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Potter LE, Burgess CR. The melanin-concentrating hormone system as a target for the treatment of sleep disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:952275. [PMID: 36177357 PMCID: PMC9513178 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.952275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the widespread prevalence of sleep disorders and their impacts on health, it is critical that researchers continue to identify and evaluate novel avenues of treatment. Recently the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has attracted commercial and scientific interest as a potential target of pharmacotherapy for sleep disorders. This interest emerges from basic scientific research demonstrating a role for MCH in regulating sleep, and particularly REM sleep. In addition to this role in sleep regulation, the MCH system and the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) have been implicated in a wide variety of other physiological functions and behaviors, including feeding/metabolism, reward, anxiety, depression, and learning. The basic research literature on sleep and the MCH system, and the history of MCH drug development, provide cause for both skepticism and cautious optimism about the prospects of MCH-targeting drugs in sleep disorders. Extensive efforts have focused on developing MCHR1 antagonists for use in obesity, however, few of these drugs have advanced to clinical trials, and none have gained regulatory approval. Additional basic research will be needed to fully characterize the MCH system’s role in sleep regulation, for example, to fully differentiate between MCH-neuron and peptide/receptor-mediated functions. Additionally, a number of issues relating to drug design will continue to pose a practical challenge for novel pharmacotherapies targeting the MCH system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam E. Potter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Liam E. Potter,
| | - Christian R. Burgess
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Christian R. Burgess,
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2
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Ferrulli A, Terruzzi I, Senesi P, Succi M, Cannavaro D, Luzi L. Turning the clock forward: New pharmacological and non pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1320-1334. [PMID: 35354547 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity and its main metabolic complication, type 2 diabetes, have attained the status of a global pandemic; there is need for novel strategies aimed at treating obesity and preventing the development of diabetes. A healthy diet and exercise are basic for treatment of obesity but often not enough. Pharmacotherapy can be helpful in maintaining compliance, ameliorating obesity-related health risks, and improving quality of life. In the last two decades, the knowledge of central and peripheral mechanisms underlying homeostatic and hedonic aspects of food intake has significantly increased. Dysregulation of one or more of these components could lead to obesity. DATA SYNTHESIS In order to better understand how potential innovative treatment options can affect obesity, homeostatic and reward mechanisms that regulate energy balance has been firstly illustrated. Then, an overview of potential therapeutic targets for obesity, distinguished according to the level of regulation of feeding behavior, has been provided. Moreover, several non-drug therapies have been recently tested in obesity, such as non-invasive neurostimulation: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. All of them are promising for obesity treatment and are almost devoid of side effects, constituting a potential resource for the prevention of metabolic diseases. CONCLUSIONS The plethora of current anti-obesity therapies creates the unique challenge for physicians to customize the intervention, according to the specific obesity characteristics and the intervention side effect profiles; moreover, it allows multimodal approaches addressed to treat obesity and metabolic adaptation with complementary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Succi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Cannavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, MI, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Izawa S, Yoneshiro T, Kondoh K, Nakagiri S, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Terao A, Minokoshi Y, Yamanaka A, Kimura K. Melanin-concentrating hormone-producing neurons in the hypothalamus regulate brown adipose tissue and thus contribute to energy expenditure. J Physiol 2021; 600:815-827. [PMID: 33899241 DOI: 10.1113/jp281241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neuron-ablated mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and reduced fat weight. Increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and locomotor activity-independent energy expenditure contributed to body weight reduction in MCH neuron-ablated mice. MCH neurons send inhibitory input to the medullary raphe nucleus to modulate BAT activity. ABSTRACT Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) peptide robustly affects energy homeostasis. However, it is unclear whether and how MCH-producing neurons, which contain and release a variety of neuropeptides/transmitters, regulate energy expenditure in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. We thus examined the regulation of energy expenditure by MCH neurons, focusing on interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. MCH neuron-ablated mice exhibited reduced body weight, increased oxygen consumption, and increased BAT activity, which improved locomotor activity-independent energy expenditure. Trans-neuronal retrograde tracing with the recombinant pseudorabies virus revealed that MCH neurons innervate BAT via the sympathetic premotor region in the medullary raphe nucleus (MRN). MRN neurons were activated by MCH neuron ablation. Therefore, endogenous MCH neuron activity negatively modulates energy expenditure via BAT inhibition. MRN neurons might receive inhibitory input from MCH neurons to suppress BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Izawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.,JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Division of Metabolic Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kunio Kondoh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shohei Nakagiri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Akira Terao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Tokai University, Sapporo, 005-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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4
