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Ngomba RT, Lüttjohann A, Dexter A, Ray S, van Luijtelaar G. The Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptor in Sleep and Wakefulness: Focus on the Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Oscillations. Cells 2023; 12:1761. [PMID: 37443795 PMCID: PMC10341329 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential innate but complex behaviour which is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Our knowledge of the distinct neural circuit mechanisms that regulate sleep and wake states in the brain are, however, still limited. It is therefore important to understand how these circuits operate during health and disease. This review will highlight the function of mGlu5 receptors within the thalamocortical circuitry in physiological and pathological sleep states. We will also evaluate the potential of targeting mGlu5 receptors as a therapeutic strategy for sleep disorders that often co-occur with epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annika Lüttjohann
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Aaron Dexter
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
| | - Swagat Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7DL, UK
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Sysoeva MV, Kuznetsova GD, Sysoev IV, Ngomba RT, Vinogradova LV, Grishchenko AA, van Rijn CM, van Luijtelaar G. NETWORK ANALYSIS REVEALS A ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN ABSENCE SEIZURES: THE EFFECTS OF A CANNABINOID AGONIST. Epilepsy Res 2023; 192:107135. [PMID: 37023553 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the hippocampus (Hp) in absence epileptic networks and the effect of endocannabinoid system on this network remain enigmatic. Here, using adapted nonlinear Granger causality, we compared the differences in network strength in four intervals (baseline or interictal, preictal, ictal and postictal) in two hours before (Epoch 1) and six hours (epochs 2, 3 and 4) after the administration of three different doses of the endocannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) or solvent. Local field potentials were recorded for eight hours in 23 WAG/Rij rats in the Frontal (FC), Parietal PC), Occipital Cortex (OC) and in the hippocampus (Hp). The four intervals were visually marked by an expert neurophysiologist and the strength of couplings between electrode pairs were calculated in both directions. Ictally, a strong decrease in coupling strength was found between Hp and FC, as well as a large increase bidirectionally between PC and FC and unidirectionally from FC and PC to OC, and from FC to Hp over all epochs. The highest dose of WIN increased the couplings strength from FC to Hp and from OC to PC during 4 and 2 hr respectively in all intervals, and decreased the FC to PC coupling strength postictally in epoch 2. A single rat showed generalized convulsive seizures after the highest dose: this rat shared not only coupling changes with the other rats in the same condition, but showed many more. WIN reduced SWD number in epoch 2 and 3, their mean duration increased in epochs 3 and 4. Conclusions:during SWDs FC and PC are strongly coupled and drive OC, while at the same time the influence of Hp to FC is diminished. The first is in agreement with the cortical focus theory, the latter demonstrates an involvement of the hippocampus in SWD occurrence and that ictally the hippocampal control of the cortico-thalamo-cortical system is lost. WIN causes dramatic network changes which have major consequences for the decrease of SWDs, the occurrence of convulsive seizures, and the normal cortico-cortical and cortico-hippocampal interactions.
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Sarkisova K, van Luijtelaar G. The impact of early-life environment on absence epilepsy and neuropsychiatric comorbidities. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:436-468. [PMID: 36386598 PMCID: PMC9649966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the long-term effects of early-life environment on epileptogenesis, epilepsy, and neuropsychiatric comorbidities with an emphasis on the absence epilepsy. The WAG/Rij rat strain is a well-validated genetic model of absence epilepsy with mild depression-like (dysthymia) comorbidity. Although pathologic phenotype in WAG/Rij rats is genetically determined, convincing evidence presented in this review suggests that the absence epilepsy and depression-like comorbidity in WAG/Rij rats may be governed by early-life events, such as prenatal drug exposure, early-life stress, neonatal maternal separation, neonatal handling, maternal care, environmental enrichment, neonatal sensory impairments, neonatal tactile stimulation, and maternal diet. The data, as presented here, indicate that some early environmental events can promote and accelerate the development of absence seizures and their neuropsychiatric comorbidities, while others may exert anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effects. The early environment can lead to phenotypic alterations in offspring due to epigenetic modifications of gene expression, which may have maladaptive consequences or represent a therapeutic value. Targeting DNA methylation with a maternal methyl-enriched diet during the perinatal period appears to be a new preventive epigenetic anti-absence therapy. A number of caveats related to the maternal methyl-enriched diet and prospects for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Sarkisova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova str. 5a, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Jindachomthong K, Yang C, Huang Y, Coman D, Rapanelli M, Hyder F, Dougherty J, Frick L, Pittenger C. White matter abnormalities in the Hdc knockout mouse, a model of tic and OCD pathophysiology. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1037481. [PMID: 36504678 PMCID: PMC9731796 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1037481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An inactivating mutation in the histidine decarboxylase gene (Hdc) has been identified as a rare but high-penetrance genetic cause of Tourette syndrome (TS). TS is a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by recurrent motor and vocal tics; it is accompanied by structural and functional abnormalities in the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry. Hdc, which is expressed both in the posterior hypothalamus and peripherally, encodes an enzyme required for the biosynthesis of histamine. Hdc knockout mice (Hdc-KO) functionally recapitulate this mutation and exhibit behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities that parallel those seen in patients with TS. Materials and methods We performed exploratory RNA-seq to identify pathological alterations in several brain regions in Hdc-KO mice. Findings were corroborated with RNA and protein quantification, immunohistochemistry, and