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Xu Y, Li Y, Richard SA, Sun Y, Zhu C. Genetic pathways in cerebral palsy: a review of the implications for precision diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1499-1508. [PMID: 38051892 PMCID: PMC10883492 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cerebral palsy is a diagnostic term utilized to describe a group of permanent disorders affecting movement and posture. Patients with cerebral palsy are often only capable of limited activity, resulting from non-progressive disturbances in the fetal or neonatal brain. These disturbances severely impact the child's daily life and impose a substantial economic burden on the family. Although cerebral palsy encompasses various brain injuries leading to similar clinical outcomes, the understanding of its etiological pathways remains incomplete owing to its complexity and heterogeneity. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing cerebral palsy development. It is now widely acknowledged that genetic mutations and alterations play a pivotal role in cerebral palsy development, which can be further influenced by environmental factors. Despite continuous research endeavors, the underlying factors contributing to cerebral palsy remain are still elusive. However, significant progress has been made in genetic research that has markedly enhanced our comprehension of the genetic factors underlying cerebral palsy development. Moreover, these genetic factors have been categorized based on the identified gene mutations in patients through clinical genotyping, including thrombosis, angiogenesis, mitochondrial and oxidative phosphorylation function, neuronal migration, and cellular autophagy. Furthermore, exploring targeted genotypes holds potential for precision treatment. In conclusion, advancements in genetic research have substantially improved our understanding of the genetic causes underlying cerebral palsy. These breakthroughs have the potential to pave the way for new treatments and therapies, consequently shaping the future of cerebral palsy research and its clinical management. The investigation of cerebral palsy genetics holds the potential to significantly advance treatments and management strategies. By elucidating the underlying cellular mechanisms, we can develop targeted interventions to optimize outcomes. A continued collaboration between researchers and clinicians is imperative to comprehensively unravel the intricate genetic etiology of cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- National Health Council (NHC) Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, Institute of Neuroscience and The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Siahanidou T, Spiliopoulou C. Pharmacological Neuroprotection of the Preterm Brain: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Am J Perinatol 2022; 39:479-491. [PMID: 32961562 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in viability, the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm babies remain serious concern as a significant percentage of these infants develop neurological and/or intellectual impairment, and they are also at increased risk of psychiatric illnesses later in life. The current challenge is to develop neuroprotective approaches to improve adverse outcomes in preterm survivors. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the current evidence on pharmacological agents targeting the neuroprotection of the preterm brain. Among them, magnesium sulfate, given antenatally to pregnant women with imminent preterm birth before 30 to 34 weeks of gestation, as well as caffeine administered to preterm infants after birth, exhibited neuroprotective effects for human preterm brain. Erythropoietin treatment of preterm infants did not result in neuroprotection at 2 years of age in two out of three published large randomized controlled trials; however, long-term follow-up of these infants is needed to come to definite conclusions. Further studies are also required to assess whether melatonin, neurosteroids, inhaled nitric oxide, allopurinol, or dietary supplements (omega-3 fatty acids, choline, curcumin, etc.) could be implemented as neuroprotectants in clinical practice. Furthermore, other pharmacological agents showing promising signs of neuroprotective efficacy in preclinical studies (growth factors, hyaluronidase inhibitors or treatment, antidiabetic drugs, cannabidiol, histamine-H3 receptor antagonists, etc.), as well as stem cell- or exosomal-based therapies and nanomedicine, may prove useful in the future as potential neuroprotective approaches for human preterm brain. KEY POINTS: · Magnesium and caffeine have neuroprotective effects for the preterm brain.. · Follow-up of infants treated with erythropoietin is needed.. · Neuroprotective efficacy of several drugs in animals needs to be shown in humans..