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Gennemark P, Trägårdh M, Lindén D, Ploj K, Johansson A, Turnbull A, Carlsson B, Antonsson M. Translational Modeling to Guide Study Design and Dose Choice in Obesity Exemplified by AZD1979, a Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonist. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:458-468. [PMID: 28556607 PMCID: PMC5529746 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the translational modeling used in the discovery of AZD1979, a melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist aimed for treatment of obesity. The model quantitatively connects the relevant biomarkers and thereby closes the scaling path from rodent to man, as well as from dose to effect level. The complexity of individual modeling steps depends on the quality and quantity of data as well as the prior information; from semimechanistic body‐composition models to standard linear regression. Key predictions are obtained by standard forward simulation (e.g., predicting effect from exposure), as well as non‐parametric input estimation (e.g., predicting energy intake from longitudinal body‐weight data), across species. The work illustrates how modeling integrates data from several species, fills critical gaps between biomarkers, and supports experimental design and human dose‐prediction. We believe this approach can be of general interest for translation in the obesity field, and might inspire translational reasoning more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gennemark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Trägårdh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, UK
| | - D Lindén
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - K Ploj
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Turnbull
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - B Carlsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Antonsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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5
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Kawata Y, Okuda S, Hotta N, Igawa H, Takahashi M, Ikoma M, Kasai S, Ando A, Satomi Y, Nishida M, Nakayama M, Yamamoto S, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S. A novel and selective melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese rodent models. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:45-53. [PMID: 27986627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a cyclic neuropeptide expressed predominantly in the lateral hypothalamus, plays an important role in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Mice lacking MCH or MCH1 receptor are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and MCH1 receptor antagonists show potent anti-obesity effects in preclinical studies, indicating that MCH1 receptor is a promising target for anti-obesity drugs. Moreover, recent studies have suggested the potential of MCH1 receptor antagonists for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, we show the anti-obesity and anti-hepatosteatosis effect of our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A. Repeated oral administration of Compound A resulted in dose-dependent body weight reduction and had an anorectic effect in DIO mice. The body weight lowering effect of Compound A was more potent than that of pair-feeding. Compound A also reduced lipid content and the expression level of lipogenesis-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes in the liver of DIO mice. Conversely, intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH caused induction of hepatic steatosis as well as increase in body weight in high-fat diet-fed wild type mice, but not MCH1 receptor knockout mice. The pair-feeding study revealed the MCH-MCH1 receptor system affects hepatic steatosis through a mechanism that is independent of body weight change. Metabolome analysis demonstrated that Compound A upregulated lipid metabolism-related molecules, such as acylcarnitines and cardiolipins, in the liver. These findings suggest that our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A, exerts its beneficial therapeutic effect on NAFLD and obesity through a central MCH-MCH1 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ando
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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6
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Eiler WJA, Chen Y, Slieker LJ, Ardayfio PA, Statnick MA, Witkin JM. Consequences of constitutive deletion of melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptors for feeding and foraging behaviors of mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 316:271-278. [PMID: 27633558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to decipher the functional involvement of melanin-concentrating hormone 1 (MCH1) receptors in the control of feeding and foraging behaviors, mice with constitutive deletion of MCH1 receptors MCH1R -/- or knockout (KO) were studied and compared to age-matched littermate control mice (MCH1R +/+ or wildtype (WT)). Several challenges to food-motivated behaviors of food-restricted WT and KO mice were implemented. There were no differences between genotypes in the acquisition of a nose-poke response that produced food or in a discrimination between a response that produced food and one that did not. There were also no genotype differences in the rate of extinction of a food-motivated response. However, during the first day of extinction, foraging behaviors were increased significantly more in KO than in WT mice. Likewise, when the response requirement to obtain food was progressively increased, KO mice made significantly more food-directed responses than WT mice. Although adulteration of food with quinine did not suppress food-directed behavior in either genotype when the mice were food-restricted, manipulation of the degree of food-deprivation resulted in suppression of behavior of WT mice without suppressing the behavior of KO mice. Although response-produced foot shock suppressed food-maintained responding of both WT and KO mice, equipotent levels of shock (based upon psychophysical thresholds) suppressed behavior of WT mice without suppressing behavior of the KO mice. Finally, under a Vogel conflict procedure, KO mice had significantly higher levels of both punished and non-punished food maintained responding. Thus, the data from challenges with both appetitive and noxious stimulus challenges support the conclusion that mice with constitutive deletion of MCH1Rs have increased food seeking motivation that is coincident with their higher metabolism. The data also highlight important differences in the biological impact of MCH1 receptor KO and MCH1 receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J A Eiler
- Divisions of Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Endocrinology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States
| | - Lawrence J Slieker
- Endocrinology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States
| | - Paul A Ardayfio
- Divisions of Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States
| | - Michael A Statnick
- Endocrinology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Divisions of Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, United States.
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7
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Evolution of physicochemical properties of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4559-4564. [PMID: 27595423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One pharmacological principle for the treatment of obesity is blockade of the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1), which in rodents has been shown to be strongly associated with food intake and energy expenditure. However, discovery of safe and efficacious MCHr1 antagonists has proved to be complex. So far, six compounds have been progressed into clinical trials, but clinical validation of the concept is still lacking. An account of discovery of the three most recent clinical candidates targeting the MCHr1 receptor is given, with an emphasis on their physicochemical properties.