ex vivo brain imaging using MRI. Results Exploratory RNA-Seq analysis revealed, unexpectedly, that genes associated with oligodendrocytes and with myelin production are upregulated in the dorsal striatum of these mice. This was confirmed by qPCR, immunostaining, and immunoblotting. These results suggest an abnormality in myelination in the striatum. To test this in an intact mouse brain, we performed whole-brain ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which revealed reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the dorsal striatum. Discussion While the DTI literature in individuals with TS is sparse, these results are consistent with findings of disrupted descending cortical projections in patients with tics. The Hdc-KO model may represent a powerful system in which to examine the developmental mechanisms underlying this abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantiya Jindachomthong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chengran Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yuegao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maximiliano Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Luciana Frick,
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States,Christopher Pittenger,
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van Vliet EA, Immonen R, Prager O, Friedman A, Bankstahl JP, Wright DK, O'Brien TJ, Potschka H, Gröhn O, Harris NG. A companion to the preclinical common data elements and case report forms for in vivo rodent neuroimaging: A report of the TASK3-WG3 Neuroimaging Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 35962745 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy/American Epilepsy Society (ILAE/AES) Joint Translational Task Force established the TASK3 working groups to create common data elements (CDEs) for various aspects of preclinical epilepsy research studies, which could help improve the standardization of experimental designs. In this article, we discuss CDEs for neuroimaging data that are collected in rodent models of epilepsy, with a focus on adult rats and mice. We provide detailed CDE tables and case report forms (CRFs), and with this companion manuscript, we discuss the methodologies for several imaging modalities and the parameters that can be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin A van Vliet
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ofer Prager
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Medical Neuroscience and Brain Repair Center, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jens P Bankstahl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Neil G Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery UCLA, UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Szabo CA, Salinas FS. Neuroimaging in the Epileptic Baboon. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:908801. [PMID: 35909685 PMCID: PMC9330034 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.908801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of baboon model of genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) is driven both electroclinically and by successful adoption of neuroimaging platforms, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Based upon its phylogenetic proximity and similar brain anatomy to humans, the epileptic baboon provides an excellent translational model. Its relatively large brain size compared to smaller nonhuman primates or rodents, a gyrencephalic structure compared to lissencephalic organization of rodent brains, and the availability of a large pedigreed colony allows exploration of neuroimaging markers of diseases. Similar to human idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), structural imaging in the baboon is usually normal in individual subjects, but gray matter volume/concentration (GMV/GMC) changes are reported by statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analyses. Functional neuroimaging has been effective for mapping the photoepileptic responses, the epileptic network, altered functional connectivity of physiological networks, and the effects of anti-seizure therapies. This review will provide insights into our current understanding the baboon model of GGE through functional and structural imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Akos Szabo
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: C. Akos Szabo
| | - Felipe S. Salinas
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Çarçak N, Karanfil C, Akat Ş, Akman Ö, Onat F. The effect of chronic treatment with sodium channel blocker lacosamide on early development of absence seizures in genetic absence epilepsy rats. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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The role of thalamic nuclei in genetic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Di Cicco G, Marzano E, Iacovelli L, Celli R, van Luijtelaar G, Nicoletti F, Ngomba RT, Wall MJ. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long term depression is disrupted in the hippocampus of WAG/Rij rats modelling absence epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108686. [PMID: 34197893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Absence epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we report that some forms of hippocampal synaptic plasticity are abnormal in symptomatic Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. Metabotropic Glu 1/5 receptor-mediated long term depression (LTD) at Schaffer collateral CA1 synapses is significantly reduced in symptomatic, 5-6 months old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched non epileptic control rats. There were no significant changes in mGlu1/5-dependent LTD in pre-symptomatic, 4-6 weeks old WAG/Rij rats compared to age matched controls. The changes in LTD found in symptomatic WAG/Rij forms are not indicative of general deficits in all forms of synaptic plasticity as long term potentiation (LTP) was unchanged. Immunoblot analysis of hippocampal tissue showed a significant reduction in mGlu5 receptor expression, a trend to an increase in pan Homer protein levels and a decrease in GluA1 receptor expression in the hippocampus of symptomatic WAG/Rij rats vs non-epileptic control rats. There were no changes in mGlu1α receptor or GluA2 protein levels. These findings suggest that abnormalities in hippocampal mGlu5 receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity are associated with the pathological phenotype of WAG/Rij rats. This lays the groundwork for the study of mGlu5 receptors as a candidate drug target for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction linked to absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Cicco
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marzano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Richard T Ngomba
- University of Lincoln, School of Pharmacy Lincoln, United Kingdom; and, Coventry, UK.
| | - Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Gruenbaum BF, Sandhu MRS, Bertasi RAO, Bertasi TGO, Schonwald A, Kurup A, Gruenbaum SE, Freedman IG, Funaro MC, Blumenfeld H, Sanacora G. Absence seizures and their relationship to depression and anxiety: Evidence for bidirectionality. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1041-1056. [PMID: 33751566 PMCID: PMC8443164 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Absence seizures (AS), presenting as short losses of consciousness with staring spells, are a common manifestation of childhood epilepsy that is associated with behavioral, emotional, and social impairments. It has also been suggested that patients with AS are more likely to suffer from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesizes human and animal models that investigated mood disorders and AS. Of the 1019 scientific publications identified, 35 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. We found that patients with AS had greater odds of developing depression and anxiety when compared to controls (odds ratio = 4.93, 95% confidence interval = 2.91-8.35, p < .01). The included studies further suggest a strong correlation between AS and depression and anxiety in the form of a bidirectional relationship. The current literature emphasizes that these conditions likely share underlying mechanisms, such as genetic predisposition, neurophysiology, and anatomical pathways. Further research will clarify this relationship and ensure more effective treatment for AS and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Mani Ratnesh S Sandhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raphael A O Bertasi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Tais G O Bertasi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Antonia Schonwald
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anirudh Kurup
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Isaac G Freedman
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Melissa C Funaro
- Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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Citraro R, Lembo F, De Caro C, Tallarico M, Coretti L, Iannone LF, Leo A, Palumbo D, Cuomo M, Buommino E, Nesci V, Marascio N, Iannone M, Quirino A, Russo R, Calignano A, Constanti A, Russo E, De Sarro G. First evidence of altered microbiota and intestinal damage and their link to absence epilepsy in a genetic animal model, the WAG/Rij rat. Epilepsia 2021; 62:529-541. [PMID: 33428780 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large number of studies have highlighted the important role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders, suggesting that its manipulation might serve as a treatment strategy. We hypothesized that the gut microbiota participates in absence seizure development and maintenance in the WAG/Rij rat model and tested this hypothesis by evaluating potential gut microbiota and intestinal alterations in the model, as well as measuring the impact of microbiota manipulation using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). METHODS Initially, gut microbiota composition and intestinal histology of WAG/Rij rats (a well-recognized genetic model of absence epilepsy) were studied at 1, 4, and 8 months of age in comparison to nonepileptic Wistar rats. Subsequently, in a second set of experiments, at 6 months of age, untreated Wistar or WAG/Rij rats treated with ethosuximide (ETH) were used as gut microbiota donors for FMT in WAG/Rij rats, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained over 4 weeks. At the end of FMT, stool and gut samples were collected, absence seizures were measured on EEG recordings, and microbiota analysis and histopathological examinations were performed. RESULTS Gut microbiota analysis showed differences in beta diversity and specific phylotypes at all ages considered and significant variances in the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio between Wistar and WAG/Rij rats. FMT, from both Wistar and ETH-treated WAG/Rij donors to WAG/Rij rats, significantly decreased the number and duration of seizures. Histological results indicated that WAG/Rij rats were characterized by intestinal villi disruption and inflammatory infiltrates already at 1 month of age, before seizure occurrence; FMT partially restored intestinal morphology while also significantly modifying gut microbiota and concomitantly reducing absence seizures. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate for the first time that the gut microbiota is modified and contributes to seizure occurrence in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy and that its manipulation may be a suitable therapeutic target for absence seizure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiota Studies, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiota Studies, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Francesco Iannone
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Palumbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariella Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Nesci
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Marascio
- Division of Microbiology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- National Council of Research, Institute of Neurological Science, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Division of Microbiology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrew Constanti
- Department of Pharmacology, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Emilio Russo
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- System and Applied Pharmacology@University Magna Grecia (FAS@UMG) Research Center, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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12
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Crunelli V, Lőrincz ML, McCafferty C, Lambert RC, Leresche N, Di Giovanni G, David F. Clinical and experimental insight into pathophysiology, comorbidity and therapy of absence seizures. Brain 2020; 143:2341-2368. [PMID: 32437558 PMCID: PMC7447525 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence seizures in children and teenagers are generally considered relatively benign because of their non-convulsive nature and the large incidence of remittance in early adulthood. Recent studies, however, show that 30% of children with absence seizures are pharmaco-resistant and 60% are affected by severe neuropsychiatric comorbid conditions, including impairments in attention, cognition, memory and mood. In particular, attention deficits can be detected before the epilepsy diagnosis, may persist even when seizures are pharmacologically controlled and are aggravated by valproic acid monotherapy. New functional MRI-magnetoencephalography and functional MRI-EEG studies provide conclusive evidence that changes in blood oxygenation level-dependent signal amplitude and frequency in children with absence seizures can be detected in specific cortical networks at least 1 min