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Guadalupi L, Mandolesi G, Vanni V, Balletta S, Caioli S, Pavlovic A, De Vito F, Fresegna D, Sanna K, Vitiello L, Nencini M, Tartacca A, Mariani F, Rovella V, Schippling S, Ruf I, Collin L, Centonze D, Musella A. Pharmacological blockade of 2-AG degradation ameliorates clinical, neuroinflammatory and synaptic alterations in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuropharmacology 2024; 252:109940. [PMID: 38570068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is critically involved in the pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Over the past decade, researchers have extensively studied the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of the ECS. Inhibiting the degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate brain damage in MS. In this study, we investigated the effects of a novel reversible MAGL inhibitor (MAGLi 432) on C57/BL6 female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS. We assessed its implications on motor disability, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction. Systemic in vivo treatment with MAGLi 432 resulted in a less severe EAE disease, accompanied by increased 2-AG levels and decreased levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandins (PGs) in the brain. Additionally, MAGLi 432 reduced both astrogliosis and microgliosis, as evidenced by decreased microglia/macrophage density and a less reactive morphology. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed fewer infiltrating CD45+ and CD3+ cells in the brains of MAGLi 432-treated EAE mice. Finally, MAGLi treatment counteracted the striatal synaptic hyperexcitability promoted by EAE neuroinflammation. In conclusion, MAGL inhibition significantly ameliorated EAE clinical disability and striatal inflammatory synaptopathy through potent anti-inflammatory effects. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective role of the ECS during neuroinflammation and highlight the therapeutic potential of MAGLi-based drugs in mitigating MS-related inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Guadalupi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Balletta
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Silvia Caioli
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Anto Pavlovic
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Krizia Sanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Vitiello
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy; Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Nencini
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Tartacca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mariani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven Schippling
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Iris Ruf
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludovic Collin
- F. Hoffmann -La Roche Ltd. Roche. Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland by Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Centonze
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
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Tian N, Cheng H, Du Y, Wang X, Lei Y, Liu X, Chen M, Xu Z, Wang L, Yin H, Fu R, Li D, Zhou P, Lu L, Yin Z, Dai SM, Li B. Cannabinoid receptor 2 selective agonist alleviates systemic sclerosis by inhibiting Th2 differentiation through JAK/SOCS3 signaling. J Autoimmun 2024; 147:103233. [PMID: 38797049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) poses a significant challenge in autoimmunology, characterized by the development of debilitating fibrosis of skin and internal organs. The pivotal role of dysregulated T cells, notably the skewed polarization toward Th2 cells, has been implicated in the vascular damage and progressive fibrosis observed in SSc. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms by which cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) highly selective agonist HU-308 restores the imbalance of T cells to alleviate SSc. Using a bleomycin-induced SSc (BLM-SSc) mouse model, we demonstrated that HU-308 effectively attenuates skin and lung fibrosis by specifically activating CB2 on CD4+ T cells to inhibit the polarization of Th2 cells in BLM-SSc mice, which was validated by Cnr2-specific-deficient mice. Different from classical signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), HU-308 facilitates the expression of SOCS3 protein and subsequently impedes the IL2/STAT5 signaling pathway during Th2 differentiation. The deficiency of SOCS3 partially mitigated the impact of HU-308. Analysis of a cohort comprising 80 SSc patients and 82 healthy controls revealed an abnormal elevation in the Th2/Th1 ratio in SSc patients. The proportion of Th2 cells showed a significant positive correlation with mRSS score and positivity of anti-Scl-70. Administration of HU-308 to PBMCs and peripheral CD4+ T cells from SSc patients led to the upregulation of SOCS3, which effectively suppressed the aberrantly activated STAT5 signaling pathway and the proportion of CD4+IL4+ T cells. In conclusion, our findings unveil a novel mechanism by which the CB2 agonist HU-308 ameliorates fibrosis in SSc by targeting and reducing Th2 responses. These insights provide a foundation for future therapeutic approaches in SSc by modulating Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China; Center for Cancer Immunology Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Du
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Songjiang Research Institute, Songjiang District Central Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Lei
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhan Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingbiao Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rong Fu