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8
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Ploj K, Benthem L, Kakol-Palm D, Gennemark P, Andersson L, Bjursell M, Börjesson J, Kärrberg L, Månsson M, Antonsson M, Johansson A, Iverson S, Carlsson B, Turnbull A, Lindén D. Effects of a novel potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, AZD1979, on body weight homeostasis in mice and dogs. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2739-51. [PMID: 27400775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigen, and while rodents express one MCH receptor (MCH1 receptor), humans, non-human primates and dogs express two MCH receptors (MCH1 and MCH2 ). MCH1 receptor antagonists have been developed for the treatment of obesity and lower body weight in rodents. However, the mechanisms for the body weight loss and whether MCH1 receptor antagonism can lower body weight in species expressing both MCH receptors are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel recently identified potent MCH1 receptor antagonist, AZD1979, was studied in wild type and Mchr1 knockout (KO) mice and by using pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The effect of AZD1979 on body weight was also studied in beagle dogs. KEY RESULTS AZD1979 bound to MCH1 receptors in the CNS and dose-dependently reduced body weight in DIO mice leading to improved homeostasis model assessment-index of insulin sensitivity. AZD1979 did not affect food intake or body weight in Mchr1 KO mice demonstrating specificity for the MCH1 receptor mechanism. In DIO mice, initial AZD1979-mediated body weight loss was driven by decreased food intake, but an additional component of preserved energy expenditure was apparent in pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry studies. AZD1979 also dose-dependently reduced body weight in dogs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1979 is a novel potent MCH1 receptor antagonist that affects both food intake and energy expenditure. That AZD1979 also lowers body weight in a species expressing both MCH receptors holds promise for the use of MCH1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ploj
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lambertus Benthem
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dorota Kakol-Palm
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Andersson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Börjesson
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Carlsson
- Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andrew Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
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9
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Johansson A, Löfberg C, Antonsson M, von Unge S, Hayes MA, Judkins R, Ploj K, Benthem L, Lindén D, Brodin P, Wennerberg M, Fredenwall M, Li L, Persson J, Bergman R, Pettersen A, Gennemark P, Hogner A. Discovery of (3-(4-(2-Oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-6-ylmethyl)phenoxy)azetidin-1-yl)(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methanone (AZD1979), a Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 (MCHr1) Antagonist with Favorable Physicochemical Properties. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2497-511. [PMID: 26741166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonists were the starting point for a drug discovery program that culminated in the discovery of 103 (AZD1979). The lead optimization program was conducted with a focus on reducing lipophilicity and understanding the physicochemical properties governing CNS exposure and undesired off-target pharmacology such as hERG interactions. An integrated approach was taken where the key assay was ex vivo receptor occupancy in mice. The candidate compound 103 displayed appropriate lipophilicity for a CNS indication and showed excellent permeability with no efflux. Preclinical GLP toxicology and safety pharmacology studies were without major findings and 103 was taken into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Löfberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sverker von Unge
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Robert Judkins
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Karolina Ploj
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lambertus Benthem
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Brodin
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie Wennerberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marléne Fredenwall
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lanna Li
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joachim Persson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rolf Bergman
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Hogner
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed and ‡Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg , 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Meta-analysis of melanin-concentrating hormone signaling-deficient mice on behavioral and metabolic phenotypes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99961. [PMID: 24924345 PMCID: PMC4055708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for meta-analyses in basic biomedical research has been increasing because the phenotyping of genetically modified mice does not always produce consistent results. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) has been reported to be involved in a variety of behaviors that include feeding, body-weight regulation, anxiety, sleep, and reward behavior. However, the reported behavioral and metabolic characteristics of MCH signaling-deficient mice, such as MCH-deficient mice and MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1)-deficient mice, are not consistent with each other. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis of the published data related to MCH-deficient and MCHR1-deficient mice to obtain robust conclusions about the role of MCH signaling. Overall, the meta-analysis revealed that the deletion of MCH signaling enhanced wakefulness, locomotor activity, aggression, and male sexual behavior and that MCH signaling deficiency suppressed non-REM sleep, anxiety, responses to novelty, startle responses, and conditioned place preferences. In contrast to the acute orexigenic effect of MCH, MCH signaling deficiency significantly increased food intake. Overall, the meta-analysis also revealed that the deletion of MCH signaling suppressed the body weight, fat mass, and plasma leptin, while MCH signaling deficiency increased the body temperature, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure. The lean phenotype of the MCH signaling-deficient mice was also confirmed in separate meta-analyses that were specific to sex and background strain (i.e., C57BL/6 and 129Sv). MCH signaling deficiency caused a weak anxiolytic effect as assessed with the elevated plus maze and the open field test but also caused a weak anxiogenic effect as assessed with the emergence test. MCH signaling-deficient mice also exhibited increased plasma corticosterone under non-stressed conditions, which suggests enhanced activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first study to systematically compare the effects of MCH signaling on behavioral and metabolic phenotypes.
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