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Five-year cryopreservation at -80 °C of edible and medicinal basidiomycetes by wheat grain technique. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 176:106030. [PMID: 32805366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This research has focused on basidiomycete cryopreservation at -80 °C and developed a cryopreservation method based on the use of hard or medium-hard endosperm wheat grains as a mycelial carrier for cryopreservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mycelial viability of edible and medicinal basidiomycetes, using 13 strains of Agaricus spp. and eight strains of non-Agaricus spp., cryopreserved at -80 °C on hard endosperm wheat grain, with or without cryoprotectant agent (4% glucose), for two and five years. Two groups of basidiomycetes, Agaricus genus and other non-Agaricus genera, were cryopreserved at -80 °C by wheat grain technique for two and five years. The cryopreservation technique with hard endosperm wheat grain without cryoprotectant (preservation substrate), settled previously for A. subrufescens is efficient to cryopreserve other basidiomycetes such as Lentinus crinitus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Schizophyllum commune, and Lentinula edodes, besides A. subrufescens strains.
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2
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Nascimento CRSD, Souto ADSS, Galvão RM, Lazéra MDS, Trilles L. Genotypic and Phenotypic Stability of Mixed Primary Isolates of Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans: A Comparative Analysis of Four Preservation Methods. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:196-203. [PMID: 32213084 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of a suitable preservation method is critical for long-term microorganisms' viability. The strains should be preserved for long periods using reliable and reproducible methods that minimize genotypic and phenotypic variations and viability losses. The methodologies are usually designed for a better performance in isolated microorganisms. However, atypical primary isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii, such as mixed species or even different species of a species complex, are a challenge for long-term preservation and taxonomic review studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate which of the four preservation methods tested presented better performance in the preservation of simulated coexistence strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii. Two environmental strains, one C. gattii and one C. neoformans, were mixed in vitro to test four different preservation methods (freezing at -20°C, -80°C, -196°C, and freeze-drying). The colony-forming units from each preservation method were evaluated, and colonies were randomly selected and cultivated in canavanine glycine bromothymol blue (CGB) agar to evaluate the amounts of CGB-positive (C. gattii) and CGB-negative (C. neoformans) colonies resulting from each preservation method after 1 week, 15 days, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. According to our results, cryopreservation at -20°C demonstrated was preferable for C. neoformans species, and further studies after long-term storage are necessary. Recovery of yeast cells after freeze-dried preservation in skim milk is better for both species. Ultrafreezing methods evaluated (-80°C and -196°C) also showed better results in the maintenance of C. gattii. Freeze-drying should be preferred for the maintenance of multilineage isolates from the C. neoformans and C. gattii species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Sobrinho do Nascimento
- Microbiology Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raíssa Maria Galvão
- Microbiology Department, National Institute for Quality Control in Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Dos Santos Lazéra
- Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Trilles
- Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Miros S, Koocherov V, Bilokon S, Sechnyak A. STABILITY OF THE STRAINS OF BASIDIOMYCETES DURING STORAGE IN THE COLLECTION. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.15673/fst.v14i1.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Basidial macromycetes may be a material for the development of new biotechnologies, medical preparations, components of dietary nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary for the highest level of quality for maintenance and identification of mushroom strains in the collection. An important parameter, in this case, is a stability of isolated and described collection strains of basidiomycetes. Stability is one of the key issues of long-term preservation of pure culture collections. For the collection of medicinal basidiomycetes of ONU I.I. Mechnikov, which preserves by the method of periodic reseeding of colonies the strain stability had not been studied yet. The goal of this research is to study the stability of this collection by a growth rate of mushroom colonies and electrophoretic spectra of carboxylesterases after different times of storage of cultures on malt agar. In this research the strains of three age categories (1, 2 and 3 years) of storage on malt-agar medium at temperature 4 ° С for were tested. The radial growth rate of their vegetative mycelium and the spectra of multiple molecular forms of carboxylesterases by the method of vertical electrophoresis in 7% of polyacrylamide gel were investigated. It was established that the stability of the radial growth rate of A. auricula-judae, F. velutipes, G. lucidum the vegetative mycelium after different storage periods is high according to the values of variation coefficients. At the same time, the expression of molecular forms of carboxylesterase showed sufficient variability. Partially conservative molecular forms were detected in some age groups of strains, as well as for individual strains. Thus the growth rate of colonies is a stable indicator and the molecular forms of carboxylesterases of different ages strains are variable.
