1
|
Lebleu C, Plet L, Moussy F, Gitton G, Da Costa Moreira R, Guduff L, Burlot B, Godiveau R, Merry A, Lecommandoux S, Errasti G, Philippe C, Delacroix T, Chakrabarti R. Improving aqueous solubility of paclitaxel with polysarcosine-b-poly(γ-benzyl glutamate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122501. [PMID: 36529355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
New stealth amphiphilic copolymers based on polysarcosine (PSar) rather than poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) have gained more attention for their use as excipients in nanomedicine. In this study, several polysarcosine-b-poly(γ-benzyl glutamate) (PSar-b-PGluOBn) block copolymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of the respective N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs) and were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Copolymers had different PGluOBn block configuration (racemic L/D, pure L or pure D), degrees of polymerization of PSar between 28 and 76 and PGluOBn between 9 and 93, molar masses (Mn) between 5.0 and 24.6 kg.mol-1 and dispersities (Đ) lower than 1.4. Nanoparticles of PSar-b-PGluOBn loaded with paclitaxel (PTX), a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, were obtained by nanoprecipitation. Their hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) ranged from 27 to 118 nm with polydispersity indexes (PDI) between 0.01 and 0.20, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Their morphology was more spherical for copolymers with a racemic L/D PGluOBn block configuration synthesized at 5 °C. PTX loading efficiency was between 63 and 92 % and loading contents between 7 and 15 %. Using PSar-b-PGluOBn copolymers as excipients, PTX apparent water-solubility was significantly improved by a factor up to 6600 to 660 µg.mL-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lebleu
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Laetitia Plet
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Florène Moussy
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Gaëtan Gitton
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | | | - Ludmilla Guduff
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Barbara Burlot
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | | | - Aïnhoa Merry
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | | | - Gauthier Errasti
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | | | - Thomas Delacroix
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France
| | - Raj Chakrabarti
- PMC Isochem SAS, 32, rue Lavoisier F-91710, Vert-Le-Petit, France; Chakrabarti Advanced Technology, LLC, PMC Group Building, 1288 Route 73, Ste 110, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun W, Xu S, Shen T, Li G, Zhang J, Pan C, Lu W, Liu X, Zheng J, Ling J, Sun J. Fe 3+@PDOPA‑ b‑PSar Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cancer Chemotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:2197-2208. [PMID: 37131547 PMCID: PMC10149081 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s393846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chemotherapy treatments for cancer are always accompanied by a low concentration of drug delivered in the tumor area and severe side effects including systemic toxicity. Improving the concentration, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of regional chemotherapy drugs is a pressing challenge in the field of materials. Methods N-Phenyloxycarbonyl-amino acids (NPCs) which exhibit significant tolerance to nucleophiles, such as water and hydroxyl-containing compounds, are promising monomers for the synthesis of polypeptides and polypeptoids. Cell line and mouse models were used to comprehensively explore how to enhance the tumor MRI signal and evaluate the therapeutic effect of Fe@POS-DOX nanoparticles. Results In this study, poly(3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine)-b-polysarcosine (PDOPA-b-PSar, simplified as POS) was synthesized by the block copolymerization of DOPA-NPC with Sar-NPC. Fe@POS-DOX nanoparticles were prepared in order to utilize the strong chelation of catechol ligands to iron (III) cations and the hydrophobic interaction between DOX and DOPA block to deliver chemotherapeutics to tumor tissue. The Fe@POS-DOX nanoparticles exhibit high longitudinal relaxivity (r 1 = 7.06 mM-1·s-1) and act as T 1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast agents. Further, the main focus was improving tumor site-specific bioavailability and achieving therapeutic effects through the biocompatibility and biodegradability of Fe@POS-DOX NPs. The Fe@POS-DOX treatment exhibited excellent antitumor effects. Conclusion Upon intravenous injection, Fe@POS-DOX delivers DOX specifically to the tumor tissues, as revealed by MR, and leads to the inhibition of tumor growth without overt toxicity to normal tissues, thus displaying considerable potential for use in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songyi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianlun Shen
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunshu Pan
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
- Jianjun Zheng, President of Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 574 83870280, Email
| | - Jun Ling
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jihong Sun, Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Tel +86 13857176538, Email
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Graisa A, Zainulabdeen K, Salman I, Al-Ani A, Mohammed R, Hairunisa N, Mohammed S, Yousif E. Toxicity and anti-tumour activity of organotin (IV) compounds. BAGHDAD JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.47419/bjbabs.v3i02.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organotins are widely described as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial agents. In addition to their use in biomedical fields, organotins are also used in agricultural and industrial applications. These materials are more toxic than inorganic cans, which are poorly absorbed and are excreted on the surface of the can, and cause toxicity to a variety of organisms and damage the environment.This review focuses on organotin’s toxicity and uses in biomedical fields.
