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Belloli S, Morari M, Murtaj V, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Gilardi MC. Translation Imaging in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 32581765 PMCID: PMC7289967 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the appearance of α-synuclein insoluble aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mediated by cytokines and chemokines produced by the activated microglia. Several studies demonstrated that such an inflammatory process is an early event, and contributes to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. α-synuclein fibrillization and aggregation activate microglia and contribute to disease onset and progression. Mutations in different genes exacerbate the inflammatory phenotype in the monogenic compared to sporadic forms of PD. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) with selected radiopharmaceuticals allow in vivo imaging of molecular modifications in the brain of living subjects. Several publications showed a reduction of dopaminergic terminals and dopamine (DA) content in the basal ganglia, starting from the early stages of the disease. Moreover, non-dopaminergic neuronal pathways are also affected, as shown by in vivo studies with serotonergic and glutamatergic radiotracers. The role played by the immune system during illness progression could be investigated with PET ligands that target the microglia/macrophage Translocator protein (TSPO) receptor. These agents have been used in PD patients and rodent models, although often without attempting correlations with other molecular or functional parameters. For example, neurodegeneration and brain plasticity can be monitored using the metabolic marker 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose ([18F]-FDG), while oxidative stress can be probed using the copper-labeled diacetyl-bis(N-methyl-thiosemicarbazone) ([Cu]-ATSM) radioligand, whose striatal-specific binding ratio in PD patients seems to correlate with a disease rating scale and motor scores. Also, structural and functional modifications during disease progression may be evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), using different parameters as iron content or cerebral volume. In this review article, we propose an overview of in vivo clinical and non-clinical imaging research on neuroinflammation as an emerging marker of early PD. We also discuss how multimodal-imaging approaches could provide more insights into the role of the inflammatory process and related events in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Belloli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Morari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute for Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gilardi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Milan, Italy.,Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Palermo G, Giannoni S, Frosini D, Morganti R, Volterrani D, Bonuccelli U, Pavese N, Ceravolo R. Dopamine Transporter, Age, and Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease: A Clinical and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Study. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1028-1036. [PMID: 32154947 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous molecular imaging studies comparing dopamine function in vivo between early-onset PD and late-onset PD patients have shown contradictory results, presumably attributable to the aging-related decline in nigrostriatal function. OBJECTIVES (1) To investigate baseline dopamine transporter availability in early-onset PD (<55 years) and late-onset PD (>70 years) patients, z-scores values of putamen and caudate [123 I]-ioflupane uptake were calculated using the respective age-matched controls in order to correct for early presynaptic compensatory mechanisms and age-related dopamine neuron loss; (2) to examine the associations of such baseline single-photon emission computed tomography measures with the emergence of late-disease motor complications. METHODS In this retrospective study, 105 de novo PD patients who underwent [123 I]-ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography at time of diagnosis were divided into three tertile groups according to age at disease onset (35 early-onset PD and 40 late-onset PD patients). Z-scores were compared between the two groups, and their predictive power for motor complications (during a mean follow-up of 7 years) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Despite a less-severe motor phenotype, early-onset PD patients exhibited more reduced [123 I]-ioflupane binding in the putamen and had a higher and earlier risk for developing motor complications than those with late-onset PD. Lower [123 I]-Ioflupane uptake in the putamen and caudate increased the risk of motor complications. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a lower dopamine transporter binding in early-onset PD predicts the later development of motor complications, but it is not related to severity of motor symptoms, suggesting age-related differences in striatal compensatory mechanisms in PD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Giannoni
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Frosini
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Duccio Volterrani