before the start of a seizure, spike-wave discharges are not generalized at seizure onset and abnormal cortical network states remain during interictal periods. From a neurobiological perspective, recent electrical recordings and imaging of large neuronal ensembles with single-cell resolution in non-anaesthetized models show that, in contrast to the predominant opinion, cortical mechanisms, rather than an exclusively thalamic rhythmogenesis, are key in driving seizure ictogenesis and determining spike-wave frequency. Though synchronous ictal firing characterizes cortical and thalamic activity at the population level, individual cortico-thalamic and thalamocortical neurons are sparsely recruited to successive seizures and consecutive paroxysmal cycles within a seizure. New evidence strengthens previous findings on the essential role for basal ganglia networks in absence seizures, in particular the ictal increase in firing of substantia nigra GABAergic neurons. Thus, a key feature of thalamic ictogenesis is the powerful increase in the inhibition of thalamocortical neurons that originates at least from two sources, substantia nigra and thalamic reticular nucleus. This undoubtedly provides a major contribution to the ictal decrease in total firing and the ictal increase of T-type calcium channel-mediated burst firing of thalamocortical neurons, though the latter is not essential for seizure expression. Moreover, in some children and animal models with absence seizures, the ictal increase in thalamic inhibition is enhanced by the loss-of-function of the astrocytic GABA transporter GAT-1 that does not necessarily derive from a mutation in its gene. Together, these novel clinical and experimental findings bring about paradigm-shifting views of our understanding of absence seizures and demand careful choice of initial monotherapy and continuous neuropsychiatric evaluation of affected children. These issues are discussed here to focus future clinical and experimental research and help to identify novel therapeutic targets for treating both absence seizures and their comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Crunelli
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Cian McCafferty
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Régis C Lambert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neuroscience Paris Seine and Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Neuroscience Division, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - François David
- Cerebral dynamics, learning and plasticity, Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center - UMR 8002, Paris, France
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13
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van Luijtelaar G, van Oijen G. Establishing Drug Effects on Electrocorticographic Activity in a Genetic Absence Epilepsy Model: Advances and Pitfalls. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:395. [PMID: 32351383 PMCID: PMC7175742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic rat models such as rats of the WAG/Rij strain and GAERS were developed as models for generalized genetic epilepsy and in particular for childhood absence epilepsy. These animal models were described in the eighties of the previous century and both models have, among others, face, construct and predictive validity. Both models were and are currently used as models to predict the action of antiepileptic medication and other experimental treatments, to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms of spike-wave discharges and epileptogenesis. Although the electroencephalagram (EEG)/electrocorticogram (ECoG) is imperative for establishing absence seizures and to quantify the for absence epilepsy typical spike-wave discharges, monitoring the animals behavior is equally necessary. Here an overview is given regarding the design of drug evaluation studies, which animals to use, classical and new EEG variables, the monitoring and quantification of the behavior of the rats, some pitfalls regarding the interpretation of the data, and some developments in EEG technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard van Oijen
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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14
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Leo A, Caro CD, Nesci V, Palma E, Tallarico M, Iannone M, Constanti A, Sarro GD, Russo E, Citraro R. Antiepileptogenic effects of Ethosuximide and Levetiracetam in WAG/Rij rats are only temporary. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:833-838. [PMID: 31386986 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WAG/Rij rats represent a validated genetic animal model of epileptogenesis, absence epilepsy and depressive-like comorbidity. Some treatments (e.g. ethosuximide), using specific protocols, prevent the development of spontaneous absence seizures. Accordingly, ethosuximide increases remission occurrence in children with childhood absence epilepsy in comparison to valproic acid. Considering that in this animal model, antiepileptogenic effects are, in some cases, not retained over time, we studied whether the antiepileptogenic effects of both ethosuximide and levetiracetam (which also possesses antiepileptogenic effects in this and other animal epilepsy models) would be retained 5 months after drug suspension. METHODS WAG/Rij rats of ˜1 month of age were treated long-term with one of the two drugs at a dose of ˜80 mg/kg/day for 17 consecutive weeks; 1 and 5 months after drug suspension, the development of absence seizures as well as depressive-like behaviour were assessed by EEG recordings and the forced swimming test (FST). RESULTS In agreement with a previous report, both drugs continued to show antiepileptogenic effects 1 month after their discontinuation. Furthermore, ethosuximide improved depressive-like behaviour, whereas in contrast, levetiracetam worsened this symptom. However, none of the drugs maintained their antiepileptogenic effects 5 months after suspension, and in addition, animal behaviour in the FST returned to control conditions. CONCLUSION Overall, these results demonstrate that the antiepileptogenic effects of both ethosuximide and levetiracetam on absence seizure development and associated depressive-like behaviour in this model are only temporary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Leo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen De Caro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Nesci
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Martina Tallarico
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy; CNR, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Iannone
- CNR, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Pharmacology Section, Roccelletta di Borgia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | | | - Emilio Russo
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- University of Catanzaro, School of Medicine, Science of Health Department, Catanzaro, Italy.
