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Ferreira T, da Costa RMG, Dias F, Gama A, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Oliveira PA, Medeiros R. Exploring the role of microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in canine mammary tumors. GeroScience 2024:10.1007/s11357-024-01260-7. [PMID: 38954129 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) represent a significant health concern in dogs, with a high incidence among intact female dogs. CMTs are a promising comparative model for human breast cancer, due to sharing several pathophysiological features. Additionally, CMTs have a strong genetic correlation with their human counterpart, including the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in post-translational regulation of gene expression, being implicated in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Moreover, miRNAs hold promise as diagnostic, prognostic, and metastatic biomarkers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CMTs is crucial for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatments. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on miRNAs in CMTs, highlighting their roles in carcinogenesis and their potential as biomarkers. Additionally, we highlight the current limitations and critically discuss the overarching challenges in this field, emphasizing the need for future research to translate miRNA findings into veterinary clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Brazil
| | - Francisca Dias
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177, Porto, Portugal.
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal.
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Abdul Manap AS, Wisham AA, Wong FW, Ahmad Najmi HR, Ng ZF, Diba RS. Mapping the function of MicroRNAs as a critical regulator of tumor-immune cell communication in breast cancer and potential treatment strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1390704. [PMID: 38726321 PMCID: PMC11079208 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1390704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among women, breast cancer ranks as the most prevalent form of cancer, and the presence of metastases significantly reduces prognosis and diminishes overall survival rates. Gaining insights into the biological mechanisms governing the conversion of cancer cells, their subsequent spread to other areas of the body, and the immune system's monitoring of tumor growth will contribute to the advancement of more efficient and targeted therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, facilitating tumor cells' evasion of the immune system and promoting cancer progression. Additionally, miRNAs also influence metastasis formation, including the establishment of metastatic sites and the transformation of tumor cells into migratory phenotypes. Specifically, dysregulated expression of these genes has been associated with abnormal expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, thereby facilitating tumor development. This study aims to provide a concise overview of the significance and function of miRNAs in breast cancer, focusing on their involvement as tumor suppressors in the antitumor immune response and as oncogenes in metastasis formation. Furthermore, miRNAs hold tremendous potential as targets for gene therapy due to their ability to modulate specific pathways that can either promote or suppress carcinogenesis. This perspective highlights the latest strategies developed for miRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Syamima Abdul Manap
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fei Wen Wong
- Faculty of Biosciences, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zhi Fei Ng
- Faculty of Biosciences, MAHSA University, Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang D, Yin GH. Non-coding RNAs mediated inflammation in breast cancers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:215-220. [PMID: 37244867 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the major cancer that affects women all over the world. The awareness over past several decades has led to intensive screening and detection as well as successful treatments. Still, the breast cancer mortality is unacceptable and needs to be urgently addressed. Among many factors, inflammation has often been associated with tumorigenesis, including breast cancer. More than a third of all breast cancer deaths are marked by deregulated inflammation. The exact mechanisms are still not completely known but among the many putative factors, the epigenetic changes, particularly those mediated by non-coding RNAs are fascinating. microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs as well as circular RNAs seem to impact the inflammation in breast cancer which further highlights their important regulatory role in breast cancer pathogenesis. Understanding inflammation in breast cancer and its regulation by non-coding RNAs is the primary objective of this review article. We attempt to provide the most complete information on the topic in hopes of opening new areas of research and discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Guang-Hao Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China.
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Harashchenko О. ASSESSMENT OF CIRCULATING miRNA LEVELS IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS DEPENDING ON CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPY. Exp Oncol 2024; 45:451-456. [PMID: 38328845 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.04.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) stands out as the most prevalent cancer in women. The levels of miRNA expression before and after chemotherapy are considered a potential indicator for the prognosis of the disease. AIM To study blood plasma miRNA levels in BC patients and to assess their correlation with the menopausal status, disease stage, and molecular BC subtype. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood plasma levels of 6 miRNAs (miRNA-25, miRNA-27, miRNA-155, miRNA-200, miRNA-335, and miRNA-497) were studied in 70 BC patients and 18 healthy individuals using RT-PCR. RESULTS miRNA-25, miRNA-335, and miRNA-497 levels were significantly higher in BC patients, while a tendency toward a decrease in the miRNA-27 and miRNA-335 levels in premenopausal patients and high miRNA-27 levels in menopausal patients was established. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a decrease in the miRNA-25 and miRNA-335 levels was registered. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that miRNA-25, miRNA-27, miRNA-335, and miRNA-497 deserve attention as markers for assessing the efficacy of treatment of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- О Harashchenko
