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Guo T, Chen M, Liu J, Wei Z, Yuan J, Wu W, Wu Z, Lai Y, Zhao Z, Chen H, Liu N. Neuropilin-1 promotes mitochondrial structural repair and functional recovery in rats with cerebral ischemia. J Transl Med 2023; 21:297. [PMID: 37138283 PMCID: PMC10155168 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Available literature documents that ischemic stroke can disrupt the morphology and function of mitochondria and that the latter in other disease models can be preserved by neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) via oxidative stress suppression. However, whether NRP-1 can repair mitochondrial structure and promote functional recovery after cerebral ischemia is still unknown. This study tackled this very issue and explored the underlying mechanism. METHODS Adeno-associated viral (AAV)-NRP-1 was stereotaxically inoculated into the cortex and ipsilateral striatum posterior of adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats before a 90-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and subsequent reperfusion. Lentivirus (LV)-NRP-1 was transfected into rat primary cortical neuronal cultures before a 2-h oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury to neurons. The expression and function of NRP-1 and its specific protective mechanism were investigated by Western Blot, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, magnetic resonance imaging, transmission electron microscopy, etc. The binding was detected by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury presented a sharp increase in NRP-1 expression. The expression of AAV-NRP-1 markedly ameliorated the cerebral I/R-induced damage to the motor function and restored the mitochondrial morphology. The expression of LV-NRP-1 alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress and bioenergetic deficits. AAV-NRP-1 and LV-NRP-1 treatments increased the wingless integration (Wnt)-associated signals and β-catenin nuclear localization. The protective effects of NRP-1 were reversed by the administration of XAV-939. CONCLUSIONS NRP-1 can produce neuroprotective effects against I/R injury to the brain by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and promoting mitochondrial structural repair and functional recovery, which may serve as a promising candidate target in treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zengyu Wei
- Emergency Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxing Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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Morin Attenuated Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Promoting Angiogenesis Mediated by Angiopoietin-1-Tie-2 Axis and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:14-25. [PMID: 34997920 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury affects the neurological deficits and motor impairment of stroke patients in the long-term period. Angiogenesis, the essential process for restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the ischemic brain, promotes the recovery of neurological function following ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of morin on angiogenesis and functional outcomes in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion model. Male Wistar rats were subjected to MCAO, and they were administered 30 mg/kg of morin at reperfusion via i.p. injection daily for 14 days. Fourteen days after I/R injury, the rats were evaluated for the brain damage, and angiogenic factors involved in Ang1/Tie-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, at 1, 7, and 14 days after reperfusion, rotarod and pole tests were performed to investigate the functional recovery. We found morin significantly reduced the infarct size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and apoptotic cells at 14 days after I/R injury. It also promoted angiogenesis via boosting the expression of angiogenic proteins, such as angiopoietin 1 (Ang1), Tie-2, Wnt3α, β-catenin, and cyclin D1. Morin-mediated angiogenesis was confirmed by a significant increase in microvessel's density in the penumbra area and an increase in von Willebrand factor (vWF) protein expression of the morin-treated rats. Moreover, the rotarod and pole tests also demonstrated morin increased functional recovery in the morin-treated rats compared to the vehicle rats. Therefore, our data exposed that morin promotes angiogenesis and improves functional outcomes in MCAO and reperfusion rats.
