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Hardt M, Kaiser F, Voss T, Oelmüller U, Zatloukal K. Pre-analytical properties of different respiratory viruses for PCR-based detection: Comparative analysis of sampling devices and sample stabilization solutions. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:60-70. [PMID: 38145650 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
After the decline of the COVID-19 pandemic, health systems were challenged by the simultaneous prevalence of different respiratory viruses causing a wide overlap in symptoms. This increased the demand for multi-virus diagnostic tests which require suitable pre-analytical workflow solutions in order to receive valid diagnostic results. In this context, the effects of specimen storage duration and temperature on the RNA/DNA copy number stability of influenza A/B, RSV A/B, SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus were examined for four commercially available transport swab systems and saliva collection devices. The respiratory viruses were more stable in the saliva collection devices than in the transport swab systems when stored at RT or 37 °C for up to 96 h. Moreover, no differences between viral nucleic acid stability of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses were observed. The infectivity of all enveloped viruses could be inactivated by the saliva collection device from PreAnalytiX. The Norgen saliva device completely inactivated influenza A/B, while RSV A/B were partially inactivated. The non-enveloped adenovirus was inactivated by a reduction factor of 10E+ 4 in both saliva collection devices. All respiratory viruses remained infectious in the transport swab systems. Two possible transport medium additives were tested which inactivated or strongly reduced viral replication of tested enveloped viruses but had no effect on the non-enveloped adenovirus. Finally the implementation of multi-target detection procedures involving a direct amplification approach was successfully tested by spike-in of all enveloped viruses simultaneously into transport swab systems. This fast and reproducible setup presents a valuable solution for future implementations in multi-virus testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hardt
- Diagnostic, and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Diagnostic, and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic, and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Diagnostic, and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Okek EJ, Masembe FJ, Kiconco J, Kayiwa J, Amwine E, Obote D, Alele S, Nahabwe C, Were J, Bagaya B, Balinandi S, Lutwama J, Kaleebu P. Re-testing as a method of implementing external quality assessment program for COVID-19 real time PCR testing in Uganda. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287272. [PMID: 38265993 PMCID: PMC10807774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant milestones have been made in the development of COVID19 diagnostics Technologies. Government of the republic of Uganda and the line Ministry of Health mandated Uganda Virus Research Institute to ensure quality of COVID19 diagnostics. Re-testing was one of the methods initiated by the UVRI to implement External Quality assessment of COVID19 molecular diagnostics. METHOD participating laboratories were required by UVRI to submit their already tested and archived nasopharyngeal samples and corresponding meta data. These were then re-tested at UVRI using the WHO Berlin protocol, the UVRI results were compared to those of the primary testing laboratories in order to ascertain performance agreement for the qualitative & quantitative results obtained. Ms Excel window 12 and GraphPad prism ver 15 was used in the analysis. Bar graphs, pie charts and line graphs were used to compare performance agreement between the reference Laboratory and primary testing Laboratories. RESULTS Eleven (11) Ministry of Health/Uganda Virus Research Institute COVID19 accredited laboratories participated in the re-testing of quality control samples. 5/11 (45%) of the primary testing laboratories had 100% performance agreement with that of the National Reference Laboratory for the final test result. Even where there was concordance in the final test outcome (negative or positive) between UVRI and primary testing laboratories, there were still differences in CT values. The differences in the Cycle Threshold (CT) values were insignificant except for Tenna & Pharma Laboratory and the UVRI(p = 0.0296). The difference in the CT values were not skewed to either the National reference Laboratory(UVRI) or the primary testing laboratory but varied from one laboratory to another. In the remaining 6/11 (55%) laboratories where there were discrepancies in the aggregate test results, only samples initially tested and reported as positive by the primary laboratories were tested and found to be false positives by the UVRI COVID19 National Reference Laboratory. CONCLUSION False positives were detected from public, private not for profit and private testing laboratories in almost equal proportion. There is need for standardization of molecular testing platforms in Uganda. There is also urgent need to improve on the Laboratory quality management systems of the molecular testing laboratories in order to minimize such discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Jacob Okek
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Jocelyn Kiconco
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John Kayiwa
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Esther Amwine
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel Obote
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Alele
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Nahabwe
- Department of Quality Assurance, Allied Health Professional Council, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Were