Collapse
|
4
|
A Review of Polymeric Micelles and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122510. [PMID: 35746086 PMCID: PMC9230755 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic polymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic units results in micelles (polymeric nanoparticles), where polymer concentrations are above critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Recently, micelles with metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized in many bio-applications because of their excellent biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, adhesion to biosurfaces, targetability, and longevity. The size of the micelles is in the range of 10 to 100 nm, and different shapes of micelles have been developed for applications. Micelles have been focused recently on bio-applications because of their unique properties, size, shape, and biocompatibility, which enhance drug loading and target release in a controlled manner. This review focused on how CMC has been calculated using various techniques. Further, micelle importance is explained briefly, different types and shapes of micelles are discussed, and further extensions for the application of micelles are addressed. In the summary and outlook, points that need focus in future research on micelles are discussed. This will help researchers in the development of micelles for different applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Manatunga DC, Godakanda VU, de Silva RM, de Silva KMN. Recent developments in the use of organic-inorganic nanohybrids for drug delivery. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1605. [PMID: 31826328 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic nanohybrid (OINH) structures providing a versatile platform for drug delivery with improved characteristics are an area which has gained recent attention. Much effort has been taken to develop these structures to provide a viable treatment options for much alarming diseases such as cancer, bone destruction, neurological disorders, and so on. This review focuses on current work carried out in producing different types of hybrid drug carriers identifying their properties, fabrication techniques, and areas where they have been applied. A brief introduction on understating the requirement for blending organic-inorganic components into a nanohybrid drug carrier is followed with an elaboration given about the different types of OINHs developed currently highlighting their properties and applications. Then, different fabrication techniques are discussed given attention to surface functionalization, one-pot synthesis, wrapping, and electrospinning methods. Finally, it is concluded by briefing the challenges that are remaining to be addressed to obtain multipurpose nanohybrid drug carriers with wider applicability. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danushika C Manatunga
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - V Umayangana Godakanda
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Rohini M de Silva
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - K M Nalin de Silva
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Devices (CAMD), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guryanov I, Naumenko E, Konnova S, Lagarkova M, Kiselev S, Fakhrullin R. Spatial manipulation of magnetically-responsive nanoparticle engineered human neuronal progenitor cells. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 20:102038. [PMID: 31220595 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a detailed investigation of the interaction of neuronal progenitor cells and neurons with polyelectrolyte-stabilized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Human neuronal progenitor and neurons were differentiated in vitro from fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The cytotoxic effects of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) were determined on human skin fibroblasts and neuronal progenitor cells. Immunocytochemical staining of lamins A/C and B in cells treated separately with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and magnetic nanoparticles allowed to exclude these nuclear components as targets of toxic effects. We demonstrate that magnetic nanoparticles accumulated in cytoplasm and on the surface of neuronal progenitor cells neither interacted with the nuclear envelope nor penetrated into the nuclei of neuronal cells. The possibility of guidance of magnetically functionalized neuronal progenitor cells under magnetic field was demonstrated. Magnetization of progenitor cells using poly(allylaminehydrochloride)-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles allows for successful managing their in vitro localization in a monolayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Guryanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Naumenko
