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Azlyna ASN, Ahmad S, Husna SMN, Sarmiento ME, Acosta A, Norazmi MN, Mohamud R, Kadir R. Review: Liposomes in the prophylaxis and treatment of infectious diseases. Life Sci 2022; 305:120734. [PMID: 35760094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as one of the major burdens among health communities as well as in the general public despite the advances in prevention and treatment. Although vaccination and vector eliminations have greatly prevented the transmission of these diseases, the effectiveness of these strategies is no longer guaranteed as new challenges such as drug resistance and toxicity as well as the missing effective therapeutics arise. Hence, the development of new tools to manage these challenges is anticipated, in which nano technology using liposomes as effective nanostructure is highly considered. In this review, we concentrate on the advantages of liposomes in the drug delivery system and the development of vaccine in the treatment of three major infectious diseases; tuberculosis (TB), malaria and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Muhamad Nur Husna
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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2
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Gómara MJ, Pons R, Herrera C, Ziprin P, Haro I. Peptide Amphiphilic-Based Supramolecular Structures with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1999-2013. [PMID: 34254794 PMCID: PMC8447191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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In a previous work,
we defined a novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide
(E1P47) with a broad spectrum of activity against viruses from different
clades, subtypes, and tropisms. With the aim to enhance its efficacy,
in the present work we address the design and synthesis of several
peptide amphiphiles (PAs) based on the E1P47 peptide sequence to target
the lipid rafts of the cell membrane where the cell–cell fusion
process takes place. We report the synthesis of novel PAs having a
hydrophobic moiety covalently attached to the peptide sequence through
a hydrophilic spacer of polyethylene glycol. Characterization of self-assembly
in condensed phase and aqueous solution as well as their interaction
with model membranes was analyzed by several biophysical methods.
Our results demonstrated that the length of the spacer of polyethylene
glycol, the position of the peptide conjugation as well as the type
of the hydrophobic residue determine the antiviral activity of the
construct. Peptide amphiphiles with one alkyl tail either in C-terminus
(C-PAmonoalkyl) or in N-terminus (N-PAmonoalkyl) showed the highest anti-HIV-1
activities in the cellular model of TZM-bl cells or in a preclinical
model of the human mucosal tissue explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Pons
- Physical Chemistry of Surfactant Systems, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Zhou J, Krishnan N, Jiang Y, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanotechnology for virus treatment. NANO TODAY 2021; 36:101031. [PMID: 33519948 PMCID: PMC7836394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The continued emergence of novel viruses poses a significant threat to global health. Uncontrolled outbreaks can result in pandemics that have the potential to overburden our healthcare and economic systems. While vaccination is a conventional modality that can be employed to promote herd immunity, antiviral vaccines can only be applied prophylactically and do little to help patients who have already contracted viral infections. During the early stages of a disease outbreak when vaccines are unavailable, therapeutic antiviral drugs can be used as a stopgap solution. However, these treatments do not always work against emerging viral strains and can be accompanied by adverse effects that sometimes outweigh the benefits. Nanotechnology has the potential to overcome many of the challenges facing current antiviral therapies. For example, nanodelivery vehicles can be employed to drastically improve the pharmacokinetic profile of antiviral drugs while reducing their systemic toxicity. Other unique nanomaterials can be leveraged for their virucidal or virus-neutralizing properties. In this review, we discuss recent developments in antiviral nanotherapeutics and provide a perspective on the application of nanotechnology to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and future virus pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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4
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Liang L, Ahamed A, Ge L, Fu X, Lisak G. Advances in Antiviral Material Development. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2105-2128. [PMID: 32881384 PMCID: PMC7461489 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rise in human pandemics demands prudent approaches in antiviral material development for disease prevention and treatment via effective protective equipment and therapeutic strategy. However, the current state of the antiviral materials research is predominantly aligned towards drug development and its related areas, catering to the field of pharmaceutical technology. This review distinguishes the research advances in terms of innovative materials exhibiting antiviral activities that take advantage of fast-developing nanotechnology and biopolymer technology. Essential concepts of antiviral principles and underlying mechanisms are illustrated, followed with detailed descriptions of novel antiviral materials including inorganic nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials and biopolymers. The biomedical applications of the antiviral materials are also elaborated based on the specific categorization. Challenges and future prospects are discussed to facilitate the research and development of protective solutions and curative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liang
