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Rogujski P, Lukomska B, Janowski M, Stanaszek L. Glial-restricted progenitor cells: a cure for diseased brain? Biol Res 2024; 57:8. [PMID: 38475854 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-024-00486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is home to neuronal and glial cells. Traditionally, glia was disregarded as just the structural support across the brain and spinal cord, in striking contrast to neurons, always considered critical players in CNS functioning. In modern times this outdated dogma is continuously repelled by new evidence unravelling the importance of glia in neuronal maintenance and function. Therefore, glia replacement has been considered a potentially powerful therapeutic strategy. Glial progenitors are at the center of this hope, as they are the source of new glial cells. Indeed, sophisticated experimental therapies and exciting clinical trials shed light on the utility of exogenous glia in disease treatment. Therefore, this review article will elaborate on glial-restricted progenitor cells (GRPs), their origin and characteristics, available sources, and adaptation to current therapeutic approaches aimed at various CNS diseases, with particular attention paid to myelin-related disorders with a focus on recent progress and emerging concepts. The landscape of GRP clinical applications is also comprehensively presented, and future perspectives on promising, GRP-based therapeutic strategies for brain and spinal cord diseases are described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rogujski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luiza Stanaszek
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Early growth response 2 in the mPFC regulates mouse social and cooperative behaviors. Lab Anim (NY) 2023; 52:37-50. [PMID: 36646797 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-022-01090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent social neglect impairs social performance, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that isolation rearing of juvenile mice caused cooperation defects that were rescued by immediate social reintroduction. We also identified the transcription factor early growth response 2 (Egr2) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as a major target of social isolation and resocialization. Isolation rearing increased corticosteroid production, which reduced the expression of Egr2 in the mPFC, including in oligodendrocytes. Overexpressing Egr2 ubiquitously in the mPFC, but not specifically in neurons nor in oligodendroglia, protected mice from the isolation rearing-induced cooperation defect. In addition to synapse integrity, Egr2 also regulated the development of oligodendroglia, specifically the transition from undifferentiated oligodendrocyte precursor cells to premyelinating oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, this study reveals the importance of mPFC Egr2 in the cooperative behavior that is modulated by social experience, and its unexpected role in oligodendrocyte development.
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Tan C, Yang C, Liu H, Tang C, Huang S. Effect of Schwann cell transplantation combined with electroacupuncture on axonal regeneration and remyelination in rats with spinal cord injury. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2506-2520. [PMID: 34319000 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Axonal impairment and demyelination after compressed spinal cord injury lead to serious neurological dysfunction. Increasing studies have suggested that Schwann cells (SCs) transplantation is a reliable, effective, and promising method for treating spinal cord injury. However, single SCs transplantation is insufficient to promote the full recovery of neurological function. Additional approaches are required to support SCs transplantation as a treatment for spinal cord injury. In the study, we investigated whether the combination of electroacupuncture (EA) and SCs transplantation was a reliable intervention for spinal cord injury. We found that rats in the combination group had significantly higher functional locomotor scores than those received single treatment. By immunostaining, we found EA can not only improve survival and proliferation of transplanted SCs but also inhibit SC apoptosis and block the formation of an astrocytic scar. Additionally, EA promoted regenerated axons extending "bullet-shaped" growth cones into the lesion. Remarkably, EA can modify astrogliosis to promote axonal regeneration following SCs transplantation through inducing extension of astrocytic processes in the SCs graft interface. More importantly, the combination of SCs engraftment and EA can enhance corticospinal-tract axonal regeneration and remyelination after spinal cord injury through up-regulating neuregulin 1 type III in SCs and its downstream signaling mediators. Thus, it is concluded that SCs effectively promote axonal recovery after spinal cord injury when combined with EA stimulation. The experimental results have reinforced the theoretical basis of EA for its clinical efficacy in patients with spinal cord injury and merited further investigation for potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Tan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenglin Tang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Yao L, Shippy T, Li Y. Genetic analysis of the molecular regulation of electric fields-guided glia migration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16821. [PMID: 33033380 PMCID: PMC7546725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In a developing nervous system, endogenous electric field (EF) influence embryonic growth. We reported the EF-directed migration of both rat Schwann cells (SCs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and explored the molecular mechanism using RNA-sequencing assay. However, previous studies revealed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with EF-guided migration of SCs or OPCs alone. In this study, we performed joint differential expression analysis on the RNA-sequencing data from both cell types. We report a number of significantly enriched gene ontology (GO) terms that are related to the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration. Of the DEGs associated with these terms, nine up-regulated DEGs and 32 down-regulated DEGs showed the same direction of effect in both SCs and OPCs stimulated with EFs, while the remaining DEGs responded differently. Thus, our study reveals the similarities and differences in gene expression and cell migration regulation of different glial cell types in response to EF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA.
