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Alpirez J, Leon-Moreno LC, Aguilar-García IG, Castañeda-Arellano R, Dueñas-Jiménez JM, Asencio-Piña CR, Dueñas-Jiménez SH. Walk Locomotion Kinematic Changes in a Model of Penetrating Hippocampal Injury in Male/Female Mice and Rats. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1545. [PMID: 38002505 PMCID: PMC10669690 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury has been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in human beings. One of the most susceptible structures to this damage is the hippocampus due to cellular and synaptic loss and impaired hippocampal connectivity to the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Thus, hippocampal damage in rodents using a stereotaxic device could be an adequate method to study a precise lesion from CA1 to the dentate gyrus structures. We studied male and female rats and mice, analyzing hindlimb locomotion kinematics changes to compare the locomotion kinematics using the same methodology in rodents. We measure (1) the vertical hindlimb metatarsus, ankle, and knee joint vertical displacements (VD) and (2) the factor of dissimilarity (DF). The VD in intact rats in metatarsus, ankle, and knee joints differs from that in intact mice in similar joints. In rats, the vertical displacement through the step cycle changed in the left and right metatarsus, ankle, and knee joints compared to the intact group versus the lesioned group. More subtle changes were also observed in mice. DF demonstrates contrasting results when studying locomotion kinematics of mice or rats and sex-dependent differences. Thus, a precise lesion in a rodent's hippocampal structure discloses some hindlimb locomotion changes related to species and sex. Thus, we only have a qualitative comparison between murine species. In order to make a comparison with other species, we should standardize the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Alpirez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.); (L.C.L.-M.); (I.G.A.-G.)
| | - Lilia Carolina Leon-Moreno
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.); (L.C.L.-M.); (I.G.A.-G.)
| | - Irene Guadalupe Aguilar-García
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.); (L.C.L.-M.); (I.G.A.-G.)
| | - Rolando Castañeda-Arellano
- Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá 45425, Mexico;
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas-Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Cesar Rodolfo Asencio-Piña
- Departamento de Electronica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas-Jiménez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.A.); (L.C.L.-M.); (I.G.A.-G.)
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Soto PL, Young ME, DiMarco GM, George B, Melnikova T, Savonenko AV, Harris BN. Longitudinal assessment of cognitive function in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's-related beta-amyloidosis. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:85-99. [PMID: 37120419 PMCID: PMC10239324 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related cognitive decline can be useful for developing therapeutics. The current study longitudinally assessed short-term memory, using a delayed matching-to-position (DMTP) task, and attention, using a 3-choice serial reaction time (3CSRT) task, from approximately 18 weeks of age through death or 72 weeks of age in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a widely used mouse model of AD-related amyloidosis. Both transgenic (Tg) and non-Tg mice exhibited improvements in DMTP accuracy over time. Breaks in testing reduced DMTP accuracy but accuracy values quickly recovered in both Tg and non-Tg mice. Both Tg and non-Tg mice exhibited high accuracy in the 3CSRT task with breaks in testing briefly reducing accuracy values equivalently in the 2 genotypes. The current results raise the possibility that deficits in Tg APPswe/PS1dE9 mice involve impairments in learning rather than declines in established performances. A better understanding of the factors that determine whether deficits develop will be useful for designing evaluations of potential pharmacotherapeutics and may reveal interventions for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Michael E Young
- Department of Psychology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Giuliana M DiMarco
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna George
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tatiana Melnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alena V Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Maturana W, Lobo I, Landeira-Fernandes J, Mograbi DC. Nondeclarative associative learning in Alzheimer's disease: An overview of eyeblink, fear, and other emotion-based conditioning. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114250. [PMID: 37224936 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, particularly in declarative memory, and the presence of β-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cortical atrophy (especially in the temporal lobe). Unlike the relationship between the temporal cortex and declarative memory, nondeclarative memories (e.g., motor, fear, and other emotion-based memories) involve distinct neural structures. The present review investigates nondeclarative associative learning ability in Alzheimer's disease. We discuss eyeblink conditioning, fear conditioning, and other emotion-based learning and present the functions and brain areas that are involved in each type of learning. Evidence suggests that nondeclarative learning is also affected by Alzheimer's disease, although some forms of learning may be relatively preserved. Details about each nondeclarative associative learning process and the implications of these findings are presented.