- Core Facility of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhinan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Health Science Center (School of Medicine), Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Thoracic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Villa M, Martínez-Vega M, Silva L, Romero A, de Hoz-Rivera M, Prados ME, Muñoz E, Martínez-Orgado J. Neuroprotective effects of VCE-004.8 in a rat model of neonatal stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 972:176554. [PMID: 38582276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently there is no effective treatment for neonatal stroke, an acute neurologic syndrome with sequelae, due to focal ischemic, thrombotic, or hemorrhagic event occurring in the perinatal period. VCE-004.8, an aminoquinone exhibiting activity on CB2 and PPARγ receptors, is neuroprotective in adult mice models of acute and chronic brain damaging conditions. We hereby aimed to study VCE-004.8 neuroprotection in a rat model of neonatal stroke. METHODS 7-day-old (P7) Wistar rats of both sexes were submitted to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO), receiving i.p. 30 min after vehicle (MCAO + VEH) or VCE-004.8 5 mg/kg (MCAO + VCE). Non-occluded rats served as controls (SHAM). MCAO consequences were assessed at P14 by MRI, histological (TUNEL staining), biochemical (lactate/n-acetyl aspartate ratio by 1H-NMR spectroscopy) and motor studies (grasp test), and at P37 assessing myelination (MBP signal), hemiparesis and hyperlocomotion. Effects of VCE-004.8 on excitotoxicity (glutamate/n-acetyl aspartate, 1H-NMR), oxidative stress (protein nitrosylation, Oxyblot) and neuroinflammation (Toll-like receptor 4 and TNFa expression, Western blot) were assessed at P14. Therapeutic window was assessed by delaying drug administration for 12 or 18 h. RESULTS Post-MCAO administration of VCE-004.8 reduced the volume of infarct and histological and biochemical brain damage, reducing hyperlocomotion, restoring motor performance and preserving myelination, in a manner linked to the modulation of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. VCE-004.8 was still effective being administered 12-18 h post-insult. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that this drug could be effective for the treatment of stroke in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Villa
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Vega
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Laura Silva
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Angela Romero
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María de Hoz-Rivera
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Orgado
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain; Department of Neonatology Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yang B, Li H, Chen L. An overview on synthetic and biological activities of cannabidiol (CBD) and its derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106810. [PMID: 37659147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol is a class of non-psychoactive plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants. Currently, Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of two rare and severe forms of epilepsy related diseases, namely Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet (DS). In addition, Cannabidiol and its structural analogues have received increasing attention due to their potential therapeutic effects such as neuroprotection, anti-epilepsy, anti-inflammation, anti-anxiety, and anti-cancer. Based on literature review, no comprehensive reviews on the synthesis of Cannabidiol and its derivatives have been found in recent years. Therefore, this article summarizes the published synthesis methods of Cannabidiol and the synthesis routes of Cannabidiol derivatives, and introduces the biological activities of some Cannabidiol analogues that have been studied extensively and have significant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huanbang Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Low ZXB, Lee XR, Soga T, Goh BH, Alex D, Kumari Y. Cannabinoids: Emerging sleep modulator. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115102. [PMID: 37406510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an essential biological phase of our daily life cycle and is necessary for maintaining homeostasis, alertness, metabolism, cognition, and other key functions across the animal kingdom. Dysfunctional sleep leads to deleterious effects on health, mood, and cognition, including memory deficits and an increased risk of diabetes, stroke, and neurological disorders. Sleep is regulated by several brain neuronal circuits, neuromodulators, and neurotransmitters, where cannabinoids have been increasingly found to play a part in its modulation. Cannabinoids, a group of lipid metabolites, are regulatory molecules that bind mainly to cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Much evidence supports the role of cannabinoid receptors in the modulation of sleep, where their alteration exhibits sleep-promoting effects, including an increase in non-rapid-eye movement sleep and a reduction in sleep latency. However, the pharmacological alteration of CB1 receptors is associated with adverse psychotropic effects, which are not exhibited in CB2 receptor alteration. Hence, selective alteration of CB2 receptors is also of clinical importance, where it could potentially be used in treating sleep disorders. Thus, it is crucial to understand the neurobiological basis of cannabinoids in sleep physiology. In this review article, the alteration of the endocannabinoid system by various cannabinoids and their respective effects on the sleep-wake cycle are discussed based on recent findings. The mechanisms of the cannabinoid receptors on sleep and wakefulness are also explored for their clinical implications and potential therapeutic use on sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xuen Brandon Low
- Neurological Disorder and Aging Research Group (NDA), Neuroscience Research Strength (NRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Xin Ru Lee
- Neurological Disorder and Aging Research Group (NDA), Neuroscience Research Strength (NRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Deepa Alex
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neurological Disorder and Aging Research Group (NDA), Neuroscience Research Strength (NRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia.