| | - Teresa Shippy
- Bioinformatics Specialist, KSU Bioinformatics Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yongchao Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
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Singh T, Robles D, Vazquez M. Neuronal substrates alter the migratory responses of nonmyelinating Schwann cells to controlled brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gradients. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:609-621. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Singh
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCity College of New York New York NY USA
| | - Denise Robles
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers University, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRutgers University, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ USA
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6
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Sock E, Wegner M. Transcriptional control of myelination and remyelination. Glia 2019; 67:2153-2165. [PMID: 31038810 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is an evolutionary recent differentiation program that has been independently acquired in vertebrates by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that regulating transcription factors differ substantially between both cell types. However, overall principles are similar as transcriptional control in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes combines lineage determining and stage-specific factors in complex regulatory networks. Myelination does not only occur during development, but also as remyelination in the adult. In line with the different conditions during developmental myelination and remyelination and the distinctive properties of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, transcriptional regulation of remyelination exhibits unique features and differs between the two cell types. This review gives an overview of the current state in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sock
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang Z, Wang F, Song M. The cell repair research of spinal cord injury: a review of cell transplantation to treat spinal cord injury. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/jnr.2019.9040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Through retrospective analysis of the literature on the cell repair of spinal cord injury worldwide, it is found that the mechanism of cell transplantation repairing spinal cord injury is mainly to replace damaged neurons, protect host neurons, prevent apoptosis, promote axonal regeneration and synapse formation, promote myelination, and secrete trophic factors or growth factors to improve microenvironment. A variety of cells are used to repair spinal cord injury. Stem cells include multipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The multipotent stem cells are mainly various types of mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells. Non-stem cells include olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells. Transplantation of inhibitory interneurons to alleviate neuropathic pain in patients is receiving widespread attention. Different types of cell transplantation have their own advantages and disadvantages, and multiple cell transplantation may be more helpful to the patient’s functional recovery. These cells have certain effects on the recovery of neurological function and the improvement of complications, but further exploration is needed in clinical application. The application of a variety of cell transplantation, gene technology, bioengineering and other technologies has made the prospect of cell transplantation more extensive. There is a need to find a safe and effective comprehensive treatment to maximize and restore the patient’s performance.
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Li J, Wang Q, Cai H, He Z, Wang H, Chen J, Zheng Z, Yin J, Liao Z, Xu H, Xiao J, Gong F. FGF1 improves functional recovery through inducing PRDX1 to regulate autophagy and anti-ROS after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 29512938 PMCID: PMC5908106 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is thought to exert protective and regenerative effects on neurons following spinal cord injury (SCI), although the mechanism of these effects is not well understood. The use of FGF1 as a therapeutic agent is limited by its lack of physicochemical stability and its limited capacity to cross the blood‐spinal cord barrier. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of FGF1 in spinal cord following SCI significantly reduced tissue loss, protected neurons in the ventricornu, ameliorated pathological morphology of the lesion, dramatically improved tissue recovery via neuroprotection, and promoted axonal regeneration and remyelination both in vivo and in vivo. In addition, the autophagy and the expression levels of PRDX1 (an antioxidant protein) were induced by AAV‐FGF1 in PC12 cells after H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, the autophagy levels were not changed in PRDX1‐suppressing cells that were treated by AAV‐FGF1. Taken together, these results suggest that FGF1 improves functional recovery mainly through inducing PRDX1 expression to increase autophagy and anti‐ROS activity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanxiao Cai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zili He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoli Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengming Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Liao
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang HF, Liu XK, Li R, Zhang P, Chu Z, Wang CL, Liu HR, Qi J, Lv GY, Wang GY, Liu B, Li Y, Wang YY. Effect of glial cells on remyelination after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1724-1732. [PMID: 29171439 PMCID: PMC5696855 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination plays a key role in functional recovery of axons after spinal cord injury. Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system. When spinal cord injury occurs, many glial cells at the lesion site are immediately activated, and different cells differentially affect inflammatory reactions after injury. In this review, we aim to discuss the core role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and crosstalk with the rest of glia and their subcategories in the remyelination process. Activated astrocytes influence proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, while activated microglia alter remyelination by regulating the inflammatory reaction after spinal cord injury. Understanding the interaction between oligodendrocyte precursor cells and the rest of glia is necessary when designing a therapeutic plan of remyelination after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ze Chu
- Department of Emergency, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-li Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hua-rui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guo-yue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-yi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuan-yi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Wang Q, He Y, Zhao Y, Xie H, Lin Q, He Z, Wang X, Li J, Zhang H, Wang C, Gong F, Li X, Xu H, Ye Q, Xiao J. A Thermosensitive Heparin-Poloxamer Hydrogel Bridges aFGF to Treat Spinal Cord Injury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6725-6745. [PMID: 28181797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) exerts a protective effect on spinal cord injury (SCI) but is limited by the lack of physicochemical stability and the ability to cross the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). As promising biomaterials, hydrogels contain substantial amounts of water and a three-dimensional porous structure and are commonly used to load and deliver growth factors. Heparin can not only enhance growth factor loading onto hydrogels but also can stabilize the structure and control the release behavior. Herein, a novel aFGF-loaded thermosensitive heparin-poloxamer (aFGF-HP) hydrogel was developed and applied to provide protection and regeneration after SCI. To assess the effects of the aFGF-HP hydrogel, BSCB restoration, neuron and axonal rehabilitation, glial scar inhibition, inflammatory response suppression, and motor recovery were studied both in vivo and in vitro. The aFGF-HP hydrogels exhibited sustained release of aFGF and protected the bioactivity of aFGF in vitro. Compared to groups intravenously administered either drug-free HP hydrogel or aFGF alone, the aFGF-HP hydrogel group revealed prominent and attenuated disruption of the BSCB, reduced neuronal apoptosis, reactive astrogliosis, and increased neuron and axonal rehabilitation both in vivo and in vitro. This work provides an effective approach to enhance recovery after SCI and provide a successful strategy for SCI protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yan He
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China.,UQ-WMU Joint Research Group for Regenerative Medicine, Oral Health Centre, University of Queensland , Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huixu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lin
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zili He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China.,UQ-WMU Joint Research Group for Regenerative Medicine, Oral Health Centre, University of Queensland , Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.,WMU-JCU Joint Research Group for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
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