially with regard to its unexpected involvement in the fungal ageing process and its interplay with the sterigmatocystin pathway. IMPORTANCE Fungal transcription factors play an essential role in coordinating multiple physiological processes. However, little is known about the functional characterization of transcription factors in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. In this study, a GATA-type regulator PaNsdD was investigated in P. anserina. The results showed that PaNsdD was a key factor that can control the fungal ageing process, vegetative growth, pigmentation, stress response, and interspecific confrontations and positively regulate the production of 3-acetyl-4-methylpyrrole. Meanwhile, a molecular interaction was implied between PaNsdD and the sterigmatocystin pathway. Overall, loss of function of PaNsdD seems to be highly disadvantageous for P. anserina, which relies on pure sexual reproduction in a limited life span. Therefore, PaNsdD is clearly indispensable for the survival and propagation of P. anserina in its complex ecological niches.
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Gautier V, Levert E, Giraud T, Silar P. Important role of melanin for fertility in the fungus Podospora anserina. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab159. [PMID: 33974074 PMCID: PMC8763234 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are pigments used by fungi to withstand various stresses and to strengthen vegetative and reproductive structures. In Sordariales fungi, their biosynthesis starts with a condensation step catalyzed by an evolutionary-conserved polyketide synthase. Here we show that complete inactivation of this enzyme in the model ascomycete Podospora anserina through targeted deletion of the PaPks1 gene results in reduced female fertility, in contrast to a previously analyzed nonsense mutation in the same gene that retains full fertility. We also show the utility of PaPks1 mutants for detecting rare genetic events in P. anserina, such as parasexuality and possible fertilization and/or apomixis of nuclei devoid of mating-type gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gautier
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Levert
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
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Vogan AA, Ament-Velásquez SL, Granger-Farbos A, Svedberg J, Bastiaans E, Debets AJ, Coustou V, Yvanne H, Clavé C, Saupe SJ, Johannesson H. Combinations of Spok genes create multiple meiotic drivers in Podospora. eLife 2019; 8:46454. [PMID: 31347500 PMCID: PMC6660238 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drive is the preferential transmission of a particular allele during sexual reproduction. The phenomenon is observed as spore killing in multiple fungi. In natural populations of Podospora anserina, seven spore killer types (Psks) have been identified through classical genetic analyses. Here we show that the Spok gene family underlies the Psks. The combination of Spok genes at different chromosomal locations defines the spore killer types and creates a killing hierarchy within a population. We identify two novel Spok homologs located within a large (74–167 kbp) region (the Spok block) that resides in different chromosomal locations in different strains. We confirm that the SPOK protein performs both killing and resistance functions and show that these activities are dependent on distinct domains, a predicted nuclease and kinase domain. Genomic and phylogenetic analyses across ascomycetes suggest that the Spok genes disperse through cross-species transfer, and evolve by duplication and diversification within lineages. In many organisms, most cells carry two versions of a given gene, one coming from the mother and the other from the father. An exception is sexual cells such as eggs, sperm, pollen or spores, which should only contain one variant of a gene. During their formation, these cells usually have an equal chance of inheriting one of the two gene versions. However, a certain class of gene variants called meiotic drivers can cheat this process and end up in more than half of the sexual cells; often, the cells that contain the drivers can kill sibling cells that do not carry these variants. This results in the selfish genetic elements spreading through populations at a higher rate, sometimes with severe consequences such as shifting the ratio of males to females. Meiotic drivers have been discovered in a wide range of organisms, from corn to mice to fruit flies and bread mold. They also exist in the fungus Podospora anserina, where they are called ‘spore killers’. Fungi are often used to study complex genetic processes, yet the identity and mode of action of spore killers in P. anserina were still unknown. Vogan, Ament-Velásquez et al. used a combination of genetic methods to identify three genes from the Spok family which are responsible for certain spores being able to kill their siblings. Two of these were previously unknown, and they could be found in different locations throughout the genome as part of a larger genetic region. Depending on the combination of Spok genes it carries, a spore can kill or be protected against other spores that contain different permutations of the genes. Copies of these genes were also shown to be present in other fungi, including species that are a threat to crops. Scientists have already started to create synthetic meiotic drivers to manipulate how certain traits are inherited within a population. This could be useful to control or eradicate pests and insects that transmit dangerous diseases. The results by Vogan, Ament-Velásquez et al. shine a light on the complex ways that natural meiotic drivers work, including how they can be shared between species; this knowledge could inform how to safely deploy synthetic drivers in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Vogan