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Tommasini D, Fox R, Ngo KJ, Hinman JD, Fogel BL. Alterations in oligodendrocyte transcriptional networks reveal region-specific vulnerabilities to neurological disease. iScience 2023; 26:106358. [PMID: 36994077 PMCID: PMC10040735 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disease is characterized the by dysfunction of specific neuroanatomical regions. To determine whether region-specific vulnerabilities have a transcriptional basis at cell-type-specific resolution, we analyzed gene expression in mouse oligodendrocytes across various brain regions. Oligodendrocyte transcriptomes cluster in an anatomical arrangement along the rostrocaudal axis. Moreover, regional oligodendrocyte populations preferentially regulate genes implicated in diseases that target their region of origin. Systems-level analyses identify five region-specific co-expression networks representing distinct molecular pathways in oligodendrocytes. The cortical network exhibits alterations in mouse models of intellectual disability and epilepsy, the cerebellar network in ataxia, and the spinal network in multiple sclerosis. Bioinformatic analyses reveal potential molecular regulators of these networks, which were confirmed to modulate network expression in vitro in human oligodendroglioma cells, including reversal of the disease-associated transcriptional effects of a pathogenic Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 allele. These findings identify targetable region-specific vulnerabilities to neurological disease mediated by oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Tommasini
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Fox
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathie J. Ngo
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason D. Hinman
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent L. Fogel
- Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Lavayen BP, Yang C, Larochelle J, Liu L, Tishko RJ, de Oliveira ACP, Muñoz E, Candelario-Jalil E. Neuroprotection by the cannabidiol aminoquinone VCE-004.8 in experimental ischemic stroke in mice. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105508. [PMID: 36863495 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) derivative VCE-004.8 is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) dual agonist with hypoxia mimetic activity. The oral formulation of VCE-004.8, termed EHP-101, possesses anti-inflammatory properties and is currently in phase 2 clinical trials for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. The activation of PPARγ or CB2 receptors exerts neuroprotective effects by dampening neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke models. However, the effect of a dual PPARγ/CB2 agonist in ischemic stroke models is not known. Here, we demonstrate that treatment with VCE-004.8 confers neuroprotection in young mice subjected to cerebral ischemia. Male C57BL/6J mice, aged 3-4 months, were subjected to 30-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal VCE-004.8 treatment (10 or 20 mg/kg) either at the onset of reperfusion or 4h or 6h after the reperfusion. Seventy-two hours after ischemia, animals were subjected to behavioral tests. Immediately after the tests, animals were perfused, and brains were collected for histology and PCR analysis. Treatment with VCE-004.8 either at the onset or 4h after reperfusion significantly reduced infarct volume and improved behavioral outcomes. A trend toward reduction in stroke injury was observed in animals receiving the drug starting 6h after recirculation. VCE-004.8 significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines involved in BBB breakdown. Mice receiving VCE-004.8 had significantly lower levels of extravasated IgG in the brain parenchyma, indicating protection against stroke-induced BBB disruption. Lower levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 were found in the brain of drug-treated animals. Our data show that VCE-004.8 is a promising drug candidate for treating ischemic brain injury. Since VCE-004.8 has been shown to be safe in the clinical setting, the possibility of repurposing its use as a delayed treatment option for ischemic stroke adds substantial translational value to our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca P Lavayen
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan Larochelle
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryland J Tishko
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba-IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Leo H, Kipp M. Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Findings in the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416093. [PMID: 36555733 PMCID: PMC9783537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination therapies, which are currently under development, have a great potential to delay, prevent or even reverse disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Several models are available to study the effectiveness of novel compounds in vivo, among which is the cuprizone model. This model is characterized by toxin-induced demyelination, followed by endogenous remyelination after cessation of the intoxication. Due to its high reproducibility and ease of use, this model enjoys high popularity among various research and industrial groups. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings using this model and discuss the potential of some of the identified compounds to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Kipp
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-8400
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9