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Liu X, Cui B, Miao W, Cheng W, Zhao F. Characteristics Analysis Reveals the Progress of Volvariella volvacea Mycelium Subculture Degeneration. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2045. [PMID: 31551980 PMCID: PMC6733957 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Volvariella volvacea is a typical edible Basidiomycete with a high-temperature tolerance. It has a strong fibrinolysis capability and consumes abundant agricultural wastes. In agricultural cultivation, mycelial subculturing has been adopted, leading to serious strain degeneration. In this study, continuous mycelial subculturing of the common V. volvacea strain V971 (original strain recorded as M0) was performed in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. One generation of the strain was preserved every 3 months (90 days); thus, six generations of degenerated strains (M1-M6) were obtained after 18 months of mycelial subculturing. The original and degenerated strains were preserved in sterile paraffin liquid at room temperature (18-25°C). The biological traits and nutrients of M0 and M1-M6 were studied. The mycelial growth rate and biomass initially increased and then decreased as the degeneration progressed, reaching minimum levels of 0.041 ± 0.001 cm/h and 1.82 ± 0.25 g, respectively, at M6. Additionally, the polysaccharide, protein, polyphenol, flavone, total amino acid, and total mineral element contents of the strains decreased continuously, reaching minimum levels of 30.12 ± 3.12 g/100 g, 26.42 ± 2.1 g/100 g, 1.08 ± 0.05 g/100 g, 4.23 ± 0.21 g/100 g, 12.51 mg/g, and 398.05 mg/kg, respectively, at M6. The decolorization capability of V. volvacea in liquid medium supplemented with bromothymol blue and lactose reflected the degree of strain degeneration, with the capability weakening as the degeneration intensified. These results are highly significant for V. volvacea production. The mycelial characteristics during subculture-associated degeneration were described and provide an early identification method for V. volvacea's degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Cui
- School of Food Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | | | - Weiwei Cheng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fengyun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Polyphasic, Including MALDI-TOF MS, Evaluation of Freeze-Drying Long-Term Preservation on Aspergillus (Section Nigri) Strains. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090291. [PMID: 31450658 PMCID: PMC6780240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effect of freeze-drying and long-term storage on the biotechnological potential of Aspergillus section Nigri strains. Twelve selected strains were freeze-dried and aged by accelerated storage, at 37 °C in the dark, for 2 and 4 weeks. To assess possible changes as a consequence of the ageing in the freeze-drying ampoules, morphological characteristics, mycotoxins and enzymes production, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALTI-TOF MS) spectra, and M13 phage probe fingerprinting were used as part of a polyphasic approach. Phenotypical changes were observed; nevertheless, they did not substantially affect the potential biotechnological use of these strains. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes (protease, carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase, pectinase and mannanase) was maintained or increased after freeze-drying. MALDI-TOF MS data originated spectra that grouped, for the majority of samples, according to strain independently of preservation time point. M13 profiles revealed the presence of some genetic polymorphisms after preservation. However, the three studied times still clustered for more than 50% of strains. Our results show that the studied strains maintain their biotechnological potential after preservation, with minimal phenotypic alterations. These findings provide evidence that freeze-drying preservation is a suitable option to preserve biotechnologically relevant aspergilli strains from section Nigri, and one should consider that the observed effects might be species/strain-dependent.