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Leyder E, Suresh P, Jun R, Overbey K, Banerjee T, Melnikova T, Savonenko A. Depression-related phenotypes at early stages of Aβ and tau accumulation in inducible Alzheimer's disease mouse model: Task-oriented and concept-driven interpretations. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114187. [PMID: 36343696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Depression is highly prevalent in Alzheimer Disease (AD); however, there is paucity of studies that focus specifically on the assessment of depression-relevant phenotypes in AD mouse models. Conditional doxycycline-dependent transgenic mouse models reproducing amyloidosis (TetOffAPPsi) and/or tau (TetOffTauP301L) pathology starting at middle age (6 months) were used in this study. As AD patients can experience depressive symptoms relatively early in disease, testing was conducted at early, pre-pathology stages of Aβ and/or tau accumulation (starting from 45 days of transgenes expression). Tau-related differences were detected in the Novelty Suppressed Feeding task (NSF), whereas APP-related differences were observed predominantly in measures of the Open Field (OF) and Forced Swim tasks (FST). Effects of combined production of Aβ and tau were detected in immobility during the 1st half of the Tail Suspension task (TST). These data demonstrate that results from different tasks are difficult to reconcile using task/variable-centered interpretations in which a single task/variable is assigned an ad-hoc meaning relevant to depression. An alternative, concept-oriented, approach is based on multiple variables/tests, with an understanding of their possible inter-dependence and utilization of statistical approaches that handle correlated data sets. The existence of strong correlations within and between some of the tasks supported utilization of factor analyses (FA). FA explained a similar amount of variability across the genotypes (∼80%) and identified two factors stable across genotypes and representing motor activity and anxiety measures in OF. In contrast, variables related to FST, TST, and NSFT did not demonstrate a structure of factor loadings that would support the existence of a single integral factor of "depressive state" measured by these tasks. In addition, factor loadings varied between genotypes, indicating that genotype-specific between-task correlations need to be considered for interpretations of findings in any single task. In general, this study demonstrates that utilization of multiple tasks to characterize behavioral phenotypes, an approach that is finally gaining more widespread adoption, requires a step of data integration across different behavioral tests for appropriate interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Leyder
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Prakul Suresh
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachel Jun
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katherine Overbey
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tirtho Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tatiana Melnikova
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 558 Ross Research Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Lansdell TA, Xu H, Galligan JJ, Dorrance AM. Effects of Striatal Amyloidosis on the Dopaminergic System and Behavior: A Comparative Study in Male and Female 5XFAD Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1361-1375. [PMID: 37424461 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly two-thirds of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are female. In addition, female patients with AD have more significant cognitive impairment than males at the same disease stage. This disparity suggests there are sex differences in AD progression. While females appear to be more affected by AD, most published behavioral studies utilize male mice. In humans, there is an association between antecedent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and increased risk of dementia. Functional connectivity studies indicate that dysfunctional cortico-striatal networks contribute to hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Higher plaque density in the striatum accurately predicts the presence of clinical AD pathology. In addition, there is a link between AD-related memory dysfunction and dysfunctional dopamine signaling. OBJECTIVE With the need to consider sex as a biological variable, we investigated the influence of sex on striatal plaque burden, dopaminergic signaling, and behavior in prodromal 5XFAD mice. METHODS Six-month-old male and female 5XFAD and C57BL/6J mice were evaluated for striatal amyloid plaque burden, locomotive behavior, and changes in dopaminergic machinery in the striatum. RESULTS 5XFAD female mice had a higher striatal amyloid plaque burden than male 5XFAD mice. 5XFAD females, but not males, were hyperactive. Hyperactivity in female 5XFAD mice was associated with increased striatal plaque burden and changes in dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the progression of amyloidosis involves the striatum in females to a greater extent than in males. These studies have significant implications for using male-only cohorts in the study of AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lansdell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Harris BN, Roberts BR, DiMarco GM, Maldonado KA, Okwunwanne Z, Savonenko AV, Soto PL. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and anxiety-like behavior during aging: A test of the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis in amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114126. [PMID: 36122793 PMCID: PMC10250074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, dementing, whole-body disorder that presents with decline in cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions, as well as endocrine dysregulation. The etiology of AD is not fully understood but stress- and anxiety-related hormones may play a role in its development and trajectory. The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis posits that levels of glucocorticoids increase with age, leading to dysregulated negative feedback, further elevated glucocorticoids, and resulting neuropathology. We examined the impact of age (from 2 to 10 months) and stressor exposure (predator odor) on hormone levels (corticosterone and ghrelin), anxiety-like behavior (open field and light dark tests), and memory-related behavior (novel object recognition; NOR), and whether these various measures correlated with neuropathology (hippocampus and cortex