- Regional Center of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Chung SJ, Yoo HS, Lee YH, Lee PH, Sohn YH. Heterogeneous Patterns of Striatal Dopamine Loss in Patients with Young- versus Old-Onset Parkinson's Disease: Impact on Clinical Features. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:113-119. [PMID: 31158944 PMCID: PMC6547040 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Ample evidence has suggested that age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with heterogeneous clinical features in individuals. We hypothesized that this may be attributed to different patterns of nigrostriatal dopamine loss. Methods A total of 205 consecutive patients with de novo PD who underwent 18F-FP-CIT PET scans (mean follow-up duration, 6.31 years) were divided into three tertile groups according to their age at onset of parkinsonian motor symptoms. Striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) availability was compared between the old- (n = 73) and young-onset (n = 66) groups. In addition, the risk of developing freezing of gait (FOG) and longitudinal requirements for dopaminergic medications were examined. Results The old-onset PD group (mean age at onset, 72.66 years) exhibited more severe parkinsonian motor signs than the young-onset group (52.58 years), despite comparable DAT availability in the posterior putamen; moreover, the old-onset group exhibited more severely decreased DAT availability in the caudate than the young-onset group. A Cox regression model revealed that the old-onset PD group had a higher risk for developing FOG than the young-onset group [hazard ratio 2.523, 95% confidence interval (1.239–5.140)]. The old-onset group required higher doses of dopaminergic medications for symptom control than the young-onset group over time. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the old-onset PD group exhibited more severe dopamine loss in the caudate and were more likely to develop gait freezing, suggesting that age at onset may be one of the major determinants of the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion and progression of gait disturbance in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Matarazzo M, Wile D, Mackenzie M, Stoessl AJ. PET Molecular Imaging in Familial Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 142:177-223. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Caminiti SP, Presotto L, Baroncini D, Garibotto V, Moresco RM, Gianolli L, Volonté MA, Antonini A, Perani D. Axonal damage and loss of connectivity in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopamine pathways in early Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:734-740. [PMID: 28409113 PMCID: PMC5379906 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is considered the main feature of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent neuropathological evidence however suggests that the axons of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system are the earliest target of α-synuclein accumulation in PD, thus the principal site for vulnerability. Whether this applies to in vivo PD, and also to the mesolimbic system has not been investigated yet. We used [11C]FeCIT PET to measure presynaptic dopamine transporter (DAT) activity in both nigrostriatal and mesolimbic systems, in 36 early PD patients (mean disease duration in months ± SD 21.8 ± 10.7) and 14 healthy controls similar for age. We also performed anatomically-driven partial correlation analysis to evaluate possible changes in the connectivity within both the dopamine networks at an early clinical phase. In the nigrostriatal system, we found a severe DAT reduction in the afferents to the dorsal putamen (DPU) (η2 = 0.84), whereas the SN was the less affected region (η2 = 0.31). DAT activity in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the ventral striatum (VST) were also reduced in the patient group, but to a lesser degree (VST η2 = 0.71 and VTA η2 = 0.31). In the PD patients compared to the controls, there was a marked decrease in dopamine network connectivity between SN and DPU nodes, supporting the significant derangement in the nigrostriatal pathway. These results suggest that neurodegeneration in the dopamine pathways is initially more prominent in the afferent axons and more severe in the nigrostriatal system. Considering PD as a disconnection syndrome starting from the axons, it would justify neuroprotective interventions even if patients have already manifested clinical symptoms. In vivo study of mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems in early iPD Evidence for a severe axonal damage with relative sparing of SN Evidence for a moderate damage of the mesolimbic pathway in early iPD Significant reduction of molecular connectivity between nigrostriatal nodes Justification for neuroprotective interventions in early-iPD phase
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paola Caminiti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Baroncini
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Garibotto
- Department of Medical Imaging, Geneva University, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- IBFM-CNR, Segrate, Italy, Tecnomed Foundation, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luigi Gianolli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, I.R.C.C.S Hospital San Camillo, Via Alberoni 70, 30126 Venice, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences (DNS), University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Canessa A, Pozzi NG, Arnulfo G, Brumberg J, Reich MM, Pezzoli G, Ghilardi MF, Matthies C, Steigerwald F, Volkmann J, Isaias IU. Striatal Dopaminergic Innervation Regulates Subthalamic Beta-Oscillations and Cortical-Subcortical Coupling during Movements: Preliminary Evidence in Subjects with Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:611. [PMID: 27999534 PMCID: PMC5138226 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the basal ganglia has been shown during the preparation and execution of movement. However, the functional interaction of cortical and subcortical brain areas during movement and the relative contribution of dopaminergic striatal innervation remains unclear. We recorded local field potential (LFP) activity from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) signals in four patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) off dopaminergic