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave, N1 01a–29Singapore639798Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate ProgramNanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
- Residues and Resource Reclamation CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
| | - Ashiq Ahamed
- Residues and Resource Reclamation CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and EngineeringJohan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre Åbo Akademi UniversityFI-20500Turku/ÅboFinland
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
| | - Xiaoxu Fu
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave, N1 01a–29Singapore639798Singapore
- Residues and Resource Reclamation CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- School of Civil and Environmental EngineeringNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang Ave, N1 01a–29Singapore639798Singapore
- Residues and Resource Reclamation CentreNanyang Environment and Water Research Institute Nanyang Technological University1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech OneSingapore637141Singapore
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5
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Sánchez-López E, Paús A, Pérez-Pomeda I, Calpena A, Haro I, Gómara MJ. Lipid Vesicles Loaded with an HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor Peptide as a Potential Microbicide. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E502. [PMID: 32486415 PMCID: PMC7355883 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective use of fusion inhibitor peptides against cervical and colorectal infections requires the development of sustained release formulations. In this work we comparatively study two different formulations based on polymeric nanoparticles and lipid vesicles to propose a suitable delivery nanosystem for releasing an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal mucosa. Polymeric nanoparticles of poly-d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and lipid large unilamellar vesicles loaded with the inhibitor peptide were prepared. Both formulations showed average sizes and polydispersity index values corresponding to monodisperse systems appropriate for vaginal permeation. High entrapment efficiency of the inhibitor peptide was achieved in lipid vesicles, which was probably due to the peptide's hydrophobic nature. In addition, both nanocarriers remained stable after two weeks stored at 4 °C. While PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) did not show any delay in peptide release, lipid vesicles demonstrated favorably prolonged release of the peptide. Lipid vesicles were shown to improve the retention of the peptide on ex vivo vaginal tissue in a concentration sufficient to exert its pharmacological effect. Thus, the small size of lipid vesicles, their lipid-based composition as well as their ability to enhance peptide penetration on vaginal tissue led us to consider this formulation as a better nanosystem than polymeric nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide in vaginal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Paús
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Pomeda
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Ana Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Department of Biological Chemistry, IQAC−CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (A.P.); (I.P.-P.); (I.H.); (M.J.G.)
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6
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Peptide Assembly on the Membrane Determines the HIV-1 Inhibitory Activity of Dual-Targeting Fusion Inhibitor Peptides. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3257. [PMID: 30824796 PMCID: PMC6397244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies in the design of HIV-1 fusion/entry inhibitors are based on the construction of dual-targeting fusion proteins and peptides with synergistic antiviral effects. In this work we describe the design of dual-targeting peptides composed of peptide domains of E2 and E1 envelope proteins from Human Pegivirus with the aim of targeting both the loop region and the fusion peptide domains of HIV-1 gp41. In a previous work, we described the inhibitory role of a highly conserved fragment of the E1 protein (domain 139–156) which interacts with the HIV-1 fusion peptide at the membrane level. Here, two different dual-targeting peptides, where this E1 peptide is located on the N- or the C-terminus respectively, have been chemically synthesized and their antiviral activities have been evaluated with HIV pseudotyped viruses from different clades. The study of the functional behaviour of peptides in a membranous environment attending to the peptide recognition of the target sites on gp41, the peptide conformation as well as the peptide affinity to the membrane, demonstrate that antiviral activity of the dual-targeting peptides is directly related to the peptide affinity and its subsequent assembly into the model membrane. The overall results point out to the necessity that fusion inhibitor peptides that specifically interfere with the N-terminal region of gp41 are embedded within the membrane in order to properly interact with their viral target.