amyloid beta, Aβ) in male and female APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic and non-transgenic mice. Additionally, we performed exploratory analyses to probe if the open field and light dark test as commonly used tasks to assess anxiety levels were correlated. Consistent with the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, baseline corticosterone increased with age. Predator odor exposure elevated corticosterone at each age, but in contrast to the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis, the magnitude of stressor-induced elevations in corticosterone levels did not increase with age. Overall, transgenic mice had higher post-stressor, but not baseline, corticosterone than non-transgenic mice, and across both genotypes, females consistently had higher (baseline and post-stressor) corticosterone than males. Behavior in the open field test primarily showed decreased locomotion with age, and this was pronounced in transgenic females. Anxiety-like behaviors in the light dark test were exacerbated following predator odor, and female transgenic mice were the most impacted. Compared to transgenic males, transgenic females had higher Aβ concentrations and showed more anxiety-like behavior. Performance on the NOR did not differ significantly between genotypes. Lastly, we did not find robust, statistically significant correlations among corticosterone, ghrelin, recognition memory, anxiety-like behaviors, or Aβ, suggesting outcomes are not strongly related on the individual level. Our data suggest that despite Aβ accumulation in the hippocampus and cortex, male and female APPswePS1dE9 transgenic mice do not differ robustly from their non-transgenic littermates in physiological, endocrine, and behavioral measures at the range of ages studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
| | - Breanna R Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Giuliana M DiMarco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Zenobia Okwunwanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alena V Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Paul L Soto
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Borgstedt L, Bratke S, Blobner M, Pötzl C, Ulm B, Jungwirth B, Schmid S. Isoflurane has no effect on cognitive or behavioral performance in a mouse model of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1033729. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1033729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPatients with Alzheimer’s disease show a sex-dependent decline of cognitive and behavioral performance. It is controversially discussed whether general anesthesia itself can aggravate or even cause this neurocognitive decline. Therefore, we investigated the effect of general anesthesia on neurocognitive and behavioral function and amyloidopathy in a mouse model of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease with respect to sex.MethodsAfter governmental approval 10 months old Tg2576 mice and wild type (total 85 mice) either underwent general anesthesia with 1.0 minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane for 2 h or were not exposed to isoflurane (controls). Following cognitive and behavioral testing using the modified hole board test (mHBT), brains were investigated regarding amyloidopathy, inflammation, and apoptosis. Data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (UNIANOVA).ResultsTg2576 mice showed a decline in memory function (p < 0.001), less anxiety (p = 0.022 and p = 0.024), increased locomotor activity (p = 0.025), and impaired fine motor skills (p < 0.001). Amyloid precursor protein (p < 0.001), soluble amyloid-beta (p < 0.001) and insoluble amyloid deposits (p < 0.001) were increased in Tg2576 animals. Neither sex nor exposure to isoflurane had an effect on cognitive or behavioral testing or expression of amyloid-related biomarkers.Discussion and conclusionWe found that 10 months old Tg2576 showed typical signs of early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and corresponding histopathological alterations. Relevant sex-specific differences or an effect of isoflurane anesthesia could not be detected at this early stage of the disease.
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Age-Dependent Remarkable Regenerative Potential of the Dentate Gyrus Provided by Intrinsic Stem Cells. J Neurosci 2020; 40:974-995. [PMID: 31959697 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1010-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple insults to the brain lead to neuronal cell death, thus raising the question to what extent can lost neurons be replenished by adult neurogenesis. Here we focused on the hippocampus and especially the dentate gyrus (DG), a vulnerable brain region and one of the two sites where adult neuronal stem cells (NSCs) reside. While adult hippocampal neurogenesis was extensively studied with regard to its contribution to cognitive enhancement, we focused on their underestimated capability to repair a massively injured, nonfunctional DG. To address this issue, we inflicted substantial DG-specific damage in mice of either sex either by diphtheria toxin-based ablation of >50% of mature DG granule cells (GCs) or by prolonged brain-specific VEGF overexpression culminating in extensive, highly selective loss of DG GCs (thereby also reinforcing the notion of selective DG vulnerability). The neurogenic system promoted effective regeneration by increasing NSCs proliferation/survival rates, restoring a nearly original DG mass, promoting proper rewiring of regenerated neurons to their afferent and efferent partners, and regaining of lost spatial memory. Notably, concomitantly with the natural age-related decline in the levels of neurogenesis, the regenerative capacity of the hippocampus also subsided with age. The study thus revealed an unappreciated regenerative potential of the young DG and suggests hippocampal NSCs as a critical reservoir enabling recovery from catastrophic DG damage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the context of its role in cognitive enhancement, but whether, and to what extent can dentate gyrus (DG)-resident neural stem cells drive regeneration of an injured DG has remained unclear. Here we show that DG neurogenesis acts to replace lost neurons and restore lost functions even following massive (>50%) neuronal loss. Age-related decline of neurogenesis is paralleled by a progressive decline of regenerative capacity. Considering also the exceptional vulnerability of the DG to insults, these findings provide a further rationale for maintaining DG neurogenesis in adult life.