- R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Nie C, Shaw I, Chen C. Application of microfluidic technology based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering in cancer biomarker detection: A review. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1429-1451. [PMID: 38223444 PMCID: PMC10785256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With the continuous discovery and research of predictive cancer-related biomarkers, liquid biopsy shows great potential in cancer diagnosis. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and microfluidic technology have received much attention among the various cancer biomarker detection methods. The former has ultrahigh detection sensitivity and can provide a unique fingerprint. In contrast, the latter has the characteristics of miniaturization and integration, which can realize accurate control of the detection samples and high-throughput detection through design. Both have the potential for point-of-care testing (POCT), and their combination (lab-on-a-chip SERS (LoC-SERS)) shows good compatibility. In this paper, the basic situation of circulating proteins, circulating tumor cells, exosomes, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and microRNA (miRNA) in the diagnosis of various cancers is reviewed, and the detection research of these biomarkers by the LoC-SERS platform in recent years is described in detail. At the same time, the challenges and future development of the platform are discussed at the end of the review. Summarizing the current technology is expected to provide a reference for scholars engaged in related work and interested in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Nie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ibrahim Shaw
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
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Nogueras Pérez R, Heredia-Nicolás N, de Lara-Peña L, López de Andrés J, Marchal JA, Jiménez G, Griñán-Lisón C. Unraveling the Potential of miRNAs from CSCs as an Emerging Clinical Tool for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16010. [PMID: 37958993 PMCID: PMC10647353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer in women and the second most common cancer globally. Significant advances in BC research have led to improved early detection and effective therapies. One of the key challenges in BC is the presence of BC stem cells (BCSCs). This small subpopulation within the tumor possesses unique characteristics, including tumor-initiating capabilities, contributes to treatment resistance, and plays a role in cancer recurrence and metastasis. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential regulators of BCSCs, which can modulate gene expression and influence cellular processes like BCSCs' self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor-promoting pathways. Understanding the miRNA signatures of BCSCs holds great promise for improving BC diagnosis and prognosis. By targeting BCSCs and their associated miRNAs, researchers aim to develop more effective and personalized treatment strategies that may offer better outcomes for BC patients, minimizing tumor recurrence and metastasis. In conclusion, the investigation of miRNAs as regulators of BCSCs opens new directions for advancing BC research through the use of bioinformatics and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the most recent and innovative studies and clinical trials on the role of BCSCs miRNAs as potential tools for early diagnosis, prognosis, and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Nogueras Pérez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Noelia Heredia-Nicolás
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Laura de Lara-Peña
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Julia López de Andrés
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Jiménez
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Griñán-Lisón
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (R.N.P.); (N.H.-N.); (L.d.L.-P.); (J.L.d.A.); (J.A.M.)
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs. GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Swaminathan H, Saravanamurali K, Yadav SA. Extensive review on breast cancer its etiology, progression, prognostic markers, and treatment. Med Oncol 2023; 40:238. [PMID: 37442848 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
As the most frequent and vulnerable malignancy among women, breast cancer universally manifests a formidable healthcare challenge. From a biological and molecular perspective, it is a heterogenous disease and is stratified based on the etiological factors driving breast carcinogenesis. Notably, genetic predispositions and epigenetic impacts often constitute the heterogeneity of this disease. Typically, breast cancer is classified intrinsically into histological subtypes in clinical landscapes. These stratifications empower physicians to tailor precise treatments among the spectrum of breast cancer therapeutics. In this pursuit, numerous prognostic algorithms are extensively characterized, drastically changing how breast cancer is portrayed. Therefore, it is a basic requisite to comprehend the multidisciplinary rationales of breast cancer to assist the evolution of novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims at highlighting the molecular and genetic grounds of cancer additionally with therapeutic and phytotherapeutic context. Substantially, it also renders researchers with an insight into the breast cancer cell lines as a model paradigm for breast cancer research interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Swaminathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Saravanamurali
- Virus Research and Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, India
| | - Sangilimuthu Alagar Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, 641021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Alsayed RKME, Sheikhan KSAM, Alam MA, Buddenkotte J, Steinhoff M, Uddin S, Ahmad A. Epigenetic programing of cancer stemness by transcription factors-non-coding RNAs interactions. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 92:74-83. [PMID: 37054905 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer 'stemness' is fundamental to cancer existence. It defines the ability of cancer cells to indefinitely perpetuate as well as differentiate. Cancer stem cell populations within a growing tumor also help evade the inhibitory effects of chemo- as well as radiation-therapies, in addition to playing an important role in cancer metastases. NF-κB and STAT-3 are representative transcription factors (TFs) that have long been associated with cancer stemness, thus presenting as attractive targets for cancer therapy. The growing interest in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the recent years has provided further insight into the mechanisms by which TFs influence cancer stem cell characteristics. There is evidence for a direct regulation of TFs by ncRNAs, such as, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as circular RNAs (circRNAs), and vice versa. Additionally, the TF-ncRNAs regulations are often indirect, involving ncRNA-target genes or the sponging of other ncRNA species by individual ncRNAs. The information is rapidly evolving and this review provides a comprehensive review of TF-ncRNAs interactions with implications on cancer stemness and in response to therapies. Such knowledge will help uncover the many levels of tight regulations that control cancer stemness, providing novel opportunities and targets for therapy in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khaled M E Alsayed
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | | | - Majid Ali Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Jorg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Medical School, Doha, 24144, Qatar; Dept. of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
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