medication during a multi-joint motor task performed with their dominant and non-dominant hand. Recordings were performed by means of a fully-implantable deep brain stimulation (DBS) device at 4 months after surgery. Three patients also performed a single-photon computed tomography (SPECT) with [123I]N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane (FP-CIT) to assess striatal dopaminergic innervation. Unilateral movement execution led to event-related desynchronization (ERD) followed by a rebound after movement termination event-related synchronization (ERS) of oscillatory beta activity in the STN and primary sensorimotor cortex of both hemispheres. Dopamine deficiency directly influenced movement-related beta-modulation, with greater beta-suppression in the most dopamine-depleted hemisphere for both ipsi- and contralateral hand movements. Cortical-subcortical, but not interhemispheric subcortical coherencies were modulated by movement and influenced by striatal dopaminergic innervation, being stronger in the most dopamine-depleted hemisphere. The data are consistent with a role of dopamine in shielding subcortical structures from an excessive cortical entrapment and cross-hemispheric coupling, thus allowing fine-tuning of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Canessa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolò G Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Arnulfo
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Reich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria F Ghilardi
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, CUNY Medical School New York, NY, USA
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Steigerwald
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University Wuerzburg, Germany
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Onset-related subtypes of Parkinson's disease differ in the patterns of striatal dopaminergic dysfunction: A positron emission tomography study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1448-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu X, Cai H, Ge R, Li L, Jia Z. Recent progress of imaging agents for Parkinson's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:551-63. [PMID: 25977680 PMCID: PMC4428027 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666141204221238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common progressive, neurodegenerative brain disease that is promoted by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation and proteasome dysfunction in the brain. Compared with computer tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), non-invasive nuclear radiopharmaceuticals have great significance for the early diagnosis of PD due to their high sensitivity and specificity in atypical and preclinical cases. Based on the development of coordination chemistry and chelator design, radionuclides may be delivered to lesions by attaching to PD-related transporters and receptors, such as dopamine, serotonin, and others. In this review, we comprehensively detailed the current achievements in radionuclide imaging in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ran Ge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Zozulinsky P, Greenbaum L, Brande-Eilat N, Braun Y, Shalev I, Tomer R. Dopamine system genes are associated with orienting bias among healthy individuals. Neuropsychologia 2014; 62:48-54. [PMID: 25038551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Healthy individuals display subtle orienting bias, manifested as a tendency to direct greater attention toward one hemispace, and evidence suggests that this bias reflects an individual trait, which may be modulated by asymmetric dopamine signaling in striatal and frontal regions. The current study examined the hypothesis that functional genetic variants within dopaminergic genes (DAT1 3' VNTR, dopamine D2 receptor Taq1A (rs1800497) and COMT Val158Met (rs4680)) contribute to individual differences in orienting bias, as measured by the greyscales paradigm, in a sample of 197 young healthy Israeli Jewish participants. For the Taq1A variant, homozygous carriers of the A2 allele displayed significantly increased leftward orienting bias compared to the carriers of the A1 allele. Additionally, and as previously reported by others, we found that bias towards leftward orienting of attention was significantly greater among carriers of the 9-repeat allele of the DAT1 3' VNTR as compared to the individuals who were homozygous for the 10-repeat allele. No significant effect of the COMT Val158Met on orienting bias was found. Taken together, our findings support the potential influence of genetic variants on inter-individual differences in orienting bias, a phenotype relevant to both normal and impaired cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Zozulinsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Lior Greenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Hashomer, Israel; The Josheph Sagol Neuroscience center (JSNC), Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Noa Brande-Eilat
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yair Braun
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Idan Shalev
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Rachel Tomer
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, 199 Abba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel Haifa 3498838, Israel.
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Abstract
This article discusses the current use of PET imaging in the evaluation of dopamine function in Parkinson disease (PD). The article reviews the major radioligands targeting dopaminergic systems in patients with parkinsonian disorders. The primary objective is to show the novel clinical applications of molecular imaging in the diagnosis and assessment of motor and nonmotor symptoms in PD.