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Krivinko JM, Koppel J, Savonenko A, Sweet RA. Animal Models of Psychosis in Alzheimer Disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 28:1-19. [PMID: 31278012 PMCID: PMC6858948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis in Alzheimer Disease (AD) represents a distinct clinicopathologic variant associated with increased cognitive and functional morbidity and an accelerated disease course. To date, extant treatments offer modest benefits with significant risks. The development of new pharmacologic treatments for psychosis in AD would be facilitated by validated preclinical models with which to test candidate interventions. The current review provides a brief summary of the process of validating animal models of human disease together with a critical analysis of the challenges posed in attempting to apply those standards to AD-related behavioral models. An overview of phenotypic analogues of human cognitive and behavioral impairments, with an emphasis on those relevant to psychosis, in AD-related mouse models is provided, followed by an update on recent progress in efforts to translate findings in the pathophysiology of psychotic AD into novel models. Finally, some future directions are suggested to expand the catalogue of psychosis-relevant phenotypes that may provide a sturdier framework for model development and targets for preclinical treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M. Krivinko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jeremy Koppel
- The Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Robert A. Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by wide heterogeneity in cognitive and behavioural syndromes, risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms. Addressing this phenotypic variation will be crucial for the development of precise and effective therapeutics in AD. Sex-related differences in neural anatomy and function are starting to emerge, and sex might constitute an important factor for AD patient stratification and personalized treatment. Although the effects of sex on AD epidemiology are currently the subject of intense investigation, the notion of sex-specific clinicopathological AD phenotypes is largely unexplored. In this Review, we critically discuss the evidence for sex-related differences in AD symptomatology, progression, biomarkers, risk factor profiles and treatment. The cumulative evidence reviewed indicates sex-specific patterns of disease manifestation as well as sex differences in the rates of cognitive decline and brain atrophy, suggesting that sex is a crucial variable in disease heterogeneity. We discuss critical challenges and knowledge gaps in our current understanding. Elucidating sex differences in disease phenotypes will be instrumental in the development of a 'precision medicine' approach in AD, encompassing individual, multimodal, biomarker-driven and sex-sensitive strategies for prevention, detection, drug development and treatment.
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Cellular and Molecular Differences Between Area CA1 and the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6566-6580. [PMID: 30874972 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A distinct feature of the hippocampus of the brain is its unidirectional tri-synaptic pathway originating from the entorhinal cortex and projecting to the dentate gyrus (DG) then to area CA3 and subsequently, area CA1 of the Ammon's horn. Each of these areas of the hippocampus has its own cellular structure and distinctive function. The principal neurons in these areas are granule cells in the DG and pyramidal cells in the Ammon's horn's CA1 and CA3 areas with a vast network of interneurons. This review discusses the fundamental differences between the CA1 and DG areas regarding cell morphology, synaptic plasticity, signaling molecules, ability for neurogenesis, vulnerability to various insults and pathologies, and response to pharmacological agents.
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Schmid S, Rammes G, Blobner M, Kellermann K, Bratke S, Fendl D, Kaichuan Z, Schneider G, Jungwirth B. Cognitive decline in Tg2576 mice shows sex-specific differences and correlates with cerebral amyloid-beta. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:408-417. [PMID: 30458163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease show a sex-dependent decline of cognitive function. The aim of this investigation was to show these differences in an animal model for Alzheimer's disease and to determine whether this effect is correlated to amyloid-beta-induced pathophysiological changes. Therefore, we assessed cognitive performance with the modified hole-board test in female and male Tg2576 and wild type mice at the age of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 months and correlated these findings to the total amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain. Tg2576 mice perform worse than wild types. Female Tg2576 mice develop an accentuated cognitive impairment (wrong choice total) beginning at the age of 12 months compared to their male littermates. Alterations in the mice's behaviour do not show interference with these deficits. Cognitive impairment is correlated to the amount of soluble amyloid-beta and insoluble amyloid deposits in the brain in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Blobner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Kristine Kellermann
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bratke
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Fendl
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Zhu Kaichuan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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Progressive impairment of directional and spatially precise trajectories by TgF344-Alzheimer's disease rats in the Morris Water Task. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16153. [PMID: 30385825 PMCID: PMC6212523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, and may be a defining behavioral marker of preclinical AD. A new rat model (TgF344-AD) of AD overcomes many limitations of other rodent models, though spatial navigation has not been comprehensively assessed. Using the hidden and cued platform variants of the Morris water task, a longitudinal assessment of spatial navigation was conducted on TgF344-AD (n = 16) and Fischer 344 (n = 12) male and female rats at three age ranges: 4 to 5 months, 7 to 8, and 10 to 11 months of age. TgF344-AD rats exhibited largely intact navigation at 4–5 months, with deficits in the hidden platform task emerging at 7–8 months and becoming significantly pronounced at 10–11 months of age. In general, TgF344-AD rats displayed less accurate swim trajectories to the platform and searched a wider area around the platform region compared to wildtype rats. Impaired navigation occurred in the absence of deficits in acquiring the procedural task demands or navigation to the cued platform location. Together, the results indicate that TgF344-AD rats exhibit comparable navigational deficits to those found in individuals with preclinical-AD.