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Lakshman DK, Singh V, Camacho ME. Long-term cryopreservation of non-spore-forming fungi in Microbank™ beads for plant pathological investigations. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:120-126. [PMID: 29660386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term preservation of experimental fungi without genetic, morphological, and pathogenic changes is of paramount importance in mycological and plant pathological investigations. Several cryogenic and non-cryogenic methods are available for the preservation of fungi, but the methods can be cumbersome, hazardous, expensive, and often not suitable for long-term storage of non-spore-forming (sterile) fungi. A method of preservation of spore-forming fungi in commercially available porous beads (Micrbank™) under cryogenic condition was successfully tested for three non-spore-forming basidiomycetes genera: Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris) (n = 19), Ceratobasidium species (n = 1), and Waitea circinata (n = 3), and a non-spore forming ascomycetes, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (n = 1). For comparison, spore-forming ascomycetous fungi, Alternaria alternata (n = 1), Bauveria basiana (n = 2), Botrytis cinerea (n = 1), Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladiolii (n = 1), Trichoderma spp. (n = 3), and Thielaviopsis basicola (n = 2) were also cryopreserved in Microbank beads. Viable fungal isolates of all test species were retrieved after five years of storage at -80 °C, which was longer than the viabilities of the corresponding isolates cryopreserved in agar plugs or colonized wheat seeds. Fungi revived from the Microbank beads maintained identical morphology and cultural characteristics of the parent isolates. Randomly selected Rhizoctonia isolates revived from the Microbank beads maintained respective pathological properties of the parent isolates; also, no mutation was detected in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA when compared with respective cultures maintained at ambient temperature. This finding demonstrated the utility of cryopreservation in Microbank beads as a convenient alternative to conventional long-term preservation of a wide group of fungal cultures for plant pathological investigations and serves as the first report of using porous beads under cryogenic conditions for long-term storage of sterile fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Lakshman
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Centre, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Vimla Singh
- Indian Institute of Maize Research, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Manuel E Camacho
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:220-231. [PMID: 29122478 PMCID: PMC5913820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes have several biotechnological and industrial applications such as enzyme production, bioremediation, pharmaceutical and functional food production. Due to climatic features, the preservation of several basidiomycetes is threatened, and to guarantee the preservation of this genetic resource, the development of long-term preservation techniques is necessary once there is no universal protocol for the cryopreservation of basidiomycetes. Cryopreservation is a technique in which microorganisms are submitted to ultralow temperatures. Therefore, this study aimed to collect information on the main conditions for long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes in the last 20 years. Scientific articles on cryopreservation of basidiomycetes published from 1997 to 2016, were researched, and only the studies on two intervals of cryopreservation were considered: from 1 to 2 years and for longer than 2 years. The analyzed conditions of basidiomycete cryopreservation were: most studied genera, cryopreservation temperature, substrate, cryoprotectant (and preservation substrate), cryopreservation period, thawing temperature and cultivation medium after thawing, physiological and genetic stability of basidiomycetes after thawing in cryopreservation. In this review, the viability of the main cryopreservation conditions of basidiomycetes studied in the last 20 years are presented and discussed.
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Júnior LLZ, Lopes AD, Cordeiro FA, Colla IM, Bertéli MBD, Valle JSD, Linde GA, Colauto NB. Cryopreservation at -75°C of Agaricus subrufescens on wheat grains with sucrose. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:370-377. [PMID: 29150248 PMCID: PMC5913831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus subrufescens is a basidiomycete which is studied because of its medicinal and gastronomic importance; however, less attention has been paid to its preservation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sucrose addition to substrate and cryotube on the viability of Agaricus subrufescens cryopreserved at −20 °C and at −75 °C for one and two years. Zero, 10% or 20% sucrose was added to potato dextrose agar or wheat grain. The mycelia were cryopreserved in the absence of cryoprotectant or with sucrose solutions at 15%, 30% or 45%. After one or two years at −75 °C or at −20 °C, mycelia were thawed and evaluated about viability, initial time of growth, colony diameter and genomic stability. Cryopreservation at −20 °C is not effective to keep mycelial viability of this fungus. Cryopreservation at −75 °C is effective when sucrose is used in substrates and/or cryotubes. Without sucrose, cryopreservation at −75 °C is effective only when wheat grains are used. Physiological characteristic as mycelial colony diameter is negatively affected when potato dextrose agar is used and unaffected when wheat grain is used after two-year cryopreservation at −75 °C. The fungus genome does not show alteration after two-year cryopreservation at −75 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lienine Luiz Zaghi Júnior
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Daniela Lopes
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Aparecido Cordeiro
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Itaruã Machri Colla
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Silveira do Valle
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Giani Andrea Linde
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Nelson Barros Colauto
- Universidade Paranaense, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
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Ayala-Zermeño MA, Gallou A, Berlanga-Padilla AM, Andrade-Michel GY, Rodríguez-Rodríguez JC, Arredondo-Bernal HC, Montesinos-Matías R. Viability, purity, and genetic stability of entomopathogenic fungi species using different preservation methods. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:920-928. [PMID: 29029699 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preservation methods for entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) require effective protocols to ensure uniform processes and to avoid alterations during storage. The aim of this study was to preserve Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium acridum, M. anisopliae, M. rileyi, Isaria javanica, Hirsutella thompsonii, H. citriformis and Lecanicillium lecanii in mineral oil (MO), sterile water (SW), silica gel (SG), lyophilisation (L), ultracold-freezing at -70 °C, and cryopreservation at -196 °C. The viability and purity of the fungi were then verified: phenotypic characteristics were evaluated qualitatively at 6, 12 and 24 m. Genetic stability was tested by amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) analysis at 24 m. Of the eight species of EPF, three remained viable in SW, five in MO and L, six at -70 °C, seven in SG, and eight at -196 °C. No significant changes were observed in AFLP patterns at 24 m of storage. The most effective preservation methods for EPF were SG, L, -70 and -196 °C. Beauveria bassiana, M. acridum, M. anisopliae, M. rileyi and I. javanica remained stable with all methods, while the remaining species were less compatible. The optimisation of preservation methods for EPF facilitates the development of reliable protocols to ensure their inherent characteristics in culture collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Ayala-Zermeño
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Adrien Gallou
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Angélica M Berlanga-Padilla
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Gilda Y Andrade-Michel
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - José C Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Hugo C Arredondo-Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montesinos-Matías
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Control Biológico, SENASICA-DGSV-CNRF, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, C.P. 28110, Tecomán, Colima, Mexico.
