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Aivar P, Bianchi C, Di Lauro C, Soria-Tobar L, Alvarez-Castelao B, Calero M, Medina M, Diaz-Hernandez M. TNAP and P2X7R: New Plasma Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10897. [PMID: 37446074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, intense research efforts have been made to anticipate or improve the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by detecting blood biomarkers. However, the most promising blood biomarkers identified to date have some limitations, most of them related to the techniques required for their detection. Hence, new blood biomarkers should be identified to improve the diagnosis of AD, better discriminate between AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and identify cognitively unimpaired (CU) older individuals at risk for progression to AD. Our previous studies demonstrated that both the purinergic receptor P2X7 and the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase ectoenzyme (TNAP) are upregulated in the brains of AD patients. Since both proteins are also present in plasma, we investigated whether plasma P2X7R and TNAP are altered in MCI and AD patients and, if so, their potential role as AD biomarkers. We found that AD but not MCI patients present increased plasma P2X7R levels. Nevertheless, TNAP plasma activity was increased in MCI patients and decreased in the AD group. ROC curve analysis indicated that measuring both parameters has a reasonable discriminating capability to diagnose MCI and AD conditions. In addition to confirming that individuals progressing to MCI have increased TNAP activity in plasma, longitudinal studies also revealed that CU individuals have lower plasma TNAP activity than stable controls. Thus, we propose that P2X7 and TNAP could serve as new plasma biomarkers for MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Aivar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Bianchi
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Di Lauro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Soria-Tobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Alvarez-Castelao
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red-Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Diaz-Hernandez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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