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Cerasa A, Salsone M, Morelli M, Pugliese P, Arabia G, Gioia CM, Novellino F, Quattrone A. Age at onset influences neurodegenerative processes underlying PD with levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:883-8. [PMID: 23769805 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, we demonstrated that PD patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesias are characterized by neuroanatomical and functional changes involving the prefrontal cortex. When compared with non-dyskinetic PD patients, dyskinetic PD patients showed increased volume of the inferior frontal cortex and a dysfunctional imbalance between this region and the supplementary motor area during motor task. In the current study, we investigated the impact of age at onset of the disease on the neuroanatomical characteristics of dyskinetic patients, because it is well known that early-onset PD patients usually develop dyskinesias sooner with respect to late-onset PD. METHODS Whole-brain voxel-wise investigations of gray matter volume and cortical thickness were carried out in dyskinetic (n = 33), non-dyskinetic PD patients (n = 33) and in age-sex-matched healthy controls (n = 40). Neuroimaging analyses were performed separately according to the age at onset (early < 50 y > late). RESULTS Independent of age at onset, dyskinetic PD patients showed altered morphology in the inferior frontal cortex when compared with non-dyskinetic patients. Moreover, additional significant abnormalities emerged in the early- and late-onset PD patients when compared to controls. In fact, early-onset dyskinetic patients showed increased volume in a large cluster of the midbrain encompassing substantia nigra and red nucleus, whereas late-onset dyskinetic patients were characterized by abnormal gray matter increase in the supplementary motor area. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate different patterns of brain abnormalities in patients with LID according to age at onset, highlighting the role of the nigral pathology in early-onset and of the cortical pathology in late-onset patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cerasa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Germaneto, CZ, Italy
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Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) modulates the expression of dopamine-related genes in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinsonism in mice. Neuroscience 2012; 223:246-57. [PMID: 22885234 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity and behavioral impairment in rodents similar to Parkinson's disease. The MPTP mouse model is widely used to evaluate new protective agents. EGb 761 is a well-defined mixture of active compounds extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves according to a standardized procedure. We have shown that EGb 761 attenuates the loss of striatal dopamine levels and prevents the neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway induced by MPTP. This finding shows that neuroprotective effects of EGb 761 act, in part, on the dopamine system. Therefore, this study investigates whether EGb 761 exerts dopaminergic neuroprotection through the regulation of dopamine-related gene expression in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Male C57BL/6J mice were injected with MPTP (30 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days and later with EGb 761 (40 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 18 days. The expression of selected genes was evaluated in the striatum and midbrain by quantitative PCR. The genes for tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (Vmat2), dopamine transporter (Dat), dopamine D2 receptor (Da-d2r), and transcription factors (Pitx3 and Nurr1) related to dopamine neurotransmission were selected for the analysis. EGb 761 administration to MPTP-treated mice protected Th (41%), Vmat2 (15%), Dat (102%), Da-d2r (46%), Pitx3 (63%), and Nurr1 (148%) mRNA levels in the midbrain, all of which were up-regulated. However, EGb 761 partially reversed the MPTP effect exclusively for Th (48%) and Nurr1 (96%) mRNA in the striatum. Only Th and Nurr1 mRNA and protein levels were regulated by EGb 761 in both regions of the nigrostriatal pathway. This result could be related to the regulation of their transcription. Our results suggest that EGb 761-associated neuroprotection against MPTP neurotoxicity is related to the regulation of the dopamine genes. Moreover, this neuroprotection also involves the regulation of transcription factors such as Nurr1 that are important for the functional maintenance of dopaminergic neurons.