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Crahay C, Munaut F, Colpaert JV, Huret S, Declerck S. Genetic stability of ectomycorrhizal fungi is not affected by cryopreservation at -130 °C or cold storage with repeated sub-cultivations over a period of 2 years. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:595-601. [PMID: 28361204 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is considered the most reliable method for storage of filamentous fungi including ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. A number of studies, however, have reported genetic changes in fungus cultures following cryopreservation. In the present study, the genetic stability of six ECM fungus isolates was analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The isolates were preserved for 2 years either by cryopreservation (at -130 °C) or by storage at 4 °C with regular sub-cultivation. A third preservation treatment consisting of isolates maintained on Petri dishes at 22-23 °C for 2 years (i.e., without any sub-cultivation) was included and used as a control. The differences observed in AFLP patterns between the three preservation methods remained within the range of the total error generated by the AFLP procedure (6.85%). Therefore, cryopreservation at -130 °C and cold storage with regular sub-cultivation did not affect the genetic stability of the ECM fungus isolates, and both methods can be used for the routine storage of ECM fungus isolates over a period of 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Crahay
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise Munaut
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Phytopathology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.03, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jan V Colpaert
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology Group, Universiteit Hasselt, Agoralaan, Gebouw D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Huret
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Croix du Sud 2, box L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Stielow JB, Vaas LA, Göker M, Hoffmann P, Klenk HP. Charcoal filter paper improves the viability of cryopreserved filamentous ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Mycologia 2017; 104:324-30. [DOI: 10.3852/11-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- German Collection for Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH (DSMZ), Inhoffenstraße 7b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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12
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Scauflaire J, Gourgue M, Munaut F. Fusarium temperatumsp. nov. from maize, an emergent species closely related toFusarium subglutinans. Mycologia 2017; 103:586-97. [DOI: 10.3852/10-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélanie Gourgue
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Laboratory of Mycology, Croix du Sud 3/6, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Françoise Munaut
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Laboratory of Mycology, Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain (BCCM™/MUCL), Croix du Sud 3/6, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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13
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de Arruda Moura Pietrowski G, Grochoski M, Sartori GF, Gomes TA, Wosiacki G, Nogueira A. Viability ofHanseniaspora uvarumyeast preserved by lyophilization and cryopreservation. Yeast 2015; 32:559-65. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Grochoski
- Department of Food; Federal Technological University of Paraná; Ponta Grossa Campus PR Brazil
| | - Gabriela Felkl Sartori
- Department of Food; Federal Technological University of Paraná; Ponta Grossa Campus PR Brazil
| | | | - Gilvan Wosiacki
- Department of Food Science and Technology; State University of Ponta Grossa; PR Brazil
| | - Alessandro Nogueira
- Department of Food Science and Technology; State University of Ponta Grossa; PR Brazil
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14
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Lalaymia I, Cranenbrouck S, Declerck S. Maintenance and preservation of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:323-337. [PMID: 24292254 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Short- to long-term preservation of mycorrhizal fungi is essential for their in-depth study and, in the case of culture collections, for safeguarding their biodiversity. Many different maintenance/preservation methods have been developed in the last decades, from soil- and substrate-based maintenance to preservation methods that reduce (e.g., storage under water) or arrest (e.g., cryopreservation) growth and metabolism; all have advantages and disadvantages. In this review, the principal methods developed so far for ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are reported and described given their distinct biology/ecology/evolutionary history. Factors that are the most important for their storage are presented and a protocol proposed which is applicable, although not generalizable, for the long-term preservation at ultra-low temperature of a large panel of these organisms. For ECM fungi, isolates should be grown on membranes or directly in cryovials until the late stationary growth phase. The recommended cryopreservation conditions are: a cryoprotectant of 10% glycerol, applied 1-2 h prior to cryopreservation, a slow cooling rate (1 °C min(-1)) until storage below -130 °C, and fast thawing by direct plunging in a water bath at 35-37 °C. For AMF, propagules (i.e., spores/colonized root pieces) isolated from cultures in the late or stationary phase of growth should be used and incorporated in a carrier (i.e., soil or alginate beads), preferably dried, before cryopreservation. For in vitro-cultured isolates, 0.5 M trehalose should be used as cryoprotectant, while isolates produced in vivo can be preserved in dried soil without cryoprotectant. A fast cryopreservation cooling rate should be used (direct immersion in liquid nitrogen or freezing at temperatures below -130 °C), as well as fast thawing by direct immersion in a water bath at 35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismahen Lalaymia