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15
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Wykes RC, Khoo HM, Caciagli L, Blumenfeld H, Golshani P, Kapur J, Stern JM, Bernasconi A, Dedeurwaerdere S, Bernasconi N. WONOEP appraisal: Network concept from an imaging perspective. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1293-1305. [PMID: 31179547 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques applied to a variety of organisms-from zebrafish, to rodents to humans-can offer valuable insights into neuronal network properties and their dysfunction in epilepsy. A wide range of imaging methods used to monitor neuronal circuits and networks during evoked seizures in animal models and advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) applied to patients with epilepsy were discussed during the XIV Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (XIV WONOEP) organized in 2017 by the Neurobiology Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). We review the growing number of technological approaches developed, as well as the current state of knowledge gained from studies applying these advanced imaging approaches to epilepsy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Wykes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Hui Ming Khoo
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaideep Kapur
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John M Stern
- Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences and McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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The effects of lamotrigine and ethosuximide on seizure frequency, neuronal loss, and astrogliosis in a model of temporal-lobe epilepsy. Brain Res 2019; 1712:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Morse E, Giblin K, Chung MH, Dohle C, Berg AT, Blumenfeld H. Historical trend toward improved long-term outcome in childhood absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2019; 152:7-10. [PMID: 30856420 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed published studies to investigate historical trends in outcome of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). We included patients based on onset of absence seizures in childhood, 3 Hz bilateral spike-wave discharges on EEG, and availability of seizure-free outcome data. The primary endpoint was seizure-freedom off medications by study publication year. We also analyzed relationships between seizure-freedom and 1. treatment medication, and 2. CAE diagnostic criteria. We included 29 studies published 1945-2013, encompassing 2416 patients. Seizure-freedom off medications was higher for studies after 1985 versus before 1975 (82% versus 35%; p < 0.001). Ethosuximide and valproate were used more commonly after 1985, and patients previously treated with ethosuximide or valproate had higher seizure-freedom off medications than those treated only with other medications (64% versus 32%; χ2>10; p < 0.001). Although differences in diagnostic criteria for early vs. later studies did not reach statistical significance, later studies tended to use normal EEG background (p = 0.09) and absence of comorbid disorders (p = 0.09) as criteria more commonly. These findings demonstrate that seizure-freedom off medications has improved in published CAE studies after 1985. Our results are limited due to retrospective analysis. Further work is needed with prospective, controlled trials to establish factors leading to improved long-term prognosis in CAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Morse
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Kathryn Giblin
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Mi Hae Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Carolin Dohle
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Anne T Berg
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.
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18
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Russo E, Citraro R. Pharmacology of epileptogenesis and related comorbidities in the WAG/Rij rat model of genetic absence epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:54-62. [PMID: 29857008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies currently represent the best source of information also in the field of epileptogenesis research. Many animal models have been proposed and studied so far both from the pathophysiological and pharmacological point of view. Furthermore, they are widely used for the identification of potentially clinically valuable biomarkers. The WAG/Rij rat model, similarly to other genetic animal strains, represents a suitable animal model of absence epileptogenesis accompanied by depressive-like and cognitive comorbidities. Generally, animal models of epileptogenesis are characterized by an identifiable initial insult (e.g. traumatic brain injury), a latent phase lasting up to the appearance of the first spontaneous seizure and a chronic phase characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures. In most of genetic models: the initial insult should be defined as the mutation causing epilepsy, which is not clearly defined in the WAG/Rij rat model; the latent phase ends at the appearance of the first spontaneous seizure, which is about 2-3 months of age in WAG/Rij rats and thereafter the chronic phase. WAG/Rij rats also display depressive-like comorbidity around the age of 4 months, which is apparently linked to the development of absence seizures considering both its ontogeny and the fact that drugs affecting absence seizures development also block the development of depressive-like behavior. Finally, WAG/Rij rats also display cognitive impairment in some memory tasks, however, this has not been yet definitively linked to absence seizures development and may represent an epiphenomenon. This review is focused on the effects of pharmacological treatments against epileptogenesis and their effects on comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Rita Citraro