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Siahanidou
- Neonatal Unit of the First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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3
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Kou ZW, Mo JL, Wu KW, Qiu MH, Huang YL, Tao F, Lei Y, Lv LL, Sun FY. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases the function of calcium-impermeable AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit in astrocytes via activation of protein kinase C signaling pathway. Glia 2019; 67:1344-1358. [PMID: 30883902 PMCID: PMC6594043 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic calcium signaling plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of neural functions and neurovascular coupling in the brain. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an original biological substance of vessels, regulates the movement of calcium and potassium ions across neuronal membrane. In this study, we investigated whether and how VEGF regulates glutamate-induced calcium influx in astrocytes. We used cultured astrocytes combined with living cell imaging to detect the calcium influx induced by glutamate. We found that VEGF quickly inhibited the glutamate/hypoxia-induced calcium influx, which was blocked by an AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX, but not D-AP5 or UBP310, NMDA and kainate receptor antagonist, respectively. VEGF increased phosphorylation of PKCα and AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 in astrocytes, and these effects were diminished by SU1498 or calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor. With the pHluorin assay, we observed that VEGF significantly increased membrane insertion and expression of GluA2, but not GluA1, in astrocytes. Moreover, siRNA-produced knockdown of GluA2 expression in astrocytes reversed the inhibitory effect of VEGF on glutamate-induced calcium influx. Together, our results suggest that VEGF reduces glutamate-induced calcium influx in astrocytes via enhancing PKCα-mediated GluA2 phosphorylation, which in turn promotes the membrane insertion and expression of GluA2 and causes AMPA receptors to switch from calcium-permeable to calcium-impermeable receptors, thereby inhibiting astrocytic calcium influx. The present study reveals that excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate-mediated astrocytic calcium influx can be regulated by vascular biological factor via activation of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit and uncovers a novel coupling mechanism between astrocytes and endothelial cells within the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Wei Kou
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia-Lin Mo
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kun-Wei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of System Biology for Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mei-Hong Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ya-Lin Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of System Biology for Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Lv
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Feng-Yan Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute for Basic Research on Aging and Medicine of School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Department of System Biology for Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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4
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Zhang WL, Cao YA, Xia J, Tian L, Yang L, Peng CS. Neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA weakens spastic cerebral palsy through inflammation, p38MAPK and VEGF in neonatal rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2012-2018. [PMID: 29257210 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of main active ingredients of salvia miltiorrhizae, which is a traditional Chinese medicine, tanshinone IIA is the basis of its pharmacological activities. In the present study, the effect of tanshinone IIA on weakening spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) in neonatal rats was investigated. Radial arm water maze and holding tests were used to measure the alterations of spastic cerebral palsy, inflammation was measured using an ELISA kit, and western blot analysis was used to analyze the protein expression of p‑p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The central mechanisms involved in the mediation or modulation of inflammation, p‑p38 MAPK and VEGF were also investigated. Treatment with tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited spastic cerebral palsy, and the activities of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, tumor necrosis factor‑α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, cyclooxygenase‑2 and prostaglandin E2 in a neonatal rat model of SCP. Tanshinone IIA effectively suppressed the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), phosphorylated (p‑) nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, p‑p38MAPK and VEGF, and activated the phosphorylation of inhibitor of NF‑κB and the protein expression of neuronal NOS in the SCP rat model. These results suggested that the neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA weakened SCP through inflammation, p38MAPK and VEGF in the neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Luo Zhang
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yue-An Cao
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Sheng Peng
- Department of Special Medical Division, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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5
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Lin LH, Jones S, Talman WT. Cellular Localization of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1 in Rat Nucleus Tractus Solitarii. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:219-232. [PMID: 28825196 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