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Navarrete C, García-Martín A, Correa-Sáez A, Prados ME, Fernández F, Pineda R, Mazzone M, Álvarez-Benito M, Calzado MA, Muñoz E. A cannabidiol aminoquinone derivative activates the PP2A/B55α/HIF pathway and shows protective effects in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:177. [PMID: 35810304 PMCID: PMC9270745 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by a primary mechanical injury and a secondary injury associated with neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neurodegeneration. We have developed a novel cannabidiol aminoquinone derivative, VCE-004.8, which is a dual PPARγ/CB2 agonist that also activates the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway. VCE-004.8 shows potent antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities and it is now in Phase II clinical trials for systemic sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Herein, we investigated the mechanism of action of VCE-004.8 in the HIF pathway and explored its efficacy in a preclinical model of TBI. METHODS Using a phosphoproteomic approach, we investigated the effects of VCE-004.8 on prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) posttranslational modifications. The potential role of PP2A/B55α in HIF activation was analyzed using siRNA for B55α. To evaluate the angiogenic response to the treatment with VCE-004.8 we performed a Matrigel plug in vivo assay. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) as well as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM), and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) tight junction protein expression were studied in brain microvascular endothelial cells. The efficacy of VCE-004.8 in vivo was evaluated in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) murine model of TBI. RESULTS Herein we provide evidence that VCE-004.8 inhibits PHD2 Ser125 phosphorylation and activates HIF through a PP2A/B55α pathway. VCE-004.8 induces angiogenesis in vivo increasing the formation of functional vessel (CD31/α-SMA) and prevents in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption ameliorating the loss of ZO-1 expression under proinflammatory conditions. In CCI model VCE-004.8 treatment ameliorates early motor deficits after TBI and attenuates cerebral edema preserving BBB integrity. Histopathological analysis revealed that VCE-004.8 treatment induces neovascularization in pericontusional area and prevented immune cell infiltration to the brain parenchyma. In addition, VCE-004.8 attenuates neuroinflammation and reduces neuronal death and apoptosis in the damaged area. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insight about the mechanism of action of VCE-004.8 regulating the PP2A/B55α/PHD2/HIF pathway. Furthermore, we show the potential efficacy for TBI treatment by preventing BBB disruption, enhancing angiogenesis, and ameliorating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alejandro Correa-Sáez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Fernández
- FEA Radiodiagnóstico, Sección de Neurorradiología Diagnóstica. Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pineda
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB-KULeuven, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Marina Álvarez-Benito
- Unidad de Radiodiagnóstico Y Cáncer de Mama, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Emerald Health Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, USA. .,Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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10
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Zheng K, Lv B, Wu L, Wang C, Xu H, Li X, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Zheng Z. Protecting effect of emodin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice by inhibiting microglia activation and inflammation via Myd88/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:9322-9344. [PMID: 35287559 PMCID: PMC9161934 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2052671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is characterised by demyelination of the central nervous system. Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative with comprehensive anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory effects and is widely used in the treatment of inflammatory, tumour, and immune system diseases. However, none of the clinical or experimental studies have explored the therapeutic efficacy of emodin in EAE/multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, we evaluated the protective effect of emodin on EAE mediated via inhibition of microglia activation and inflammation. Wild-type mice were randomly divided into the normal control, EAE, low-dose emodin, and high-dose emodin groups. Clinical scores and pathological changes were assessed 21 days after immunisation. The network pharmacology approach was used to elucidate underlying mechanisms by using an online database. Molecular docking, polymerase chain reaction tests, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were performed to verify the network pharmacology results. An in vivo experiment showed that high-dose emodin ameliorated clinical symptoms, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myelination. Pharmacological network analysis showed AKT1 was the main target and that emodin played a key role in MS treatment mainly via the PI3K-Akt pathway. Molecular docking showed that emodin bound well with PI3K, AKT1, and NFKB1. Emodin decreased the expression of phosphorylated(p)-PI3K, p-Akt, NF-κB, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 and the levels of markers (CD86 and CD206) in M1- and M2-phenotype microglia in EAE. Thus, emodin inhibited microglial activation and exhibited anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects against EAE via the Myd88/PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signalling pathway. In conclusion, emodin has a promising role in EAE/MS treatment, warranting further detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Zheng
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baojiang Lv
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Wu
- The First Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyou Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- The Second Clinical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibing Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanqi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zequan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Doctoral candidates with the same academic level of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Patel J, Prasad R, Bryant C, Connolly H, Teasdale B, Moosajee S. Multiple sclerosis and its impact on dental care. Br Dent J 2021; 231:281-286. [PMID: 34508197 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-021-3333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis affects approximately 130,000 people in the UK. Due to the wide variation in the symptoms associated with this condition and their variable severity, the provision of dental care for affected patients must be determined by an individual's specific needs. This will often vary significantly over time. This paper reviews the aetiology, presentation and current management of multiple sclerosis, and explores the impact of these on oral health and the provision of dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashme Patel
- Department of Oral Surgery, King´s College Dental Hospital, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK.
