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Schwarting RKW, Wöhr M, Engler H, Sungur AÖ, Schedlowski M. Behaviorally conditioned effects of psychoactive drugs in experimental animals: What we have learned from nearly a century of research and what remains to be learned. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105721. [PMID: 38754716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Continuous treatment with drugs is a crucial requirement for managing various clinical conditions, including chronic pain and neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. Associative learning processes, i.e. Pavlovian conditioning, can play an important role for the effects of drugs and could open new avenues for optimizing patient treatment. In this narrative literature review, we summarize available data in experimental animals regarding the behaviorally conditioned effects of psychostimulants such as d-amphetamine and cocaine, the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine, the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol, morphine and antidepressant drugs. In each section, the drug under discussion is briefly introduced, followed by a detailed examination of conditioning features, including doses and dosing regimens, characteristics of the conditioning process such as test environments or specific conditioned stimuli, testing and conditioned response characteristics, possible extinction or reconditioning or reversal training, neural mechanisms, and finally, the potential clinical relevance of the research area related to the drug. We focus on key outcomes, delve into methodical issues, identify gaps in current knowledge, and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer K W Schwarting
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg D-35032, Germany
| | - Markus Wöhr
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg D-35032, Germany; KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro-, and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen D-45147, Germany
| | - A Özge Sungur
- Philipps-University of Marburg, Faculty of Psychology, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Marburg D-35032, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Marburg D-35032, Germany; KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Leuven B-3000, Belgium; KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Center for Translational Neuro-, and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen D-45147, Germany; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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Hunter J, Bova A, Stevens A, Leventhal DK. Dopamine neuron stimulation induces context-dependent abnormal involuntary movements in healthy rats. iScience 2022; 25:103974. [PMID: 35281727 PMCID: PMC8914546 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With continued levodopa treatment, most patients with Parkinson disease (PD) develop levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs)—abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) characterized primarily by chorea. Clinically, LIDs depend on nigrostriatal degeneration and sensitization to repeated levodopa doses. However, the degree of dopamine denervation is correlated with levodopa-induced changes in striatal dopamine. Therefore, pulsatile dopamine release may induce AIMs independently of nigrostriatal degeneration. We optogenetically stimulated dopamine neurons in healthy rats as they engaged in skilled reaching. Repeated stimulation induced progressive AIMs whose severity was modified by behavioral context. AIMs were milder with stimulation during reaches, and more severe if stimulation occurred between reaches. Despite gradual induction, AIMs recurred immediately with subsequent dopamine neuron stimulation. Thus, nigrostriatal denervation is not necessary for fluctuating striatal dopamine to induce AIMs, and behavioral context modulates AIM expression. Furthermore, pulsatile dopamine release induces persistent changes in motor circuits that are revealed by subsequent dopamine neuron activation in appropriate contexts. Repeated dopamine neuron activation causes involuntary movements in healthy rats These movements resemble levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian rats Movement severity depends on the history of prior stimulation Movement severity is diminished in rats actively engaged in goal-directed behavior
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hunter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alexandra Bova
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew Stevens
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel K Leventhal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Parkinson Disease Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Neurology, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Kwan C, Nuara SG, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Further characterisation of psychosis-like behaviours induced by L-DOPA in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1685-1692. [PMID: 33963876 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) psychosis afflicts over half of patients and poses a significant burden on quality of life. The aetiology of PD psychosis is multifactorial and likely arises from the complex interaction between dopamine replacement therapy and disease state. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned common marmoset is a validated model to predict the efficacy of therapeutic compounds for treatment-related complications, including PD psychosis. In this model, psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) encompass stereotypies that are idiosyncratic in nature and reproducible with each L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylanaline (L-DOPA) administration. In the present study, we sought to expand upon the existing repertoire of PLBs through the characterisation of novel stereotypical behaviours that appear dependent on the environment. We then discuss our findings in the context of clinical reports on stereotypical behaviours termed "punding" in subjects with PD, which consists of stereotypical repetitive and senseless behaviours. The poor understanding of the pathophysiology governing punding and consequent lack of effective therapies stand to benefit from enhanced characterisation of these stereotypical behaviours in a validated pre-clinical model. We hope that further characterisation of PLBs in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset will be helpful in the evaluation of interventions that seek to alleviate PD psychosis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital (The Neuro), 3801 University St, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Bova A, Gaidica M, Hurst A, Iwai Y, Hunter J, Leventhal DK. Precisely timed dopamine signals establish distinct kinematic representations of skilled movements. eLife 2020; 9:e61591. [PMID: 33245045 PMCID: PMC7861618 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain dopamine is critical for normal motor control, as evidenced by its importance in Parkinson Disease and related disorders. Current hypotheses are that dopamine influences motor control by 'invigorating' movements and regulating motor learning. Most evidence for these aspects of dopamine function comes from simple tasks (e.g. lever pressing). Therefore, the influence of dopamine on motor skills requiring multi-joint coordination is unknown. To determine the effects of precisely timed dopamine manipulations on the performance of a complex, finely coordinated dexterous skill, we optogenetically stimulated or inhibited midbrain dopamine neurons as rats performed a skilled reaching task. We found that reach kinematics and coordination between gross and fine movements progressively changed with repeated manipulations. However, once established, rats transitioned abruptly between aberrant and baseline reach kinematics in a dopamine-dependent manner. These results suggest that precisely timed dopamine signals have immediate and long-term influences on motor skill performance, distinct from simply 'invigorating' movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bova
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Matt Gaidica
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Amy Hurst
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Yoshiko Iwai
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Julia Hunter
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Daniel K Leventhal
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Parkinson Disease Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Neurology, VA Ann Arbor Health SystemAnn ArborUnited States
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Li Q, Fernagut P, Bezard E. l
‐Dopa–free learned dyskinetic behavior in a Parkinson's primate model. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1237. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Motac Neuroscience UK‐M15 6WE Manchester United Kingdom
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChina Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pierre‐Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U‐1084Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques Poitiers France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Motac Neuroscience UK‐M15 6WE Manchester United Kingdom
- Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChina Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China
- Université de BordeauxInstitut des maladies neurodégénératives Bordeaux France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Bordeaux France
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Drake JD, Kibuuka LN, Dimitrov KD, Pollack AE. Abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) expression following D2 dopamine agonist challenge is determined by the nature of prior dopamine receptor stimulation (priming) in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 105:26-33. [PMID: 23369985 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions show sensitization (priming) of rotational behavior upon repeated treatment with dopamine agonists. To relate these observations to dyskinesias exhibited by Parkinson's Disease patients, we assessed abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) in 6-OHDA rats, which were primed with three injections of either the following: water, D1/D2 agonist apomorphine (Apo) (0.5mg/kg), D1 agonist SKF38393 (SKF) (10mg/kg) or D2 agonist quinpirole (Quin) (1 or 2.5mg/kg). The rats were challenged one week later with Quin (0.25mg/kg). Axial, limb, orolingual, locomotor, and grooming AIMs were scored (0-4) every 5min. Priming with water did not produce AIMs. Priming with Quin (1mg/kg) produced axial and locomotor AIMs, while priming with Apo, SKF or Quin (2.5mg/kg) produced axial, locomotor, limb, and grooming AIMs. The disparity in AIM profiles between Quin (1mg/kg) and (2.5mg/kg) was not the result of D1 receptor stimulation since there was little striatal Fos expression following the third priming injection with Quin (1 or 2.5mg/kg) compared to following SKF, which led to robust striatal Fos expression. Challenge with Quin (0.25mg/kg) essentially reproduced the categories of AIMs exhibited during priming, with no AIMs in water-primed 6-OHDA rats, mild, non-significant, axial and locomotor AIMs in Quin (1 and 2.5mg/kg)-primed 6-OHDA rats, and axial, limb, locomotor, and grooming AIMs in Apo- and SKF-primed 6-OHDA rats. These data suggest that the types of AIMs expressed following challenge with Quin depend on the dopamine receptor subtype and dose of dopamine agonist used during priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Drake
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Boston, United States.
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Kääriäinen TM, Käenmäki M, Forsberg MM, Oinas N, Tammimäki A, Männistö PT. Unpredictable Rotational Responses to L-dopa in the Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease: the Role of L-dopa Pharmacokinetics and Striatal Dopamine Depletion. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:162-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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