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Konnova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ray S, Li Z, Hsu CH, Hwang LP, Lin YC, Chou PT, Lin YY. Dendrimer- and copolymer-based nanoparticles for magnetic resonance cancer theranostics. Theranostics 2018; 8:6322-6349. [PMID: 30613300 PMCID: PMC6299700 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer theranostics is one of the most important approaches for detecting and treating patients at an early stage. To develop such a technique, accurate detection, specific targeting, and controlled delivery are the key components. Various kinds of nanoparticles have been proposed and demonstrated as potential nanovehicles for cancer theranostics. Among them, polymer-like dendrimers and copolymer-based core-shell nanoparticles could potentially be the best possible choices. At present, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for clinical purposes and is generally considered the most convenient and noninvasive imaging modality. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and gadolinium (Gd)-based dendrimers are the major nanostructures that are currently being investigated as nanovehicles for cancer theranostics using MRI. These structures are capable of specific targeting of tumors as well as controlled drug or gene delivery to tumor sites using pH, temperature, or alternating magnetic field (AMF)-controlled mechanisms. Recently, Gd-based pseudo-porous polymer-dendrimer supramolecular nanoparticles have shown 4-fold higher T1 relaxivity along with highly efficient AMF-guided drug release properties. Core-shell copolymer-based nanovehicles are an equally attractive alternative for designing contrast agents and for delivering anti-cancer drugs. Various copolymer materials could be used as core and shell components to provide biostability, modifiable surface properties, and even adjustable imaging contrast enhancement. Recent advances and challenges in MRI cancer theranostics using dendrimer- and copolymer-based nanovehicles have been summarized in this review article, along with new unpublished research results from our laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayoni Ray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chao-Hsiung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Pin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ya Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nanoparticles Based Drug Delivery for Tissue Regeneration Using Biodegradable Scaffolds: a Review. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Miao Y, Xie F, Cen J, Zhou F, Tao X, Luo J, Han G, Kong X, Yang X, Sun J, Ling J. Fe 3+@polyDOPA- b-polysarcosine, a T 1-Weighted MRI Contrast Agent via Controlled NTA Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:693-698. [PMID: 35632979 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Amino acid N-thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs) are promising cyclic monomers to synthesize polypeptides and polypeptoids via controlled ring-opening polymerizations. Superior to N-carboxyanhydrides requiring protection on hydroxyl groups, NTAs are able to tolerate such nucleophiles. In this work, we report the synthesis of NTA monomers containing unprotected phenolic hydroxyl groups of 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (DOPA) and l-tyrosine (Tyr). Their controlled ROPs and sequential copolymerizations with polysarcosine (PSar) yield PDOPA, PTyr, and PDOPA-b-polysarcosine (PDOPA-b-PSar) products quantitatively with designable degrees of polymerization. Micellar nanoparticles of Fe3+@PDOPA-b-PSar have been prepared thanks to the strong chelation of iron(III) cation by catechol ligands that act as T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. For instance, Fe3+@PDOPA10-b-PSar50 exhibits higher longitudinal relaxivity (r1 = 5.6 mM-1 s-1) than commercial Gd3+-based compounds. Effective MRI contrast enhancement in vivo of nude mice with a moderate duration (150 min) and 3D magnetic resonance angiography in rabbit illustrated by using volume rendering and maximal intensity projection techniques ignite the clinical application of Fe3+-based polypept(o)ides in diagnostic radiology as Gd-free MRI contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuedong Miao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fengnan Xie
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Department of Medical Imagine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jiayu Cen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xinfeng Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingfeng Luo
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Guocan Han
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jun Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sill KN, Sullivan B, Carie A, Semple JE. Synthesis and Characterization of Micelle-Forming PEG-Poly(Amino Acid) Copolymers with Iron-Hydroxamate Cross-Linkable Blocks for Encapsulation and Release of Hydrophobic Drugs. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1874-1884. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Sill
- Intezyne Technologies, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 104, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Bradford Sullivan
- Intezyne Technologies, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 104, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Adam Carie
- Intezyne Technologies, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 104, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - J. Edward Semple
- Intezyne Technologies, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 104, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| |
Collapse
|