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Therapeutic Options in Neuro-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105351. [PMID: 35628161 PMCID: PMC9140894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in neuro-oncology is understanding the complexity of central nervous system tumors, such as gliomas, in order to develop suitable therapeutics. Conventional therapies in malignant gliomas reconcile surgery and radiotherapy with the use of chemotherapeutic options such as temozolomide, chloroethyl nitrosoureas and the combination therapy of procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine. With the unraveling of deregulated cancer cell signaling pathways, targeted therapies have been developed. The most affected signaling pathways in glioma cells involve tyrosine kinase receptors and their downstream pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK). MAPK pathway inhibitors include farnesyl transferase inhibitors, Ras kinase inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein extracellular regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors, while PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors are divided into pan-inhibitors, PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors and AKT inhibitors. The relevance of the immune system in carcinogenesis has led to the development of immunotherapy, through vaccination, blocking of immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses, and adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways underlying malignant transformation, the therapies currently used in the treatment of malignant gliomas and further explore therapies under development, including several ongoing clinical trials.
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Gareev I, Beylerli O, Liang Y, Xiang H, Liu C, Xu X, Yuan C, Ahmad A, Yang G. The Role of MicroRNAs in Therapeutic Resistance of Malignant Primary Brain Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740303. [PMID: 34692698 PMCID: PMC8529124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors in children and adults are challenging tumors to treat. Malignant primary brain tumors (MPBTs) such as glioblastoma have very poor outcomes, emphasizing the need to better understand their pathogenesis. Developing novel strategies to slow down or even stop the growth of brain tumors remains one of the major clinical challenges. Modern treatment strategies for MPBTs are based on open surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, none of these treatments, alone or in combination, are considered effective in controlling tumor progression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 18-22 nucleotide long endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by interacting with 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of mRNA-targets. It has been proven that miRNAs play a significant role in various biological processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, etc. Over the last decade, there has been an emergence of a large number of studies devoted to the role of miRNAs in the oncogenesis of brain tumors and the development of resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Wherein, among the variety of molecules secreted by tumor cells into the external environment, extracellular vesicles (EVs) (exosomes and microvesicles) play a special role. Various elements were found in the EVs, including miRNAs, which can be transported as part of these EVs both between neighboring cells and between remotely located cells of different tissues using biological fluids. Some of these miRNAs in EVs can contribute to the development of resistance to radio- and chemotherapy in MPBTs, including multidrug resistance (MDR). This comprehensive review examines the role of miRNAs in the resistance of MPBTs (e.g., high-grade meningiomas, medulloblastoma (MB), pituitary adenomas (PAs) with aggressive behavior, and glioblastoma) to chemoradiotherapy and pharmacological treatment. It is believed that miRNAs are future therapeutic targets in MPBTs and such the role of miRNAs needs to be critically evaluated to focus on solving the problems of resistance to therapy this kind of human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgiz Gareev
- Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Ozal Beylerli
- Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yanchao Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Liu Z, Chen Y, Wang L, Ji S. ALKBH5 Promotes the Proliferation of Glioma Cells via Enhancing the mRNA Stability of G6PD. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3003-3011. [PMID: 34297301 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the biological role of 6-methyladenine (m6A) methylation in inducing the carcinogenesis of glioma and its proliferation. Relative levels of ALKBH5 and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in glioma tissues and cell lines were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the role of ALKBH5 in mediating proliferation and energy metabolism of glioma cells. The regulatory effect of ALKBH5 on G6PD was analyzed using m6A-qRT-PCR. Our results showed that ALKBH5 was upregulated in glioma, which stimulated glioma cells to proliferate. Serving as a m6A eraser, ALKBH5 demethylated the target transcript G6PD and enhanced its mRNA stability, thereby promoting G6PD translation and activating the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Collectively, ALKBH5 stimulates glioma cells to proliferate through erasing the m6A methylation of G6PD, which can be utilized as a potential therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16, Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China.
| | - Yonghan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16, Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16, Xinhua West Road, Cangzhou, 061001, Hebei, China
| | - Suzhen Ji
- Department of Emergency, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China
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