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Homolka L. Preservation of live cultures of basidiomycetes – Recent methods. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:107-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lalaymia I, Declerck S, Cranenbrouck S. Cryopreservation of in vitro-produced Rhizophagus species has minor effects on their morphology, physiology, and genetic stability. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:675-682. [PMID: 23689831 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic storage is considered to be the most convenient method to maintain phenotypic and genetic stability of organisms. A cryopreservation technique based on encapsulation-drying of in vitro-produced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been developed at the Glomeromycota In Vitro Collection. In this study, we investigated fungal morphology (i.e., number and size of spores, number of branched absorbing structures (BAS), hyphal length, and number of anastomosis per hyphal length), activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in extraradical hyphae, and variation in amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles of in vitro-produced isolates of five Rhizophagus species maintained by cryopreservation for 6 months at -130 °C and compared to the same isolates preserved at 27 °C. Isolates were stable after 6 months cryopreservation. Comparing isolates, the number of BAS increased significantly in one isolate, and hyphal length decreased significantly in another isolate. No other morphological variable was impacted by the mode of preservation. Phosphatase activities in extraradical hyphae and AFLP profiles were not influenced by cryopreservation. These findings indicate that cryopreservation at -130 °C of encapsulated-dried and in vitro-produced Rhizophagus isolates (i.e., Rhizophagus irregularis, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, Rhizophagus diaphanous, and two undefined isolates) is a suitable alternative for their long-term preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismahen Lalaymia
- Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.06, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Ercole E, Rodda M, Molinatti M, Voyron S, Perotto S, Girlanda M. Cryopreservation of orchid mycorrhizal fungi: A tool for the conservation of endangered species. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 93:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Crahay C, Declerck S, Colpaert JV, Pigeon M, Munaut F. Viability of ectomycorrhizal fungi following cryopreservation. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:103-11. [PMID: 23452948 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in biotechnological processes requires their maintenance over long periods under conditions that maintain their genetic, phenotypic, and physiological stability. Cryopreservation is considered as the most reliable method for long-term storage of most filamentous fungi. However, this technique is not widespread for ECM fungi since many do not survive or exhibit poor recovery after freezing. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient cryopreservation protocol for the long-term storage of ECM fungi. Two cryopreservation protocols were compared. The first protocol was the conventional straw protocol (SP). The mycelium of the ECM isolates was grown in Petri dishes on agar and subsequently collected by punching the mycelium into a sterile straw before cryopreservation. In the second protocol, the cryovial protocol (CP), the mycelium of the ECM isolates was grown directly in cryovials filled with agar and subsequently cryopreserved. The same cryoprotectant solution, freezing, and thawing process, and re-growth conditions were used in both protocols. The survival (positive when at least 60 % of the replicates showed re-growth) was evaluated before and immediately after freezing as well as after 1 week, 1 m, and 6 m of storage at -130 °C. Greater survival rate (80 % for the CP as compared to 25 % for the SP) and faster re-growth (within 10 d for the CP compared to the 4 weeks for the SP) were observed for most isolates with the CP suggesting that the preparation of the cultures prior to freezing had a significant impact on the isolates survival. The suitability of the CP for cryopreservation of ECM fungi was further confirmed on a set of 98 ECM isolates and displayed a survival rate of 88 % of the isolates. Only some isolates belonging to Suillus luteus, Hebeloma crustuliniforme, Paxillus involutus and Thelephora terrestris failed to survive. This suggested that the CP is an adequate method for the ultra-low cryopreservation of a large set of ECM fungi and that further studies are necessary for the more recalcitrant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Crahay