| | - Ria Prasad
- Department of Special Care, King´s College Dental Hospital, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - Cathy Bryant
- King´s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hannah Connolly
- Department of Community and Special Care Dentistry, King´s College Dental Hospital, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - Brogan Teasdale
- Department of Dental Hygiene and Therapy, King´s College Dental Hospital, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9RW, UK
| | - Sukina Moosajee
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, King´s College NHS Foundation Trust, Dental Institute, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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12
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Cannabinoquinones: Synthesis and Biological Profile. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070991. [PMID: 34356614 PMCID: PMC8301883 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral cannabinoids are oxidatively unstable and are converted into quinone derivatives by atmospheric- and/or chemical oxidative dearomatization. The study of cannabinoquinones has long been plagued by their lability toward additional oxidative degradation, but full substitution of the quinone ring, as well as the introduction of steric hindrance on the alkyl substituent, have provided sufficient stability for a systematic investigation of their bioactivity and for further clinical development. These studies culminated in the discovery of the aminocannabinoquinone VCE-004.8 (5), a compound under phase 2 clinical development with orphan drug status by EMA and FDA for the management of scleroderma. The synthesis and rich chemistry of these compounds will be described, summarizing their biological profile and clinical potential.
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13
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Cheng J, Zhang R, Xu Z, Ke Y, Sun R, Yang H, Zhang X, Zhen X, Zheng LT. Early glycolytic reprogramming controls microglial inflammatory activation. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:129. [PMID: 34107997 PMCID: PMC8191212 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation plays an important role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammatory activation of microglial cells is often accompanied by a metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of glycolysis in microglial activation and neuroinflammation are not yet fully understood. Methods The anti-inflammatory effects and its underlying mechanisms of glycolytic inhibition in vitro were examined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated BV-2 microglial cells or primary microglial cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) luciferase reporter assays. The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxoy-d-glucose (2-DG) in vivo were measured in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-or LPS-induced Parkinson’s disease (PD) models by immunofluorescence staining, behavior tests, and Western blot analysis. Results We found that LPS rapidly increased glycolysis in microglial cells, and glycolysis inhibitors (2-DG and 3-bromopyruvic acid (3-BPA)), siRNA glucose transporter type 1 (Glut-1), and siRNA hexokinase (HK) 2 abolished LPS-induced microglial cell activation. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors significantly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ), and NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IκB-α), degradation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of p65 subunit of NF-κB, and NF-κB transcriptional activity. In addition, 2-DG significantly inhibited LPS-induced acetylation of p65/RelA on lysine 310, which is mediated by NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and is critical for NF-κB activation. A coculture study revealed that 2-DG reduced the cytotoxicity of activated microglia toward MES23.5 dopaminergic neuron cells with no direct protective effect. In an LPS-induced PD model, 2-DG significantly ameliorated neuroinflammation and subsequent tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell loss. Furthermore, 2-DG also reduced dopaminergic cell death and microglial activation in the MPTP-induced PD model. Conclusions Collectively, our results suggest that glycolysis is actively involved in microglial activation. Inhibition of glycolysis can ameliorate microglial activation-related neuroinflammatory diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02187-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhirou Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youliang Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renjuan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huicui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Long-Tai Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Furgiuele A, Cosentino M, Ferrari M, Marino F. Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabidiol in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:251-269. [PMID: 33492630 PMCID: PMC7829325 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-09982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Efficacy of treatments for MS is associated with risk of adverse effects, and effective and well-tolerated drugs remain a major unmet need. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., fam. Cannabaceae) and cannabinoids are popular among MS patients to treat spasticity and pain. Cannabinoids are endowed with remarkable immunomodulating properties, and in particular the non-psychotropic cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly recognized as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive, nevertheless with excellent tolerability even at high doses. In this systematic review, we retrieved and critically evaluated available evidence regarding the immune and disease-modifying effects of CBD in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in MS. Evidence in rodent models of EAE strongly supports CBD as effective, while clinical evidence is still limited and usually negative, due to paucity of studies and possibly to the use of suboptimal dosing regimens. Better characterization of targets acted upon by CBD in MS should be obtained in ex vivo/in vitro studies in human immune cells, and higher doses should be tested in well-designed clinical trials with clinically relevant efficacy endpoints. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology and Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology and Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology and Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology and Center for Research in Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