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Li ZL, Buck M. Neuropilin-1 assists SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating the separation of Spike protein S1 and S2. Biophys J 2021; 120:2828-2837. [PMID: 34087218 PMCID: PMC8169233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface receptor Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) was recently identified as a host factor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry. The Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is cleaved into two segments, the S1 (residues (res.) 1-685) and the S2 (res. 686-1273) domains by furin protease. Nrp1 predominantly binds to the C-terminal RRAR amino acid motif (res. 682-685) of the S1 domain. In this study, we firstly modeled the association of an Nrp1 protein (consisting of domains a2-b1-b2) with the Spike protein. Next, we studied the separation of S2 from the S1 domain, with and without Nrp1 bound, by utilizing molecular dynamics pulling simulations. During the separation, Nrp1 stabilizes the S1 C-terminal region (res. 640-685) and thereby assists the detachment of S2 N-terminal region (res. 686-700). Without Nrp1 bound, S1 tends to become stretched, whereas the bound Nrp1 stimulates an earlier separation of S2 from the S1 domain. The liberated S2 domain is known to mediate the fusion of virus and host membranes; thus, Nrp1 likely increases virus infectivity by facilitating the S1 and S2 separation. We further analyzed the possible topological structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein when bound with Nrp1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Understanding of such an Nrp1-assisted viral infection opens the gate for the generation of protein-protein inhibitors, such as antibodies, which could attenuate the infection mechanism and protect certain cells in a future Nrp1-ACE2 targeted combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lu Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Li ZL, Buck M. Neuropilin-1 Assists SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Stimulating the Separation of Spike Protein Domains S1 and S2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.01.06.425627. [PMID: 33442700 PMCID: PMC7805474 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.06.425627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface receptor Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) was recently identified as a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. As the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is cleaved into the S1 and the S2 domain by furin protease, Nrp1 binds to the newly created C-terminal RRAR amino acid sequence of the S1 domain. In this study, we model the association of a Nrp1 (a2-b1-b2) protein with the Spike protein computationally and analyze the topological constraints in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein for binding with Nrp1 and ACE2. Importantly, we study the exit mechanism of S2 from the S1 domain with the assistance of ACE2 as well as Nrp1 by molecular dynamics pulling simulations. In the presence of Nrp1, by binding the S1 more strongly to the host membrane, there is a high probability of S2 being pulled out, rather than S1 being stretched. Thus, Nrp1 binding could stimulate the exit of S2 from the S1 domain, which will likely increase virus infectivity as the liberated S2 domain mediates the fusion of virus and host membranes. Understanding of such a Nrp1-assisted viral infection opens the gate for the generation of protein-protein inhibitors, such as antibodies, which could attenuate the infection mechanism and protect certain cells in a future combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lu Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U. S. A
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U. S. A
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U. S. A
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U. S. A
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, U. S. A
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Nanodisk-based glioma-targeted drug delivery enabled by a stable glycopeptide. J Control Release 2018; 284:26-38. [PMID: 29885416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Heptapeptide ATWLPPR (A7R) binds specifically to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) overexpressed in glioma cells, exhibiting high potential to achieve glioma targeted drug delivery. However, in vivo application of A7R peptide remains challenging due to the poor proteolytic stability and inaccessibility of A7R to the brain. To tackle these problems, we identified a glycosylated A7R derivative to enhance in vivo stability and brain transport efficacy. Our results showed that glycosylation of peptide could efficiently improve stability in serum, traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and be uptaken by glioma cells. Furthermore, a novel glioma-targeted drug delivery system was constructed successfully employing glycopeptide as the targeting moiety and nanodisk as the carrier of paclitaxel (PTX). Physicochemical characterization showed that the nanodisk presented suitable size of 50 nm and adequate loading capacity of PTX. Compared to non-glycosylated nanodisk, glycopeptide modification could significantly enhance the uptake of disks by brain capillary endothelial cells through glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). In vivo imaging and glioma fluorescence section results also indicated that nanodisks modified with glycopeptide showed a higher accumulation in glioma. The glycopeptide-enabled PTX delivery system exhibited superior anti-glioma efficacy in intracranial glioma xenograft model. These results suggested that glycosylation of peptides provided an efficient pathway to design multifunctional and stable brain targeting ligands.