- Organismal biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shen L, Porée FH, Gaslonde T, Lalucque H, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G. Functional characterization of the sterigmatocystin secondary metabolite gene cluster in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina: involvement in oxidative stress response, sexual development, pigmentation and interspecific competitions. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3011-3026. [PMID: 31136075 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are known as prolific untapped reservoirs of diverse secondary metabolites, where genes required for their synthesis are organized in clusters. The bioactive properties of these compounds are closely related to their functions in fungal biology, which are not well understood. In this study, we focused on the Podospora anserina gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin (ST). Deletion of the PaStcA gene encoding the polyketide synthase and overexpression (OE) of the PaAflR gene encoding the ST-specific transcription factor in P. anserina were performed. We showed that growth of PaStcAΔ was inhibited in the presence of methylglyoxal, while OE-PaAflR showed a little inhibition, indicating that ST production may enhance oxidative stress tolerance in P. anserina. We also showed that the OE-PaAflR strain displayed an overpigmented thallus mediated by the melanin pathway. Overexpression of PaAflR also led to sterility. Interspecific confrontation assays showed that ST-overexpressed strains produced a high level of peroxides and possessed a higher competitiveness against other fungi. Comparative metabolite profiling demonstrated that PaStcAΔ strain was unable to produce ST, while OE-PaAflR displayed a ST overproduction. This study contributes to a better understanding of ST in P. anserina, especially with regard to its involvement in fungal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - François-Hugues Porée
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR CNRS CITCOM 8038, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gaslonde
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR CNRS CITCOM 8038, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
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PaPro1 and IDC4, Two Genes Controlling Stationary Phase, Sexual Development and Cell Degeneration in Podospora anserina. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030085. [PMID: 29997371 PMCID: PMC6162560 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi frequently undergo bistable phenotypic switches. Crippled Growth of Podospora anserina is one such bistable switch, which seems to rely upon the mis-activation of a self-regulated PaMpk1 MAP kinase regulatory pathway. Here, we identify two new partners of this pathway: PaPro1, a transcription factor orthologous to Sordaria macrospora pro1 and Neurospora crassa ADV-1, and IDC4, a protein with an AIM24 domain. Both PaPro1 and IDC4 regulate stationary phase features, as described for the other actors of the PaMpk1 signaling pathway. However, PaPro1 is also involved in the control of fertilization by activating the transcription of the HMG8 and the mating type transcription factors, as well as the sexual pheromones and receptor genes. The roles of two components of the STRIPAK complex were also investigated by inactivating their encoding genes: PaPro22 and PaPro45. The mutants of these genes were found to have the same phenotypes as PaPro1 and IDC4 mutants as well as additional phenotypes including slow growth, abnormally shaped hyphae, pigment accumulation and blockage of the zygotic tissue development, indicating that the STRIPAK complex regulates, in addition to the PaMpk1 one, other pathways in P. anserina. Overall, the mutants of these four genes confirm the model by which Crippled Growth is due to the abnormal activation of the PaMpk1 MAP kinase cascade.
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Xie N, Ruprich-Robert G, Silar P, Herbert E, Ferrari R, Chapeland-Leclerc F. Characterization of three multicopper oxidases in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina: A new role of an ABR1-like protein in fungal development? Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 116:1-13. [PMID: 29654834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Podospora anserina genome contains a large family of 15 multicopper oxidases (MCOs), including three genes encoding a FET3-like protein, an ABR1-like protein and an ascorbate oxidase (AO)-like protein. FET3, ABR1 and AO1 are involved in global laccase-like activity since deletion of the relevant genes led to a decrease of activity when laccase substrate (ABTS) was used as substrate. However, contrary to the P. anserina MCO proteins previously characterized, none of these three MCOs seemed to be involved in lignocellulose degradation and in resistance to phenolic compounds and oxidative stress. We showed that the bulk of ferroxidase activity was clearly due to ABR1, and only in minor part to FET3, although ABR1 does not contain all the residues typical of FET3 proteins. Moreover, we showed that ABR1, related to the Aspergillus fumigatus ABR1 protein, was clearly and specifically involved in pigmentation of ascospores. Surprisingly, phenotypes were more severe in mutants lacking both abr1 and ao1. Deletion of the ao1 gene led to an almost total loss of AO activity. No direct involvement of AO1 in fungal developmental process in P. anserina was evidenced, except in a abr1Δ background. Overall, unlike other previously characterized MCOs, we thus evidence a clear involvement of ABR1 protein in fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Eric Herbert
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Roselyne Ferrari
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236, 75205 Paris, France.