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Italy
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19
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Sarkisova KY, Gabova AV. Maternal care exerts disease-modifying effects on genetic absence epilepsy and comorbid depression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12477. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Y. Sarkisova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - A. V. Gabova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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20
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Lee M, Yum MS, Woo DC, Shim WH, Ko TS, Velíšek L. In Vivo Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes After N-Methyl-d-Aspartate-Triggered Spasms in Infant Rats. Front Neurol 2018; 9:248. [PMID: 29713308 PMCID: PMC5911983 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite the serious neurodevelopmental sequelae of epileptic encephalopathy during infancy, the pathomechanisms involved remain unclear. To find potential biomarkers that can reflect the pathogenesis of epileptic encephalopathy, we explored the neurometabolic and microstructural sequelae after infantile spasms using a rat model of infantile spasms and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Methods Rats prenatally exposed to betamethasone were subjected to three rounds of intraperitoneal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) triggering of spasms or received saline injections (controls) on postnatal days (P) 12, 13, and 15. Chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging of glutamate (GluCEST) were performed at P15 and 22 and diffusion tensor imaging and additional spectroscopy (1H-MRI/MRS) of the cingulate cortex were serially done at P16, 23, and 30 and analyzed. Pathological analysis and western blotting were performed with rats sacrificed on P35. Results Within 24 h of the three rounds of NMDA-induced spasms, there was an acute increase in the GluCEST (%) in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. When focused on the cingulate cortex, mean diffusivity (MD) was significantly decreased during the acute period after multiple spasms with an increase in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and glutamine N-acetylaspartate-plus-N-acetylaspartylglutamate (tNAA), total choline, and total creatine. The juvenile rats also showed decreased MD on diffusion tensor imaging and significant decreases in taurine, tNAA, and macromolecules-plus-lipids in the cingulate cortex. Pathologically, there was a significant reduction in glial fibrillary acidic protein, myelin basic protein, and neuronal nuclei expression in the cingulate cortex of rats with NMDA-induced spasms. Significance These neurometabolic and microstructural alterations after NMDA-triggered spasms might be potential imaging biomarkers of epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Shim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Libor Velíšek
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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21
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Pathophysiology of absence epilepsy: Insights from genetic models. Neurosci Lett 2018; 667:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Hsin YL, Harnod T, Chang CS, Peng SJ. Increase in gray matter volume and white matter fractional anisotropy in the motor pathways of patients with secondarily generalized neocortical seizures. Epilepsy Res 2017; 137:61-68. [PMID: 28950219 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Convulsive motor activity is a clinical manifestation of secondarily generalized seizures evolving from different focal regions. The way in which the motor seizures present themselves is not very different from most of the generalized seizures in and between epilepsy patients. This might point towards the involvement of motor-related cortices and corticospinal pathway for wide spread propagation of epileptic activity. Our aim was to identify changes in the cerebral structures and to correlate clinical variables with structural changes particularly in the motor-related cortices and pathway of patients with generalized convulsions from different seizure foci. METHODS Sixteen patients with focal onset and secondarily generalized seizures were included, along with sixteen healthy volunteers. Structural differences were analysed by measuring grey matter (GM) volume and thickness via T1-weighted MRI, and white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA) via diffusion tensor imaging. GM and WM microstructural properties were compared between patients and controls by voxel- and surface- based analyses. Next, morphometric findings were correlated with seizure severity and disease duration to identify the pathologic process. KEY FINDINGS In addition to widely reduced GM and WM properties, increased GM volume in the bilateral precentral gyri and paracentral lobules, and elevated regional FA in the bilateral corticospinal tracts adjacent to these motor -related GM were observed in patients and with higher statistical difference in the sub-patient group with drug-resistance. SIGNIFICANCE The increment of GM volume and WM FA in the motor pathway positively correlated with severity and duration of epilepsy. The demonstrated microstructural changes of motor pathways imply a plastic process of motor networks in the patients with frequent generalization of focal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Loong Hsin
- Department of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Tomor Harnod
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, No.707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien City, Hualien County 97002, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Siu Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| | - Syu-Jyun Peng
- Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan; Biomedical Electronics Translational Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd., Hsinchu City 300, Taiwan.