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O'Carroll SJ, Kho DT, Wiltshire R, Nelson V, Rotimi O, Johnson R, Angel CE, Graham ES. Pro-inflammatory TNFα and IL-1β differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:131. [PMID: 26152369 PMCID: PMC4506411 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vasculature of the brain is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytic processes. The endothelial cells are the critical interface between the blood and the CNS parenchyma and are a critical component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These cells are innately programmed to respond to a myriad of inflammatory cytokines or other danger signals. IL-1β and TNFα are well recognised pro-inflammatory mediators, and here, we provide compelling evidence that they regulate the function and immune response profile of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) differentially. Methods We used xCELLigence biosensor technology, which revealed global differences in the endothelial response between IL-1β and TNFα. xCELLigence is a label-free impedance-based biosensor, which is ideal for acute or long-term comparison of drug effects on cell behaviour. In addition, flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine arrays were used to show differences in the inflammatory responses from the endothelial cells. Results Extensive cytokine-secretion profiling and cell-surface immune phenotyping confirmed that the immune response of the hCMVEC to IL-1β was different to that of TNFα. Interestingly, of the 38 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors measured by cytometric bead array, the endothelial cells secreted only 13. Of importance was the observation that the majority of these cytokines were differentially regulated by either IL-1β or TNFα. Cell-surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were also differentially regulated by IL-1β or TNFα, where TNFα induced a substantially higher level of expression of both key leukocyte-adhesion molecules. A range of other cell-surface cellular and junctional adhesion molecules were basally expressed by the hCMVEC but were unaffected by IL-1β or TNFα. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive analysis of the immunological profile of brain endothelial cells and the first direct evidence that human brain endothelial cells are differentially regulated by these two key pro-inflammatory mediators. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Dan Ting Kho
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rachael Wiltshire
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Vicky Nelson
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Odunayo Rotimi
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Catherine E Angel
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - E Scott Graham
- Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α mediates neuroprotection of hypoxic postconditioning against global cerebral ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:975-86. [PMID: 25192050 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia administered after transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI) has been shown to induce neuroprotection in adult rats, but the underlying mechanisms for this protection are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxic postconditioning (HPC) induces neuroprotection through upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and that this involves phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) pathways. The expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and cleaved caspase-9 were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. As pharmacologic interventions, the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2), PI3K inhibitor LY294002, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, and MEK inhibitor U0126 were administered before HPC or after tGCI. We found that HPC maintained the higher expression of HIF-1α and VEGF and decreased cleaved caspase-9 levels in CA1 after tGCI. These effects were reversed by 2ME2 administered before HPC, and the neuroprotection of HPC was abolished. LY294002 and SB203580 decreased the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF after HPC, whereas U0126 increased HIF-1α and VEGF after tGCI. These findings suggested that HIF-1α exerts neuroprotection induced by HPC against tGCI through VEGF upregulation and cleaved caspase-9 downregulation, and that the PI3K, p38 MAPK, and MEK pathways are involved in the regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF.
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Sun FL, Wang W, Cheng H, Wang Y, Li L, Xue JL, Wang XF, Ai HX, Zhang L, Xu JD, Wang XM, Ji XM. Morroniside improves microvascular functional integrity of the neurovascular unit after cerebral ischemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101194. [PMID: 24979385 PMCID: PMC4076313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating the vascular elements within the neurovascular unit is essential for protecting and repairing the brain after stroke. Acute injury on endothelial systems results in the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), while post-ischemic angiogenesis plays an important role in delayed functional recovery. Here, we considered alterations in microvessel integrity to be targets for brain recovery, and tested the natural compound morroniside as a therapeutic approach to restore the vascular elements of injured tissue in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, and morroniside was then administered intragastrically once a day at doses of 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg. BBB integrity and associated factors were analyzed to identify cerebrovascular permeability 3 days after MCAO. The recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), the expression of angiogenic factors and the new vessel formation in the peri-infarct cortex of rats were examined 7 days after MCAO to identify the angiogenesis. We demonstrated that at 3 days post-ischemia, morroniside preserved neurovascular unit function by ameliorating BBB injury. By 7 days post-ischemia, morroniside amplified angiogenesis, in part by enhancing endothelial progenitor cell proliferation and expression of angiogenic factors. Morever, the increase in the amount of vWF+ vessels induced by ischemia could be extended to 28 days after administration of morroniside, indicating the crucial role of morroniside in angiogenesis during the chronic phase. Taken together, our findings suggested that morroniside might offer a novel therapeutic approach for promoting microvascular integrity recovery and provide a thoroughly new direction for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ling Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XMW); (XMJ)
| | - Hua Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Xi Ai
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-dong Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XMW); (XMJ)
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XMW); (XMJ)
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