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Xie N, Ruprich-Robert G, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Coppin E, Lalucque H, Brun S, Debuchy R, Silar P. Inositol-phosphate signaling as mediator for growth and sexual reproduction in Podospora anserina. Dev Biol 2017. [PMID: 28629791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways involved in the development of multicellular fruiting bodies in fungi are still not well known. Especially, the interplay between the mycelium, the female tissues and the zygotic tissues of the fruiting bodies is poorly documented. Here, we describe PM154, a new strain of the model ascomycetes Podospora anserina able to mate with itself and that enabled the easy recovery of new mutants affected in fruiting body development. By complete genome sequencing of spod1, one of the new mutants, we identified an inositol phosphate polykinase gene as essential, especially for fruiting body development. A factor present in the wild type and diffusible in mutant hyphae was able to induce the development of the maternal tissues of the fruiting body in spod1, but failed to promote complete development of the zygotic ones. Addition of myo-inositol in the growth medium was able to increase the number of developing fruiting bodies in the wild type, but not in spod1. Overall, the data indicated that inositol and inositol polyphosphates were involved in promoting fruiting body maturation, but also in regulating the number of fruiting bodies that developed after fertilization. The same effect of inositol was seen in two other fungi, Sordaria macrospora and Chaetomium globosum. Key role of the inositol polyphosphate pathway during fruiting body maturation appears thus conserved during the evolution of Sordariales fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Univ Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Evelyne Coppin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Sylvain Brun
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Robert Debuchy
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Lalucque H, Malagnac F, Green K, Gautier V, Grognet P, Chan Ho Tong L, Scott B, Silar P. IDC2 and IDC3, two genes involved in cell non-autonomous signaling of fruiting body development in the model fungus Podospora anserina. Dev Biol 2016; 421:126-138. [PMID: 27979655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous ascomycetes produce complex multicellular structures during sexual reproduction. Little is known about the genetic pathways enabling the construction of such structures. Here, with a combination of classical and reverse genetic methods, as well as genetic mosaic and graft analyses, we identify and provide evidence for key roles for two genes during the formation of perithecia, the sexual fruiting bodies, of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Data indicate that the proteins coded by these two genes function cell-non-autonomously and that their activity depends upon conserved cysteines, making them good candidate for being involved in the transmission of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) signal generated by the PaNox1 NADPH oxidase inside the maturing fruiting body towards the PaMpk1 MAP kinase, which is located inside the underlying mycelium, in which nutrients are stored. These data provide important new insights to our understanding of how fungi build multicellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lalucque
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Malagnac
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Kimberly Green
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Valérie Gautier
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Grognet
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Chan Ho Tong
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France
| | - Barry Scott
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), 75205 Paris, France.
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12
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Timpano H, Chan Ho Tong L, Gautier V, Lalucque H, Silar P. The PaPsr1 and PaWhi2 genes are members of the regulatory network that connect stationary phase to mycelium differentiation and reproduction in Podospora anserina. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 94:1-10. [PMID: 27353975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, entrance into stationary phase is complex as it is accompanied by several differentiation and developmental processes, including the synthesis of pigments, aerial hyphae, anastomoses and sporophores. The regulatory networks that control these processes are still incompletely known. The analysis of the "Impaired in the development of Crippled Growth (IDC)" mutants of the model filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina has already yielded important information regarding the pathway regulating entrance into stationary phase. Here, the genes affected in two additional IDC mutants are identified as orthologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae WHI2 and PSR1 genes, known to regulate stationary phase in this yeast, arguing for a conserved role of these proteins throughout the evolution of ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Timpano
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France; Univ Paris Sud 11, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Chan Ho Tong
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Valérie Gautier
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France.