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Kansara S, Trivedi A, Chen S, Jankovic J, Le W. Early diagnosis and therapy of Parkinson’s disease: can disease progression be curbed? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:197-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Haas BR, Stewart TH, Zhang J. Premotor biomarkers for Parkinson's disease - a promising direction of research. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:11. [PMID: 23211054 PMCID: PMC3514104 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The second most serious neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease (PD). Over the past several decades, a strong body of evidence suggests that PD can begin years before the hallmark clinical motor symptoms appear. Biomarkers for PD are urgently needed to differentiate between neurodegenerative disorders, screen novel therapeutics, and predict eventual clinical PD before the onset of symptoms. Some clinical evaluations and neuroimaging techniques have been developed in the last several years with some success in this area. Moreover, other strategies have been utilized to identify biochemical and genetic markers associated with PD leading to the examination of PD progression and pathogenesis in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or saliva. Finally, interesting results are surfacing from preliminary studies using known PD-associated genetic mutations to assess potential premotor PD biomarkers. The current review highlights recent advances and underscores areas of potential advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Haas
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, HMC Box 359635, 325 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Choi CB, Kim SY, Lee SH, Jahng GH, Kim HY, Choe BY, Ryu KN, Yang DM, Yim SV, Choi WS. Assessment of metabolic changes in the striatum of a MPTP-intoxicated canine model: in vivo ¹H-MRS study of an animal model for Parkinson's disease. Magn Reson Imaging 2010; 29:32-9. [PMID: 20980117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which projects to the striatum. We induced a selective loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, by infusing the mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into adult beagle dogs (N=5). Single voxel ¹H water suppressed magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) at 3 T was used to assess the metabolic changes in the striatum of canine before and after MPTP intoxication. The metabolite spectra obtained from the striatum (voxel size: 2 cm³) showed a lower N-acetyl aspartate to total creatine (creatine+phosphocreatine) ratio after MPTP intoxication. There were no significant differences in other metabolite ratios such as glutamate+glutamine, choline-containing compounds (glycerophosphocholine+phophorylcholine and myo-inositol). Our findings indicated that ¹H-MRS is a sensitive, noninvasive measure of neural toxicity and biochemical alterations of the striatum in a canine model of PD, and further studies are needed to confirm brain metabolic changes in association with progression of MPTP-intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Bong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
For mostly arbitrary reasons, the term "juvenile parkinsonism" is restricted to patients aged 20 years or younger, and "young-onset PD" (YOPD) is onset between ages 21 and 40 years. Previous studies suggest that YOPD has a slower disease progression and a greater incidence and earlier appearance of L-dopa-induced dyskinesias and motor fluctuations. Therefore, our therapeutic strategies have to respect the fact that YOPD patients face many years of gradual progression of disease and disability, a greater probability for developing various adverse effects of treatment, and worsening of quality of life. As an individually tailored treatment should be our primary goal, we must bear in mind that the needs and expectations of YOPD patients are different from those of their older counterparts. The therapeutic strategy for YOPD patients should include a relatively low threshold for initiation of treatment, and initiating treatment with a dopamine receptor agonist while maintaining an individually adjusted, moderately high threshold for switching to or adding L-dopa in cases where treatment response is suboptimal or if problematic adverse effects develop. It has been shown that some dopamine receptor agonists may also have antidepressive efficacy, thus potentially managing an additional problem associated with PD.
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In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:1-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Transplantation of foetal dopamine neurons into the striatum of Parkinson's disease patients can provide restoration of the dopamine system and alleviate motor deficits. However, cellular replacement is associated with several problems. As with pharmacological treatments, cell therapy can lead to disabling abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias). The exclusion of serotonin and GABA neurons, and enrichment of substantia nigra (A9) dopamine neurons, may circumvent this problem. Furthermore, although grafted foetal dopamine neurons can survive in Parkinson's patients for more than a decade, the occurrence of Lewy bodies within such transplanted cells and reduced dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels indicate that grafted cells are associated with pathology. It will be important to understand if such abnormalities are host- or graft induced and to develop methods to ensure survival of functional dopamine neurons. Careful preparation of cellular suspensions to minimize graft-induced inflammatory responses might influence the longevity of transplanted cells. Finally, a number of practical and ethical issues are associated with the use of foetal tissue sources. Thus, future cell therapy is aiming towards the use of embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell derived dopamine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hedlund
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kordower JH, Chu Y, Hauser RA, Olanow CW, Freeman TB. Transplanted dopaminergic neurons develop PD pathologic changes: a second case report. Mov Disord 2009; 23:2303-6. [PMID: 19006193 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes pathological changes within the grafted neurons of another patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) who died 14 years posttransplantation. Although numerous healthy appearing grafted neurons were present at this long-term time point, some displayed Lewy bodies as evidenced by alpha-synuclein, ubiquitin, and thioflavin-S staining. Additionally, there was a general loss of dopamine transporter-immunoreactivity in grafted neurons. Some grafted cell displayed a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase. These data support the emerging concept that PD-like pathology is seen in young grafted neurons when they survive long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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