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23
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Gleichgerrcht E, Bonilha L. Structural brain network architecture and personalized medicine in epilepsy. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1364133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Jarre G, Altwegg-Boussac T, Williams MS, Studer F, Chipaux M, David O, Charpier S, Depaulis A, Mahon S, Guillemain I. Building Up Absence Seizures in the Somatosensory Cortex: From Network to Cellular Epileptogenic Processes. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:4607-4623. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jarre
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tristan Altwegg-Boussac
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Mark S. Williams
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Florian Studer
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Chipaux
- Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Olivier David
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Charpier
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CHU de Grenoble, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Séverine Mahon
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Guillemain
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Inserm, U1216, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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25
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Genetic background contributes to the co-morbidity of anxiety and depression with audiogenic seizure propensity and responses to fluoxetine treatment. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 68:95-102. [PMID: 28135595 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and depression are the most frequent comorbidities of different types of convulsive and non-convulsive epilepsies. Increased anxiety and depression-like phenotype have been described in the genetic absence epilepsy models as well as in models of limbic epilepsy and acquired seizure models, suggesting a neurobiological connection. However, whether anxiety and/or depression are comorbid to audiogenic epilepsy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anxiety or depression-like behavior can be found in rat strains with different susceptibility to audiogenic seizures (AS) and whether chronic fluoxetine treatment affects this co-morbidity. METHODS Behavior in the elevated plus-maze and the forced swimming test was studied in four strains: Wistar rats non-susceptible to AS; Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) strain, selectively bred for AS propensity from outbred Wistar rats; and a selection lines bred for maximal AS expression (strain "4") and for a lack of AS (strain "0") from KM×Wistar F2 hybrids. Effects of chronic antidepressant treatment on AS and behavior were also evaluated. RESULTS Anxiety and depression levels were higher in KM rats (with AS) compared with Wistar rats (without AS), indicating the comorbidity with AS. However, in strains "4" and "0" with contrasting AS expression, but with a genetic background close to KM rats, anxiety and depression were not as divergent as in KMs versus Wistars. Fluoxetine treatment exerted an antidepressant effect in all rat strains irrespective of its effect on AS. CONCLUSIONS Genetic background contributes substantively to the co-morbidity of anxiety and depression with AS propensity.
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Russo E, Citraro R, Constanti A, Leo A, Lüttjohann A, van Luijtelaar G, De Sarro G. Upholding WAG/Rij rats as a model of absence epileptogenesis: Hidden mechanisms and a new theory on seizure development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:388-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The anti-absence effect of mGlu5 receptor amplification with VU0360172 is maintained during and after antiepileptogenesis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 146-147:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Criminal Minds: Cav3.2 Channels Are the Culprits, but NMDAR Are the Co-Conspirators. Epilepsy Curr 2016; 16:36-8. [PMID: 26900377 DOI: 10.5698/1535-7597-16.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Distributions of Irritative Zones Are Related to Individual Alterations of Resting-State Networks in Focal Epilepsy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134352. [PMID: 26226628 PMCID: PMC4520590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the connectivity patterns of the fMRI-based resting-state networks (RSNs) have been reported in several types of epilepsies. Evidence pointed out these alterations might be associated with the genesis and propagation of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). IEDs also evoke blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses, which have been used to delineate irritative zones during preoperative work-up. Therefore, one may expect a relationship between the topology of the IED-evoked BOLD response network and the altered spatial patterns of the RSNs. In this study, we used EEG recordings and fMRI data obtained simultaneously from a chronic model of focal epilepsy in Wistar rats to verify our hypothesis. We found that IED-evoked BOLD response networks comprise both cortical and subcortical structures with a rat-dependent topology. In all rats, IEDs evoke both activation and deactivation types of BOLD responses. Using a Granger causality method, we found that in many cases areas with BOLD deactivation have directed influences on areas with activation (p<0.05). We were able to predict topological properties (i.e., focal/diffused, unilateral/bilateral) of the IED-evoked BOLD response network by performing hierarchical clustering analysis on major spatial features of the RSNs. All these results suggest that IEDs and disruptions in the RSNs found previously in humans may be different manifestations of the same transient events, probably reflecting altered consciousness. In our opinion, the shutdown of specific nodes of the default mode network may cause uncontrollable excitability in other functionally connected brain areas. We conclude that IED-evoked BOLD responses (i.e., activation and deactivation) and alterations of RSNs are intrinsically related, and speculate that an understanding of their interplay is necessary to discriminate focal epileptogenesis and network propagation phenomena across different brain modules via hub-based connectivity.