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13
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Lacaze I, Lalucque H, Siegmund U, Silar P, Brun S. Identification of NoxD/Pro41 as the homologue of the p22phox NADPH oxidase subunit in fungi. Mol Microbiol 2014; 95:1006-24. [PMID: 25424886 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) are membrane complexes that produce O2(-). Researches in mammals, plants and fungi highlight the involvement of Nox-generated ROS in cell proliferation, differentiation and defense. In mammals, the core enzyme gp91(phox)/Nox2 is associated with p22(phox) forming the flavocytochrome b558 ready for activation by a cytosolic complex. Intriguingly, no homologue of the p22(phox) gene has been found in fungal genomes, questioning how the flavoenzyme forms. Using whole genome sequencing combined with phylogenetic analysis and structural studies, we identify the fungal p22(phox) homologue as being mutated in the Podospora anserina mutant IDC(509). Functional studies show that the fungal p22(phox), PaNoxD, acts along PaNox1, but not PaNox2, a second fungal gp91(phox) homologue. Finally, cytological analysis of functional tagged versions of PaNox1, PaNoxD and PaNoxR shows clear co-localization of PaNoxD and PaNox1 and unravel a dynamic assembly of the complex in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the vacuolar system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lacaze
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, case courrier 7040 Lamarck, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France; Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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14
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Genetic control of anastomosis in Podospora anserina. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 70:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Gao S, Li Y, Gao J, Suo Y, Fu K, Li Y, Chen J. Genome sequence and virulence variation-related transcriptome profiles of Curvularia lunata, an important maize pathogenic fungus. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:627. [PMID: 25056288 PMCID: PMC4124159 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curvularia lunata is an important maize foliar fungal pathogen that distributes widely in maize growing area in China. Genome sequencing of the pathogen will provide important information for globally understanding its virulence mechanism. RESULTS We report the genome sequences of a highly virulent C. lunata strain. Phylogenomic analysis indicates that C. lunata was evolved from Bipolaris maydis (Cochliobolus heterostrophus). The highly virulent strain has a high potential to evolve into other pathogenic stains based on analyses on transposases and repeat-induced point mutations. C. lunata has a smaller proportion of secreted proteins as well as B. maydis than entomopathogenic fungi. C. lunata and B. maydis have a similar proportion of protein-encoding genes highly homologous to experimentally proven pathogenic genes from pathogen-host interaction database. However, relative to B. maydis, C. lunata possesses not only many expanded protein families including MFS transporters, G-protein coupled receptors, protein kinases and proteases for transport, signal transduction or degradation, but also many contracted families including cytochrome P450, lipases, glycoside hydrolases and polyketide synthases for detoxification, hydrolysis or secondary metabolites biosynthesis, which are expected to be crucial for the fungal survival in varied stress environments. Comparative transcriptome analysis between a lowly virulent C. lunata strain and its virulence-increased variant induced by resistant host selection reveals that the virulence increase of the pathogen is related to pathways of toxin and melanin biosynthesis in stress environments, and that the two pathways probably have some overlaps. CONCLUSIONS The data will facilitate a full revelation of pathogenic mechanism and a better understanding of virulence differentiation of C. lunata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yujuan Suo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Kehe Fu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
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16
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Xie N, Ruprich-Robert G, Silar P, Chapeland-Leclerc F. Bilirubin oxidase-like proteins from Podospora anserina: promising thermostable enzymes for application in transformation of plant biomass. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:866-75. [PMID: 24947769 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant biomass degradation by fungi is a critical step for production of biofuels, and laccases are common ligninolytic enzymes envisioned for ligninolysis. Bilirubin oxidases (BODs)-like are related to laccases, but their roles during lignocellulose degradation have not yet been fully investigated. The two BODs of the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina were characterized by targeted gene deletions. Enzymatic assay revealed that the bod1(Δ) and bod2(Δ) mutants lost partly a thermostable laccase activity. A triple mutant inactivated for bod1, bod2 and mco, a previously investigated multicopper oxidase gene distantly related to laccases, had no thermostable laccase activity. The pattern of fruiting body production in the bod1(Δ) bod2(Δ) double mutant was changed. The bod1(Δ) and bod2(Δ) mutants were reduced in their ability to grow on ligneous and cellulosic materials. Furthermore, bod1(Δ) and bod2(Δ) mutants were defective towards resistance to phenolic substrates and H2 O2 , which may also impact lignocellulose breakdown. Double and triple mutants were more affected than single mutants, evidencing redundancy of function among BODs and mco. Overall, the data show that bod1, bod2 and mco code for non-canonical thermostable laccases that participate in the degradation of lignocellulose. Thanks to their thermal stability, these enzymes may be more promising candidate for biotechnological application than canonical laccases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Université Paris Diderot, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France; Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Université Paris Sud, UMR 8621, 91405, Orsay, France