By determining its cellular localization in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), we sought anatomical support for a putative physiological role for acid-sensing ion channel Type 1 (ASIC1) in chemosensitivity. Further, we sought to determine the effect of a lesion that produces gliosis in the area. In rats, we studied ASIC1 expression in control tissue with that in tissue with gliosis, which is associated with acidosis, after saporin lesions. We hypothesized that saporin would increase ASIC1 expression in areas of gliosis. Using fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we found that cells and processes containing ASIC1-immunoreactivity (IR) were present in the NTS, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, and the area postrema. In control tissue, ASIC1-IR predominantly colocalized with IR for the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), or the microglial marker, integrin αM (OX42). The subpostremal NTS was the only NTS region where neurons, identified by protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), contained ASIC1-IR. ASIC1-IR increased significantly (157 ± 8.6% of control, p < 0.001) in the NTS seven days after microinjection of saporin. As we reported previously, GFAP-IR was decreased in the center of the saporin injection site, but GFAP-IR was increased in the surrounding areas where OX42-IR, indicative of activated microglia, was also increased. The over-expressed ASIC1-IR colocalized with GFAP-IR and OX42-IR in those reactive astrocytes and microglia. Our results support the hypothesis that ASIC1 would be increased in activated microglia and in reactive astrocytes after injection of saporin into the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Susan Jones
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - William T Talman
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
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6
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Boyineni J, Tanpure S, Gnanamony M, Antony R, Fernández KS, Lin J, Pinson D, Gondi CS. SPARC overexpression combined with radiation retards angiogenesis by suppressing VEGF-A via miR‑410 in human neuroblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1394-406. [PMID: 27498840 PMCID: PMC5021251 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children and despite aggressive therapy survival rates remain low. One of the contributing factors for low survival rates is aggressive tumor angiogenesis, which is known to increase due to radiation, one of the standard therapies for neuroblastoma. Therefore, targeting tumor angiogenesis can be a viable add-on therapy for the treatment of neuroblastomas. In the present study, we demonstrate that overexpression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) suppresses radiation induced angiogenesis in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 neuroblastoma cells. We observed that overexpression of SPARC in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 cells reduced radiation induced angiogenesis in an in vivo mouse dorsal skin model and an ex vivo chicken CAM (chorioallantoic-membrane) model and also reduced tumor size in subcutaneous mouse tumor models of NB. We also observed that SPARC overexpression reduces VEGF-A expression, in SK-N-BE(2) and NB1691 NB cells via miR-410, a VEGF-A targeting microRNA. SPARC overexpression alone or in combination with miR-410 and radiation was shown to be effective at reducing angiogenesis. Moreover, addition of miR-410 inhibitors reversed SPARC mediated inhibition of VEGF-A in NB1691 cells but not in SK-N-BE(2) NB cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the over-expression of SPARC in combination with radiation reduced tumor angiogenesis by downregulating VEGF-A via miR-410.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerusha Boyineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Smita Tanpure
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Manu Gnanamony
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Reuben Antony
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Karen S Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Julian Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - David Pinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Christopher S Gondi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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8
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Kadar H, Pham H, Touboul D, Brunelle A, Baud O. Impact of inhaled nitric oxide on the sulfatide profile of neonatal rat brain studied by TOF-SIMS imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5233-45. [PMID: 24670476 PMCID: PMC4013560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in neonatal intensive care leading to an increased survival rate in preterm infants, brain lesions and subsequent neurological handicaps following preterm birth remain a critical issue. To prevent brain injury and/or enhance repair, one of the most promising therapies investigated in preclinical models is inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). We have assessed the effect of this therapy on brain lipid content in air- and iNO-exposed rat pups by mass spectrometry imaging using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) method. This technique was used to map the variations in lipid composition of the rat brain and, particularly, of the white matter. Triplicate analysis showed a significant increase of sulfatides (25%–50%) in the white matter on Day 10 of life in iNO-exposed animals from Day 0–7 of life. These robust, repeatable and semi-quantitative data demonstrate a potent effect of iNO at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Kadar
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Hoa Pham
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1141, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris-cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, Paris 75019, France.
| | - David Touboul
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex 91198, France.
| | - Olivier Baud
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1141, Université Paris Diderot, PRES Sorbonne Paris-cité, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, Paris 75019, France.