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van Luijtelaar G, Lüttjohann A, Makarov VV, Maksimenko VA, Koronovskii AA, Hramov AE. Methods of automated absence seizure detection, interference by stimulation, and possibilities for prediction in genetic absence models. J Neurosci Methods 2015. [PMID: 26213219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic rat models for childhood absence epilepsy have become instrumental in developing theories on the origin of absence epilepsy, the evaluation of new and experimental treatments, as well as in developing new methods for automatic seizure detection, prediction, and/or interference of seizures. METHOD Various methods for automated off and on-line analyses of ECoG in rodent models are reviewed, as well as data on how to interfere with the spike-wave discharges by different types of invasive and non-invasive electrical, magnetic, and optical brain stimulation. Also a new method for seizure prediction is proposed. RESULTS Many selective and specific methods for off- and on-line spike-wave discharge detection seem excellent, with possibilities to overcome the issue of individual differences. Moreover, electrical deep brain stimulation is rather effective in interrupting ongoing spike-wave discharges with low stimulation intensity. A network based method is proposed for absence seizures prediction with a high sensitivity but a low selectivity. Solutions that prevent false alarms, integrated in a closed loop brain stimulation system open the ways for experimental seizure control. CONCLUSIONS The presence of preictal cursor activity detected with state of the art time frequency and network analyses shows that spike-wave discharges are not caused by sudden and abrupt transitions but that there are detectable dynamic events. Their changes in time-space-frequency characteristics might yield new options for seizure prediction and seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annika Lüttjohann
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Vladimir V Makarov
- REC "Nonlinear Dynamics of Complex Systems", Saratov State Technical University, Politechnicheskaja 77, Saratov, 410028, Russia; Faculty of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Maksimenko
- REC "Nonlinear Dynamics of Complex Systems", Saratov State Technical University, Politechnicheskaja 77, Saratov, 410028, Russia; Faculty of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Alexei A Koronovskii
- REC "Nonlinear Dynamics of Complex Systems", Saratov State Technical University, Politechnicheskaja 77, Saratov, 410028, Russia; Faculty of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Alexander E Hramov
- REC "Nonlinear Dynamics of Complex Systems", Saratov State Technical University, Politechnicheskaja 77, Saratov, 410028, Russia; Faculty of Nonlinear Processes, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov, 410012, Russia
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Lüttjohann A, van Luijtelaar G. Dynamics of networks during absence seizure's on- and offset in rodents and man. Front Physiol 2015; 6:16. [PMID: 25698972 PMCID: PMC4318340 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Network mechanisms relevant for the generation, maintenance and termination of spike-wave discharges (SWD), the neurophysiological hallmark of absence epilepsy, are still enigmatic and widely discussed. Within the last years, however, improvements in signal analytical techniques, applied to both animal and human fMRI, EEG, MEG, and ECoG data, greatly increased our understanding and challenged several, dogmatic concepts of SWD. This review will summarize these recent data, demonstrating that SWD are not primary generalized, are not sudden and unpredictable events. It will disentangle different functional contributions of structures within the cortico-thalamo-cortical system, relevant for the generation, generalization, maintenance, and termination of SWD and will present a new “network based” scenario for these oscillations. Similarities and differences between rodent and human data are presented demonstrating that in both species a local cortical onset zone of SWD exists, although with different locations; that in both some forms of cortical and thalamic precursor activity can be found, and that SWD occur through repetitive cyclic activity between cortex and thalamus. The focal onset zone in human data could differ between patients with varying spatial and temporal dynamics; in rats the latter is still poorly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Lüttjohann
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Instiute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Gilles van Luijtelaar
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Instiute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Jóźwiak S, Kotulska K. Prevention of epileptogenesis--a new goal for epilepsy therapy. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:758-9. [PMID: 25283750 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Jóźwiak
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Kaminski RM, Rogawski MA, Klitgaard H. The potential of antiseizure drugs and agents that act on novel molecular targets as antiepileptogenic treatments. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:385-400. [PMID: 24671870 PMCID: PMC3996125 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A major goal of contemporary epilepsy research is the identification of therapies to prevent the development of recurrent seizures in individuals at risk, including those with brain injuries, infections, or neoplasms; status epilepticus; cortical dysplasias; or genetic epilepsy susceptibility. In this review we consider the evidence largely from preclinical models for the antiepileptogenic activity of a diverse range of potential therapies, including some marketed antiseizure drugs, as well as agents that act by immune and inflammatory mechanisms; reduction of oxidative stress; activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ pathways; effects on factors related to thrombolysis, hematopoesis, and angiogenesis; inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reducatase; brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling; and blockade of α2 adrenergic and cannabinoid receptors. Antiepileptogenesis refers to a therapy of which the beneficial action is to reduce seizure frequency or severity outlasting the treatment period. To date, clinical trials have failed to demonstrate that antiseizure drugs have such disease-modifying activity. However, studies in animal models with levetiracetam and ethosuximide are encouraging, and clinical trials with these agents are warranted. Other promising strategies are inhibition of interleukin 1β signaling by drugs such as VX-765; modulation of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling by drugs such as fingolimod; activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin by drugs such as rapamycin; the hormone erythropoietin; and, paradoxically, drugs such as the α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist atipamezole and the CB1 cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A (rimonabant) with proexcitatory activity. These approaches could lead to a new paradigm in epilepsy drug therapy where treatment for a limited period prevents the occurrence of spontaneous seizures, thus avoiding lifelong commitment to symptomatic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Rogawski
- />Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA USA
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Stafstrom CE. Epilepsy comorbidities: how can animal models help? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 813:273-81. [PMID: 25012384 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8914-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An epilepsy comorbidity is a condition or disorder that occurs at a frequency greater than chance in a person with epilepsy. Examples of common epilepsy comorbidities are depression, anxiety, and intellectual disability. Epilepsy comorbidities can be quite disabling, sometimes affecting a patient's quality of life to a greater extent than seizures. Animal models offer the opportunity to explore shared pathophysiological mechanisms, therapeutic options, and consequences of both the epilepsy syndrome and a given comorbidity. In this chapter, depression is used as an example of how animal models can inform translational questions about epilepsy comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl E Stafstrom
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Centennial Building 7176, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,
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