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17
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Wiemer M, Osiewacz HD. Effect of paraquat-induced oxidative stress on gene expression and aging of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:225-240. [PMID: 28357247 PMCID: PMC5349155 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging of biological systems is influenced by various factors, conditions and
processes. Among others, processes allowing organisms to deal with various types
of stress are of key importance. In particular, oxidative stress as the result
of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the mitochondrial
respiratory chain and the accumulation of ROS-induced molecular damage has been
strongly linked to aging. Here we view the impact of ROS from a different angle:
their role in the control of gene expression. We report a genome-wide
transcriptome analysis of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina
grown on medium containing paraquat (PQ). This treatment leads to an
increased cellular generation and release of H2O2, a
reduced growth rate, and a decrease in lifespan. The combined challenge by PQ
and copper has a synergistic negative effect on growth and lifespan. The data
from the transcriptome analysis of the wild type cultivated under PQ-stress and
their comparison to those of a longitudinal aging study as well as of a
copper-uptake longevity mutant of P. anserina revealed that
PQ-stress leads to the up-regulation of transcripts coding for components
involved in mitochondrial remodeling. PQ also affects the expression of
copper-regulated genes suggesting an increase of cytoplasmic copper levels as it
has been demonstrated earlier to occur during aging of P.
anserina and during senescence of human fibroblasts. This effect
may result from the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
via PQ-induced ROS, leading to programmed cell death as part of an evolutionary
conserved mechanism involved in biological aging and lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiemer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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18
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Grognet P, Lalucque H, Malagnac F, Silar P. Genes that bias Mendelian segregation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004387. [PMID: 24830502 PMCID: PMC4022471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendel laws of inheritance can be cheated by Meiotic Drive Elements (MDs), complex nuclear genetic loci found in various eukaryotic genomes and distorting segregation in their favor. Here, we identify and characterize in the model fungus Podospora anserina Spok1 and Spok2, two MDs known as Spore Killers. We show that they are related genes with both spore-killing distorter and spore-protecting responder activities carried out by the same allele. These alleles act as autonomous elements, exert their effects independently of their location in the genome and can act as MDs in other fungi. Additionally, Spok1 acts as a resistance factor to Spok2 killing. Genetical data and cytological analysis of Spok1 and Spok2 localization during the killing process suggest a complex mode of action for Spok proteins. Spok1 and Spok2 belong to a multigene family prevalent in the genomes of many ascomycetes. As they have no obvious cellular role, Spok1 and Spok2 Spore Killer genes represent a novel kind of selfish genetic elements prevalent in fungal genome that proliferate through meiotic distortion. Chromosome segregation during meiosis ensures that paternal and maternal chromosomes are equally transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic Drive Elements (MDs) are known to distort this 1∶1 ratio in many animal, plant, and fungal species by killing the gametes not carrying them. Most of the known MDs are complex genetic loci with separate genes for the killing activity and the resistance to said killing. Here, we report in a model fungus on two genes endowed with MD properties previously unreported. Both genes produce a single polypeptide and confer both killing and resistance. They exert their effect irrespective of their position in the genome. They can cross species barriers and promote bias in segregation in other species. As related genes are frequently observed in fungal genomes, we propose that they are representative of a novel kind of selfish genes that propagate by distorting the Mendel laws of segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Grognet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Fabienne Malagnac
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Bât. 400, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Xie N, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Silar P, Ruprich-Robert G. Systematic gene deletions evidences that laccases are involved in several stages of wood degradation in the filamentous fungusPodospora anserina. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:141-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED); 75205 Paris France
- Univ Paris Sud; Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie; UMR8621 91405 Orsay France
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Univ Paris Sud; Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie; UMR8621 91405 Orsay France
- Univ Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED); 75205 Paris France
| | - Philippe Silar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED); 75205 Paris France
- Univ Paris Sud; Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie; UMR8621 91405 Orsay France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Univ Paris Sud; Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie; UMR8621 91405 Orsay France
- Univ Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED); 75205 Paris France
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20