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7
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Mattern-Schain SI, Fisher RK, West PC, Grimsley LB, Harris TM, Grandas OH, Best MD, Mountain DJH. Cell mimetic liposomal nanocarriers for tailored delivery of vascular therapeutics. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 218:149-157. [PMID: 30582896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Liposomal delivery systems (LDSs) have been at the forefront of medicinal nanotechnology for over three decades. Increasing LDS association to target cells and cargo delivery is crucial to bolstering overall nanodrug efficacy. Our laboratory aims to develop LDSs for molecular therapeutics aimed at vascular pathology. We have previously established a liposome platform that is an effective delivery system for RNA interference in vascular cell types by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) decorated liposomes bearing an octa-arginine (R8) cell penetrating peptide (CPP). Further tailoring liposome membranes to mimic vascular cell membrane lipid constituents may be a promising strategy for increasing cargo delivery. Here we aimed to develop liposomal formulations that could make use of diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine (PS), naturally occurring lipid species that are known to influence vascular cell function, as a facile and efficient means to increase nanodrug efficacy without compromising clinical viability. We investigated the ability of DAG and PS to amplify the cellular uptake of our previously established LDS platform loaded with small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) cargo. Cellular fluorescence microscopy experiments were performed in conjunction with quantitative cell association assays and cytotoxicity assays to analyze the effect of DAG/PS on the differential delivery of fluorescently-tagged liposomes to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and on liposomal-mediated toxicity. In these studies, significant, dose-dependent increases in association to target cells were observed, as well as cell-type specific effects on cell viability. The stability and encapsulation-efficiency of the DAG/PS-modified LDSs were analyzed by standard nanoparticle characterization methods, and siRNA transfection efficacy was quantified to gauge delivery potential as a function of DAG/PS modification. Our results suggest that the signaling lipids tested here imbue our LDS architectures with increased therapeutic potential, without compromising stability, encapsulation efficiency, or biocompatibility, thus presenting a natural strategy to increase nanodrug efficacy and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel I Mattern-Schain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Richard K Fisher
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States
| | - Philip C West
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States
| | - Lauren B Grimsley
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States
| | - Taylor M Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States
| | - Oscar H Grandas
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States
| | - Michael D Best
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States.
| | - Deidra J H Mountain
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, 37920, TN, United States.
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8
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Yavuz B, Morgan JL, Showalter L, Horng KR, Dandekar S, Herrera C, LiWang P, Kaplan DL. Pharmaceutical Approaches to HIV Treatment and Prevention. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018; 1:1800054. [PMID: 32775613 PMCID: PMC7413291 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to pose a major infectious disease threat worldwide. It is characterized by the depletion of CD4+ T cells, persistent immune activation, and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Advances in the development of antiretroviral drugs and combination antiretroviral therapy have resulted in a remarkable reduction in HIV-associated morbidity and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) leads to effective suppression of HIV replication with partial recovery of host immune system and has successfully transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic condition. Additionally, antiretroviral drugs have shown promise for prevention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment as prevention. However, ART is unable to cure HIV. Other limitations include drug-drug interactions, drug resistance, cytotoxic side effects, cost, and adherence. Alternative treatment options are being investigated to overcome these challenges including discovery of new molecules with increased anti-viral activity and development of easily administrable drug formulations. In light of the difficulties associated with current HIV treatment measures, and in the continuing absence of a cure, the prevention of new infections has also arisen as a prominent goal among efforts to curtail the worldwide HIV pandemic. In this review, the authors summarize currently available anti-HIV drugs and their combinations for treatment, new molecules under clinical development and prevention methods, and discuss drug delivery formats as well as associated challenges and alternative approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jessica L Morgan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Laura Showalter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Katti R Horng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of California-Davis 5605 GBSF, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine St. Mary's Campus Imperial College Room 460 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Patricia LiWang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology University of California-Merced5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Tufts University 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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9
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Sangrà M, Estelrich J, Sabaté R, Espargaró A, Busquets MA. Evidence of Protein Adsorption in Pegylated Liposomes: Influence of Liposomal Decoration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E37. [PMID: 28336870 PMCID: PMC5333022 DOI: 10.3390/nano7020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the events involved in the formation of the protein corona when nanoparticles (NPs) come in contact with proteins, we report a study about the changes on the physicochemical properties of pristine, PEGylated and Cyclic Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate peptide (RGD)-functionalized large unilamelar liposomes (LUVs) or magnetoliposomes (MLs) upon incubation with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The main phospholipid component of both LUVs and MLs was l-α-phosphatydylcholine (PC) or 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) with 20% of cholesterol. The most obvious indication of the interaction of BSA-nanosystems is given by changes in the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles but other evidence is needed to corroborate the process. Our findings indicate that size modification is a process that is accomplished in few hours and that is strongly dependent not only on the surface decoration but also of the lipid composition of both LUVs and MLs. Fluorescence quenching experiments as well as cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) images assessed these changes and confirmed that although each system has to be studied in a particular way, we can establish three distinctive features that turn into more reactive systems: (a) compositions containing PC compared with their DMPC counterparts; (b) the presence of PEG and/or RGD compared to the pristine counterparts; and (c) the presence of SPIONs: MLs show higher interaction than LUVs of the same lipid composition. Consequently, PEGylation (that is supposed to make stealth NPs) actually fails in preventing complete protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sangrà
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Estelrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Antònia Busquets
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), Avda. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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