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Wickens MM, Bangasser DA, Briand LA. Sex Differences in Psychiatric Disease: A Focus on the Glutamate System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:197. [PMID: 29922129 PMCID: PMC5996114 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, are implicated in several psychiatric diseases. Many of these psychiatric diseases display epidemiological sex differences, with either males or females exhibiting different symptoms or disease prevalence. However, little work has considered the interaction of disrupted glutamatergic transmission and sex on disease states. This review describes the clinical and preclinical evidence for these sex differences with a focus on two conditions that are more prevalent in women: Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder, and three conditions that are more prevalent in men: schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These studies reveal sex differences at multiple levels in the glutamate system including metabolic markers, receptor levels, genetic interactions, and therapeutic responses to glutamatergic drugs. Our survey of the current literature revealed a considerable need for more evaluations of sex differences in future studies examining the role of the glutamate system in psychiatric disease. Gaining a more thorough understanding of how sex differences in the glutamate system contribute to psychiatric disease could provide novel avenues for the development of sex-specific pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Wickens
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Kim W, Ma L, Lomoio S, Willen R, Lombardo S, Dong J, Haydon PG, Tesco G. BACE1 elevation engendered by GGA3 deletion increases β-amyloid pathology in association with APP elevation and decreased CHL1 processing in 5XFAD mice. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:6. [PMID: 29391027 PMCID: PMC5796504 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of amyloid beta (Aβ), the toxic peptide that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Our previous studies have shown that the clathrin adaptor Golgi-localized γ-ear-containing ARF binding protein 3 (GGA3) plays a key role in the trafficking of BACE1 to lysosomes, where it is normally degraded. GGA3 depletion results in BACE1 stabilization both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, levels of GGA3 are reduced and inversely related to BACE1 levels in post-mortem brains of AD patients. METHOD In order to assess the effect of GGA3 deletion on AD-like phenotypes, we crossed GGA3 -/- mice with 5XFAD mice. BACE1-mediated processing of APP and the cell adhesion molecule L1 like protein (CHL1) was measured as well as levels of Aβ42 and amyloid burden. RESULTS In 5XFAD mice, we found that hippocampal and cortical levels of GGA3 decreased while BACE1 levels increased with age, similar to what is observed in human AD brains. GGA3 deletion prevented age-dependent elevation of BACE1 in GGA3KO;5XFAD mice. We also found that GGA3 deletion resulted in increased hippocampal levels of Aβ42 and amyloid burden in 5XFAD mice at 12 months of age. While levels of BACE1 did not change with age and gender in GGAKO;5XFAD mice, amyloid precursor protein (APP) levels increased with age and were higher in female mice. Moreover, elevation of APP was associated with a decreased BACE1-mediated processing of CHL1 not only in 12 months old 5XFAD mice but also in human brains from subjects affected by Down syndrome, most likely due to substrate competition. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GGA3 depletion is a leading candidate mechanism underlying elevation of BACE1 in AD. Furthermore, our findings suggest that BACE1 inhibition could exacerbate mechanism-based side effects in conditions associated with APP elevation (e.g. Down syndrome) owing to impairment of BACE1-mediated processing of CHL1. Therefore, therapeutic approaches aimed to restore GGA3 function and to prevent the down stream effects of its depletion (e.g. BACE1 elevation) represent an attractive alternative to BACE inhibition for the prevention/treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- WonHee Kim
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Selene Lomoio
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Rachel Willen
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Sylvia Lombardo
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Jinghui Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Philip G. Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Giuseppina Tesco
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Laboratory, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Richetin K, Petsophonsakul P, Roybon L, Guiard BP, Rampon C. Differential alteration of hippocampal function and plasticity in females and males of the APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:220-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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