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Canzoniero LMT, Granzotto A, Turetsky DM, Choi DW, Dugan LL, Sensi SL. nNOS(+) striatal neurons, a subpopulation spared in Huntington's Disease, possess functional NMDA receptors but fail to generate mitochondrial ROS in response to an excitotoxic challenge. Front Physiol 2013; 4:112. [PMID: 23720635 PMCID: PMC3655281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by severe neuronal loss in the cortex and striatum that leads to motor and behavioral deficits. Excitotoxicity is thought to be involved in HD and several studies have indicated that NMDA receptor (NMDAR) overactivation can play a role in the selective neuronal loss found in HD. Interestingly, a small subset of striatal neurons (less than 1% of the overall population) is found to be spared in post-mortem HD brains. These neurons are medium-sized aspiny interneurons that highly express the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Intriguingly, neurons expressing large amounts of nNOS [hereafter indicated as nNOS(+) neurons] show reduced vulnerability to NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity. Mechanisms underlying this reduced vulnerability are still largely unknown and may shed some light on pathogenic mechanisms involved in HD. One untested possibility is that nNOS(+) neurons possess fewer or less functioning NMDARs. Employing single cell calcium imaging we challenged this hypothesis and found that cultured striatal nNOS(+) neurons show NMDAR-evoked responses that are identical to the ones observed in the overall population of neurons that express lower levels of nNOS [nNOS(−) neurons]. NMDAR-dependent deregulation of intraneuronal Ca2+ is known to generate high levels of reactive oxygen species of mitochondrial origin (mt-ROS), a crucial step in the excitotoxic cascade. With confocal imaging and dihydrorhodamine (DHR; a ROS-sensitive probe) we compared mt-ROS levels generated by NMDAR activation in nNOS(+) and (−) cultured striatal neurons. DHR experiments revealed that nNOS(+) neurons failed to produce significant amounts of mt-ROS in response to NMDA exposure, thereby providing a potential mechanism for their reduced vulnerability to excitotoxicity and decreased vulnerability in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella M T Canzoniero
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
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Modèles animaux de la prématurité : mesures comportementales des effets des lésions cérébrales. ENFANCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4074/s0013754513001080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Roy V, Leroux P, Arabo A, Marret S, Gonzalez B. Modèles animaux de la prématurité : mesures comportementales des effets des lésions cérébrales. ENFANCE 2013. [DOI: 10.3917/enf1.131.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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12
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Henry VJ, Lecointre M, Laudenbach V, Ali C, Macrez R, Jullienne A, Berezowski V, Carmeliet P, Vivien D, Marret S, Gonzalez BJ, Leroux P. High t-PA release by neonate brain microvascular endothelial cells under glutamate exposure affects neuronal fate. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:201-8. [PMID: 23103420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a consolidated hypothesis in neonatal brain injuries and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) participates in the processes through proteolytic and receptor mediated effects. In brain microvascular endothelial cell (nBMEC) cultures from neonates, t-PA content and release upon glutamate are higher than in adult (aBMECs) cultures. Owing to the variety of t-PA substrates and receptor targets, the study was aimed at determining the putative roles of endothelial t-PA in the neonatal brain parenchyma under glutamate challenge. Basal t-PA release was 4.4 fold higher in nBMECs vs aBMECs and glutamate was 20 fold more potent to allow Evans blue vascular permeability in neonate microvessels indicating that, under noxious glutamate (50 μM) exposure, high amounts of endothelial t-PA stores may be mobilized and may access the nervous parenchyma. Culture media from nBMECS or aBMECs challenged by excitotoxic glutamate were applied to neuron cultures at DIV 11. While media from adult cells did not evoke more LDH release in neuronal cultures that under glutamate alone, media from nBMECs enhanced 2.2 fold LDH release. This effect was not observed with media from t-PA(-/-) nBMECs and was inhibited by hr-PAI-1. In Cortical slices from 10 day-old mice, hrt-PA associated with glutamate evoked neuronal necrosis in deeper (more mature) layers, an effect reversed by NMDA receptor GluN1 amino-terminal domain antibody capable of inhibiting t-PA potentiation of the receptor. In superficial layers (less mature), hrt-PA alone inhibited apoptosis, an effect reversed by the EGF receptor antagonist AG1478. Applied to immature neurons in culture (DIV5), media from nBMEC rescued 85.1% of neurons from cell death induced by serum deprivation. In cortical slices, the anti-apoptotic effect of t-PA fitted with age dependent localization of less mature neurons. These data suggest that in the immature brain, propensity of vessels to release high amounts of t-PA may not only impact vascular integrity but may also influence neuronal fate, via regulation of apoptosis in immature cells and, as in adult by potentiating glutamate toxicity in mature neurons. The data point out putative implication of microvessels in glutamate neurotoxicity in the development, and justify research towards vessel oriented neuroprotection strategies in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jean Henry
- Region INSERM Team, ERI28 NeoVasc, Laboratory of Microvascular Endothelium and Neonate Brain Lesions, University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France.
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