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Peraza-Reyes L, Berteaux-Lecellier V. Peroxisomes and sexual development in fungi. Front Physiol 2013; 4:244. [PMID: 24046747 PMCID: PMC3764329 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile and dynamic organelles that are essential for the development of most eukaryotic organisms. In fungi, many developmental processes, such as sexual development, require the activity of peroxisomes. Sexual reproduction in fungi involves the formation of meiotic-derived sexual spores, often takes place inside multicellular fruiting bodies and requires precise coordination between the differentiation of multiple cell types and the progression of karyogamy and meiosis. Different peroxisomal functions contribute to the orchestration of this complex developmental process. Peroxisomes are required to sustain the formation of fruiting bodies and the maturation and germination of sexual spores. They facilitate the mobilization of reserve compounds via fatty acid β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, allowing the generation of energy and biosynthetic precursors. Additionally, peroxisomes are implicated in the progression of meiotic development. During meiotic development in Podospora anserina, there is a precise modulation of peroxisome assembly and dynamics. This modulation includes changes in peroxisome size, number and localization, and involves a differential activity of the protein-machinery that drives the import of proteins into peroxisomes. Furthermore, karyogamy, entry into meiosis and sorting of meiotic-derived nuclei into sexual spores all require the activity of peroxisomes. These processes rely on different peroxisomal functions and likely depend on different pathways for peroxisome assembly. Indeed, emerging studies support the existence of distinct import channels for peroxisomal proteins that contribute to different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, University Paris-Sud, UMR8621 Orsay, France
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21
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22
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Servos J, Hamann A, Grimm C, Osiewacz HD. A differential genome-wide transcriptome analysis: impact of cellular copper on complex biological processes like aging and development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49292. [PMID: 23152891 PMCID: PMC3495915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cellular copper homeostasis is crucial in biology. Impairments lead to severe dysfunctions and are known to affect aging and development. Previously, a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the copper-sensing and copper-regulated transcription factor GRISEA of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina was reported to lead to cellular copper depletion and a pleiotropic phenotype with hypopigmentation of the mycelium and the ascospores, affected fertility and increased lifespan by approximately 60% when compared to the wild type. This phenotype is linked to a switch from a copper-dependent standard to an alternative respiration leading to both a reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We performed a genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis of a wild-type strain and the copper-depleted grisea mutant. We unambiguously assigned 9,700 sequences of the transcriptome in both strains to the more than 10,600 predicted and annotated open reading frames of the P. anserina genome indicating 90% coverage of the transcriptome. 4,752 of the transcripts differed significantly in abundance with 1,156 transcripts differing at least 3-fold. Selected genes were investigated by qRT-PCR analyses. Apart from this general characterization we analyzed the data with special emphasis on molecular pathways related to the grisea mutation taking advantage of the available complete genomic sequence of P. anserina. This analysis verified but also corrected conclusions from earlier data obtained by single gene analysis, identified new candidates of factors as part of the cellular copper homeostasis system including target genes of transcription factor GRISEA, and provides a rich reference source of quantitative data for further in detail investigations. Overall, the present study demonstrates the importance of systems biology approaches also in cases were mutations in single genes are analyzed to explain the underlying mechanisms controlling complex biological processes like aging and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Servos
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carolin Grimm
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence ‘Macromolecular Complexes’, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bidard F, Coppin E, Silar P. The transcriptional response to the inactivation of the PaMpk1 and PaMpk2 MAP kinase pathways in Podospora anserina. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:643-52. [PMID: 22721649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcription pattern during mycelium growth of Podospora anserina was assayed by microarray analysis in wild type and in mutants affected in the MAP kinase genes PaMpk1 and PaMpk2 and in the NADPH oxidase gene PaNox1. 15% of the genes have their expression modified by a factor two or more as growth proceeds in wild type. The genes whose expression is modified during growth in P. anserina are either not conserved or differently regulated in Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus niger, two fungi for which transcriptome data during growth are available. The P. anserina mutants display a similar alteration of their transcriptome profile, with nearly 1000 genes affected similarly in the three mutants, accounting for their similar growth phenotypes. Yet, each mutant has its specific set of modified transcripts, in line with particular phenotypes exhibited by each mutant. Again, there is limited conservation during evolution of the genes regulated at the transcription level by MAP kinases, as indicated by the comparison the P. anserina data, with those of Aspergillus fumigatus and N. crassa, two fungi for which gene expression data are available for mutants of the MAPK pathways. Among the genes regulated in wild type and affected in the mutants, those involved in carbohydrate and secondary metabolisms appear prominent. The vast majority of the genes differentially expressed are of unknown function. Availability of their transcription profile at various stages of development should help to decipher their role in fungal physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Bidard
- Univ Paris Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621 Orsay, France
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24