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15
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Duffy SS, Hayes JP, Fiore NT, Moalem-Taylor G. The cannabinoid system and microglia in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108555. [PMID: 33845074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have yielded significant advances in our understanding of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia are key players in CNS development, immune surveillance, and the maintenance of proper neuronal function throughout life. In the healthy brain, homeostatic microglia have a unique molecular signature. In neurological diseases, microglia become activated and adopt distinct transcriptomic signatures, including disease-associated microglia (DAM) implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. Homeostatic microglia synthesise the endogenous cannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide and express the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 at constitutively low levels. Upon activation, microglia significantly increase their synthesis of endocannabinoids and upregulate their expression of CB2 receptors, which promote a protective microglial phenotype by enhancing their production of neuroprotective factors and reducing their production of pro-inflammatory factors. Here, we summarise the effects of the microglial cannabinoid system in the CNS demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis, the neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. We discuss the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in regulating microglial activity and highlight the need to further investigate their specific microglia-dependent immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Duffy
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica P Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathan T Fiore
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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16
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Kogan NM, Peters M, Mechoulam R. Cannabinoid Quinones-A Review and Novel Observations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061761. [PMID: 33801057 PMCID: PMC8003933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A cannabinoid anticancer para-quinone, HU-331, which was synthesized by our group five decades ago, was shown to have very high efficacy against human cancer cell lines in-vitro and against in-vivo grafts of human tumors in nude mice. The main mechanism was topoisomerase IIα catalytic inhibition. Later, several groups synthesized related compounds. In the present presentation, we review the publications on compounds synthesized on the basis of HU-331, summarize their published activities and mechanisms of action and report the synthesis and action of novel quinones, thus expanding the structure-activity relationship in these series.
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Cannabidiol and Other Cannabinoids in Demyelinating Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062992. [PMID: 33804243 PMCID: PMC8001020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of preclinical evidence indicates that certain cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and synthetic derivatives, may play a role in the myelinating processes and are promising small molecules to be developed as drug candidates for management of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), which are three of the most prevalent demyelinating disorders. Thanks to the properties described for CBD and its interesting profile in humans, both the phytocannabinoid and derivatives could be considered as potential candidates for clinical use. In this review we will summarize current advances in the use of CBD and other cannabinoids as future potential treatments. While new research is accelerating the process for the generation of novel drug candidates and identification of druggable targets, the collaboration of key players such as basic researchers, clinicians and pharmaceutical companies is required to bring novel therapies to the patients.
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Lago-Fernandez A, Zarzo-Arias S, Jagerovic N, Morales P. Relevance of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors in Multitarget Paradigm Associated with the Endocannabinoid System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1001. [PMID: 33498245 PMCID: PMC7863932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids have shown to exert their therapeutic actions through a variety of targets. These include not only the canonical cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R but also related orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ligand-gated ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, metabolic enzymes, and nuclear receptors. In this review, we aim to summarize reported compounds exhibiting their therapeutic effects upon the modulation of CB1R and/or CB2R and the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Concomitant actions at CBRs and PPARα or PPARγ subtypes have shown to mediate antiobesity, analgesic, antitumoral, or neuroprotective properties of a variety of phytogenic, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. The relevance of this multitargeting mechanism of action has been analyzed in the context of diverse pathologies. Synergistic effects triggered by combinatorial treatment with ligands that modulate the aforementioned targets have also been considered. This literature overview provides structural and pharmacological insights for the further development of dual cannabinoids for specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish Research Council, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-F.); (S.Z.-A.)
| | - Paula Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry Institute, Spanish Research Council, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-F.); (S.Z.-A.)
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Arena C, Gado F, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Cervetto C, Carpi S, Reynoso-Moreno I, Polini B, Vallini E, Chicca S, Lucarini E, Bertini S, D’Andrea F, Digiacomo M, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Macchia M, Gertsch J, Marcoli M, Nieri P, Ghelardini C, Chicca A, Manera C. The endocannabinoid system dual-target ligand N-cycloheptyl-1,2-dihydro-5-bromo-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-pyridine-3-carboxamide improves disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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