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Mycology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Rocha MFG, Lima DT, Brilhante RSN, Cordeiro RA, Monteiro AJ, Teixeira CEC, Ribeiro JF, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Sidrim JJC. Glucose and lactose as cryoprotectants for fungal strains immobilised in sodium alginate: an emphasis on the conservation of the zygomycetesRhizopusandMucor. Mycoses 2012; 56:321-6. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Preservation at ultra-low temperature of in vitro cultured arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi via encapsulation-drying. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1032-41. [PMID: 23063182 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
At present, over 300 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been identified, most of which being stored in international collections. Their maintenance is mostly achieved in greenhouse via continuous culture on trap plants or in vitro in association with excised root organs. Both methods are work-intensive and for the former present the risk of unwanted contaminations. The in vitro root organ culture of AMF has become an alternative preventing contamination. Nevertheless, the risk for somaclonal variation during the sub-cultivation process cannot be excluded. A method for the long-term conservation that guarantees the stability of the biological material is thus highly demanded to preserve the microorganisms and their genetic stability. Here, 12 AMF isolates cultured in vitro in association with excised carrot roots were encapsulated in alginate beads and subsequently cryopreserved. Several protocols were tested taking into consideration culture age, alginate bead pre-drying, and rate of decrease in temperature. The viability of the AMF isolates was estimated by the percentage of potentially infective beads (%PIB) that measure the % of beads that contain at least one germinated propagule. Thermal behaviour of alginate beads was analysed by a differential thermal calorimeter before and after drying to estimate the frozen and unfrozen water during the cryopreservation process. It was shown that the spore damage was directly related to ice formation during cryopreservation. The encapsulation and culture age were also determinant parameters for the successful cryopreservation. Irrespective of the AMF isolate, the optimal procedure for cryopreservation comprised five steps: (1) the encapsulation of propagules (i.e. spores and mycorrhizal root pieces) isolated from 5m old cultures, (2) the incubation overnight in trehalose (0.5M), (3) the drying during 48h at 27°C, (4) the cryopreservation in the freezer at -130°C following a two-step decrease in temperature: a fast decrease (∼12°Cmin(-1)) from room temperature (+20°C) to -110°C followed by a slow decrease in temperature (∼1°Cmin(-1)) from -110°C to -130°C, and (5) the direct thawing in a water bath (+35°C). The % PIB was above 70 % for all the isolates and even above 95% for 11 out of the 12 isolates after several months of storage at ultra-low temperature. All the isolates kept their capacity to associate to an excised carrot root in vitro and to reproduce the fungal life cycle with the production of several hundreds to thousands of spores after 2m. This method opens the door for the long-term maintenance at ultra-low temperature of AMF isolates within international repositories.
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Houseknecht JL, Suh SO, Zhou JJ. Viability of fastidious Phytophthora following different cryopreservation treatments. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1081-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Effect of long-term preservation of basidiomycetes on perlite in liquid nitrogen on their growth, morphological, enzymatic and genetic characteristics. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:929-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Toegel S, Salar-Behzadi S, Horaczek-Clausen A, Viernstein H. Preservation of aerial conidia and biomasses from entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae during lyophilization. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cárdenas-Flores A, Draye X, Bivort C, Cranenbrouck S, Declerck S. Impact of multispores in vitro subcultivation of Glomus sp. MUCL 43194 (DAOM 197198) on vegetative compatibility and genetic diversity detected by AFLP. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:415-425. [PMID: 20082102 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative compatibility and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping of in vitro multispores clonal lineages, issued from the same ancestor culture of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strain MUCL 43194 and subcultured several generations in different locations, was assessed. Vegetative compatibility was studied by confronting the germ tubes of two spores from the same or different clonal lineages and stained with nitrotetrazolium blue-Trypan blue and diamidinophenylindole to detect hyphal fusions and nuclei, respectively. Further AFLP analysis of single spores was performed to assess the genetic profile and Dice similarity between clonal lineages. Germ tubes of spores distant by as many as 69 generations were capable of fusing. The anastomosis frequencies averaged 69% between spores from the same clonal lineage, 57% between spores from different clonal lineages, and 0% between spores belonging to different strains. The AFLP patterns showed similarities averaging 92% within clonal lineages and 86% between clonal lineages. Each spore presented unique genotype and some of them shared more markers with spores from different lineages than within the same lineage. We showed that MUCL 43194 maintained self-recognition for long periods of subcultures in vitro and that spores involved in compatibility tests had different genotypes. Our findings suggest that MUCL 43194 maintains genetic diversity by means of anastomoses.
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