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A non-Mendelian MAPK-generated hereditary unit controlled by a second MAPK pathway in Podospora anserina. Genetics 2012; 191:419-33. [PMID: 22426880 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.139469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Podospora anserina PaMpk1 MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can generate a cytoplasmic and infectious element resembling prions. When present in the cells, this C element causes the crippled growth (CG) cell degeneration. CG results from the inappropriate autocatalytic activation of the PaMpk1 MAPK pathway during growth, whereas this cascade normally signals stationary phase. Little is known about the control of such prion-like hereditary units involved in regulatory inheritance. Here, we show that another MAPK pathway, PaMpk2, is crucial at every stage of the fungus life cycle, in particular those controlled by PaMpk1 during stationary phase, which includes the generation of C. Inactivation of the third P. anserina MAPK pathway, PaMpk3, has no effect on the development of the fungus. Mutants of MAPK, MAPK kinase, and MAPK kinase kinase of the PaMpk2 pathway are unable to present CG. This inability likely relies upon an incorrect activation of PaMpk1, although this MAPK is normally phosphorylated in the mutants. In PaMpk2 null mutants, hyphae are abnormal and PaMpk1 is mislocalized. Correspondingly, stationary phase differentiations controlled by PaMpk1 are defective in the mutants of the PaMpk2 cascade. Constitutive activation of the PaMpk2 pathway mimics in many ways its inactivation, including an effect on PaMpk1 localization. Analysis of double and triple mutants inactivated for two or all three MAPK genes undercover new growth and differentiation phenotypes, suggesting overlapping roles. Our data underscore the complex regulation of a prion-like element in a model organism.
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Kudryavtseva OA, Mazheika IS, Solovchenko AE, Kamzolkina OV. Genetic instability of the short-living ascomycetous fungus Podospora anserina induced by prolonged submerged cultivation. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711060105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Silar P. Grafting as a method for studying development in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:793-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Brun S, Malagnac F, Bidard F, Lalucque H, Silar P. Functions and regulation of the Nox family in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina: a new role in cellulose degradation. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:480-96. [PMID: 19775249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases are enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species. Studies in mammals, plants and fungi have shown that they play important roles in differentiation, defence, host/pathogen interaction and mutualistic symbiosis. In this paper, we have identified a Podospora anserina mutant strain impaired for processes controlled by PaNox1 and PaNox2, the two Nox isoforms characterized in this model ascomycete. We show that the gene mutated is PaNoxR, the homologue of the gene encoding the regulatory subunit p67(phox), conserved in mammals and fungi, and that PaNoxR regulates both PaNox1 and PaNox2. Genome sequence analysis of P. anserina reveals that this fungus posses a third Nox isoform, PaNox3, related to human Nox5/Duox and plant Rboh. We have generated a knock-out mutant of PaNox3 and report that PaNox3 plays a minor role in P. anserina, if any. We show that PaNox1 and PaNox2 play antagonist roles in cellulose degradation. Finally, we report for the first time that a saprobic fungus, P. anserina, develops special cell structures dedicated to breach and to exploit a solid cellulosic substrate, cellophane. Importantly, as for similar structures present in some plant pathogens, their proper differentiation requires PaNox1, PaNox2, PaNoxR and the tetraspanin PaPls1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Brun
- UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Univ Paris 7 Denis Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
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The crucial role of the Pls1 tetraspanin during ascospore germination in Podospora anserina provides an example of the convergent evolution of morphogenetic processes in fungal plant pathogens and saprobes. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2008; 7:1809-18. [PMID: 18757568 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00149-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pls1 tetraspanins were shown for some pathogenic fungi to be essential for appressorium-mediated penetration into their host plants. We show here that Podospora anserina, a saprobic fungus lacking appressorium, contains PaPls1, a gene orthologous to known PLS1 genes. Inactivation of PaPls1 demonstrates that this gene is specifically required for the germination of ascospores in P. anserina. These ascospores are heavily melanized cells that germinate under inducing conditions through a specific pore. On the contrary, MgPLS1, which fully complements a DeltaPaPls1 ascospore germination defect, has no role in the germination of Magnaporthe grisea nonmelanized ascospores but is required for the formation of the penetration peg at the pore of its melanized appressorium. P. anserina mutants with mutation of PaNox2, which encodes the NADPH oxidase of the NOX2 family, display the same ascospore-specific germination defect as the DeltaPaPls1 mutant. Both mutant phenotypes are suppressed by the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis, suggesting that they are involved in the same cellular process required for the germination of P. anserina melanized ascospores. The analysis of the distribution of PLS1 and NOX2 genes in fungal genomes shows that they are either both present or both absent. These results indicate that the germination of P. anserina ascospores and the formation of the M. grisea appressorium penetration peg use the same molecular machinery that includes Pls1 and Nox2. This machinery is specifically required for the emergence of polarized hyphae from reinforced structures such as appressoria and ascospores. Its recurrent recruitment during fungal evolution may account for some of the morphogenetic convergence observed in fungi.