- Department of Diagnostics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Bagaya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Balinandi
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Department of Arbovirology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Poelzl S, Rieger J, Zatloukal K, Augl S, Stummer M, Hinterer A, Kittinger C. Inactivation of Bacteriophage ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 in Antimicrobial Surface Tests. Viruses 2023; 15:1833. [PMID: 37766240 PMCID: PMC10535131 DOI: 10.3390/v15091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have focused on new preventive measures to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2. One promising application is the usage of antimicrobial materials on often-touched surfaces to reduce the load of infectious virus particles. Since tests with in vitro-propagated SARS-CoV-2 require biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratories with limited capacities and high costs, experiments with an appropriate surrogate like the bacteriophage ɸ6 are preferred in most studies. The aim of this study was to compare ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 within antiviral surface tests. Different concentrations of copper coatings on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used to determine their neutralizing activity against ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2. The incubation on the different specimens led to similar inactivation of both SARS-CoV-2 and ɸ6. After 24 h, no infectious virus particles were evident on any of the tested samples. Shorter incubation periods on specimens with high copper concentrations also showed a complete inactivation. In contrast, the uncoated PET foils resulted only in a negligible reduced inactivation during the one-hour incubation. The similar reduction rate for ɸ6 and SARS-CoV-2 in our experiments provide further evidence that the bacteriophage ɸ6 is an adequate model organism for SARS-CoV-2 for this type of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Poelzl
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2A, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Julia Rieger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.R.); (K.Z.)
| | - Stefan Augl
- Department of Materials Technology, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria;
| | - Maximilian Stummer
- INOCON Technologie GmbH, Wiener Straße 3, 4800 Attnang-Puchheim, Austria; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hinterer
- INOCON Technologie GmbH, Wiener Straße 3, 4800 Attnang-Puchheim, Austria; (M.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2A, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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Kallolimath S, Palt R, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Sun L, Chen Q, Pruckner F, Eidenberger L, Strasser R, Zatloukal K, Steinkellner H. Glyco engineered pentameric SARS-CoV-2 IgMs show superior activities compared to IgG1 orthologues. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147960. [PMID: 37359564 PMCID: PMC10285447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is the largest antibody isotype with unique features like extensive glycosylation and oligomerization. Major hurdles in characterizing its properties are difficulties in the production of well-defined multimers. Here we report the expression of two SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in glycoengineered plants. Isotype switch from IgG1 to IgM resulted in the production of IgMs, composed of 21 human protein subunits correctly assembled into pentamers. All four recombinant monoclonal antibodies carried a highly reproducible human-type N-glycosylation profile, with a single dominant N-glycan species at each glycosite. Both pentameric IgMs exhibited increased antigen binding and virus neutralization potency, up to 390-fold, compared to the parental IgG1. Collectively, the results may impact on the future design of vaccines, diagnostics and antibody-based therapies and emphasize the versatile use of plants for the expression of highly complex human proteins with targeted posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanath Kallolimath
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Palt
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lin Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Eidenberger
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Conrad S, Gant Kanegusuku A, Conklin SE. Taking a step back from testing: Preanalytical considerations in molecular infectious disease diagnostics. Clin Biochem 2023; 115:22-32. [PMID: 36495954 PMCID: PMC9729171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies evaluating the preanalytical factors that impact the outcome of nucleic-acid based methods for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 have illuminated the importance of identifying variables that promoted accurate testing, while using scarce resources efficiently. The majority of laboratory errors occur in the preanalytical phase. While there are many resources identifying and describing mechanisms for main laboratory testing on automated platforms, there are fewer comprehensive resources for understanding important preanalytical and environmental factors that affect accurate molecular diagnostic testing of infectious diseases. This review identifies evidence-based factors that have been documented to impact the outcome of nucleic acid-based molecular techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Conrad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Steven E Conklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomic & Clinical Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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