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Espagne E, Lespinet O, Malagnac F, Da Silva C, Jaillon O, Porcel BM, Couloux A, Aury JM, Ségurens B, Poulain J, Anthouard V, Grossetete S, Khalili H, Coppin E, Déquard-Chablat M, Picard M, Contamine V, Arnaise S, Bourdais A, Berteaux-Lecellier V, Gautheret D, de Vries RP, Battaglia E, Coutinho PM, Danchin EG, Henrissat B, Khoury RE, Sainsard-Chanet A, Boivin A, Pinan-Lucarré B, Sellem CH, Debuchy R, Wincker P, Weissenbach J, Silar P. The genome sequence of the model ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R77. [PMID: 18460219 PMCID: PMC2441463 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10X draft sequence of Podospora anserina genome shows highly dynamic evolution since its divergence from Neurospora crassa. Background The dung-inhabiting ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina is a model used to study various aspects of eukaryotic and fungal biology, such as ageing, prions and sexual development. Results We present a 10X draft sequence of P. anserina genome, linked to the sequences of a large expressed sequence tag collection. Similar to higher eukaryotes, the P. anserina transcription/splicing machinery generates numerous non-conventional transcripts. Comparison of the P. anserina genome and orthologous gene set with the one of its close relatives, Neurospora crassa, shows that synteny is poorly conserved, the main result of evolution being gene shuffling in the same chromosome. The P. anserina genome contains fewer repeated sequences and has evolved new genes by duplication since its separation from N. crassa, despite the presence of the repeat induced point mutation mechanism that mutates duplicated sequences. We also provide evidence that frequent gene loss took place in the lineages leading to P. anserina and N. crassa. P. anserina contains a large and highly specialized set of genes involved in utilization of natural carbon sources commonly found in its natural biotope. It includes genes potentially involved in lignin degradation and efficient cellulose breakdown. Conclusion The features of the P. anserina genome indicate a highly dynamic evolution since the divergence of P. anserina and N. crassa, leading to the ability of the former to use specific complex carbon sources that match its needs in its natural biotope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Espagne
- Univ Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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Arnaise S, Zickler D, Bourdais A, Dequard-Chablat M, Debuchy R. Mutations in mating-type genes greatly decrease repeat-induced point mutation process in the fungus Podospora anserina. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:207-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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PaTrx1 and PaTrx3, two cytosolic thioredoxins of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina involved in sexual development and cell degeneration. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:2323-31. [PMID: 17933907 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00083-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In various organisms, thioredoxins are known to be involved in the reduction of protein disulfide bonds and in protecting the cell from oxidative stress. Genes encoding thioredoxins were found by searching the complete genome sequence of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. Among them, PaTrx1, PaTrx2, and PaTrx3 are predicted to be canonical cytosolic proteins without additional domains. Targeted disruption of PaTrx1, PaTrx2, and PaTrx3 shows that PaTrx1 is the major thioredoxin involved in sulfur metabolism. Deletions have no effect on peroxide resistance; however, data show that either PaTrx1 or PaTrx3 is necessary for sexual reproduction and for the development of the crippled growth cell degeneration (CG), processes that also required the PaMpk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Since PaTrx1 PaTrx3 mutants show not an enhancement but rather an impairment in CG, it seems unlikely that PaTrx1 and PaTrx3 thioredoxins participate in the inhibition of this MAPK pathway. Altogether, these results underscore a role for thioredoxins in fungal development.
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