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Agboada D, Osnabruegge M, Rethwilm R, Kanig C, Schwitzgebel F, Mack W, Schecklmann M, Seiberl W, Schoisswohl S. Semi-automated motor hotspot search (SAMHS): a framework toward an optimised approach for motor hotspot identification. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1228859. [PMID: 38164193 PMCID: PMC10757939 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1228859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor hotspot identification represents the first step in the determination of the motor threshold and is the basis for the specification of stimulation intensity used for various Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) applications. The level of experimenters' experience and the methodology of motor hotspot identification differ between laboratories. The need for an optimized and time-efficient technique for motor hotspot identification is therefore substantial. Objective With the current work, we present a framework for an optimized and time-efficient semi-automated motor hotspot search (SAMHS) technique utilizing a neuronavigated robot-assisted TMS system (TMS-cobot). Furthermore, we aim to test its practicality and accuracy by a comparison with a manual motor hotspot identification method. Method A total of 32 participants took part in this dual-center study. At both study centers, participants underwent manual hotspot search (MHS) with an experienced TMS researcher, and the novel SAMHS procedure with a TMS-cobot (hereafter, called cobot hotspot search, CHS) in a randomized order. Resting motor threshold (RMT), and stimulus intensity to produce 1 mV (SI1mV) peak-to-peak of motor-evoked potential (MEP), as well as MEPs with 120% RMT and SI1mV were recorded as outcome measures for comparison. Results Compared to the MHS method, the CHS produced lower RMT, lower SI1mV and a trend-wise higher peak-to-peak MEP amplitude in stimulations with SI1mV. The duration of the CHS procedure was longer than that of the MHS (15.60 vs. 2.43 min on average). However, accuracy of the hotspot was higher for the CHS compared to the MHS. Conclusions The SAMHS procedure introduces an optimized motor hotspot determination system that is easy to use, and strikes a fairly good balance between accuracy and speed. This new procedure can thus be deplored by experienced as well as beginner-level TMS researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Agboada
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Mirja Osnabruegge
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roman Rethwilm
- Institute of Sport Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Carolina Kanig
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Schwitzgebel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Mack
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schecklmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Seiberl
- Institute of Sport Science, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schoisswohl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Forearm and Hand Muscles Exhibit High Coactivation and Overlapping of Cortical Motor Representations. Brain Topogr 2022; 35:322-336. [PMID: 35262840 PMCID: PMC9098558 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-022-00893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most of the motor mapping procedures using navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) follow the conventional somatotopic organization of the primary motor cortex (M1) by assessing the representation of a particular target muscle, disregarding the possible coactivation of synergistic muscles. In turn, multiple reports describe a functional organization of the M1 with an overlapping among motor representations acting together to execute movements. In this context, the overlap degree among cortical representations of synergistic hand and forearm muscles remains an open question. This study aimed to evaluate the muscle coactivation and representation overlapping common to the grasping movement and its dependence on the stimulation parameters. The nTMS motor maps were obtained from one carpal muscle and two intrinsic hand muscles during rest. We quantified the overlapping motor maps in size (area and volume overlap degree) and topography (similarity and centroid Euclidean distance) parameters. We demonstrated that these muscle representations are highly overlapped and similar in shape. The overlap degrees involving the forearm muscle were significantly higher than only among the intrinsic hand muscles. Moreover, the stimulation intensity had a stronger effect on the size compared to the topography parameters. Our study contributes to a more detailed cortical motor representation towards a synergistic, functional arrangement of M1. Understanding the muscle group coactivation may provide more accurate motor maps when delineating the eloquent brain tissue during pre-surgical planning.
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Sanada T, Kapeller C, Jordan M, Grünwald J, Mitsuhashi T, Ogawa H, Anei R, Guger C. Multi-modal Mapping of the Face Selective Ventral Temporal Cortex-A Group Study With Clinical Implications for ECS, ECoG, and fMRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:616591. [PMID: 33828468 PMCID: PMC8020907 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.616591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Face recognition is impaired in patients with prosopagnosia, which may occur as a side effect of neurosurgical procedures. Face selective regions on the ventral temporal cortex have been localized with electrical cortical stimulation (ECS), electrocorticography (ECoG), and functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI). This is the first group study using within-patient comparisons to validate face selective regions mapping, utilizing the aforementioned modalities. Five patients underwent surgical treatment of intractable epilepsy and joined the study. Subdural grid electrodes were implanted on their ventral temporal cortices to localize seizure foci and face selective regions as part of the functional mapping protocol. Face selective regions were identified in all patients with fMRI, four patients with ECoG, and two patients with ECS. From 177 tested electrode locations in the region of interest (ROI), which is defined by the fusiform gyrus and the inferior temporal gyrus, 54 face locations were identified by at least one modality in all patients. fMRI mapping showed the highest detection rate, revealing 70.4% for face selective locations, whereas ECoG and ECS identified 64.8 and 31.5%, respectively. Thus, 28 face locations were co-localized by at least two modalities, with detection rates of 89.3% for fMRI, 85.7% for ECoG and 53.6 % for ECS. All five patients had no face recognition deficits after surgery, even though five of the face selective locations, one obtained by ECoG and the other four by fMRI, were within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Moreover, fMRI included a quite large volume artifact on the ventral temporal cortex in the ROI from the anatomical structures of the temporal base. In conclusion, ECS was not sensitive in several patients, whereas ECoG and fMRI even showed activation within 10 mm to the resected volumes. Considering the potential signal drop-out in fMRI makes ECoG the most reliable tool to identify face selective locations in this study. A multimodal approach can improve the specificity of ECoG and fMRI, while simultaneously minimizing the number of required ECS sessions. Hence, all modalities should be considered in a clinical mapping protocol entailing combined results of co-localized face selective locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nayoro City General Hospital, Nayoro, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christoph Kapeller
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Schiedlberg, Austria.,Guger Technologies OG, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Jordan
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Schiedlberg, Austria.,Guger Technologies OG, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Grünwald
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Schiedlberg, Austria.,Guger Technologies OG, Graz, Austria
| | - Takumi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hiroshi Ogawa
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryogo Anei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Christoph Guger
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Schiedlberg, Austria.,Guger Technologies OG, Graz, Austria
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Hehl M, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Alterations of hand sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations over the adult lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4617-4640. [PMID: 32160591 PMCID: PMC7093194 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a cross sectional design, we aimed to identify the effect of aging on sensorimotor function and cortical motor representations of two intrinsic hand muscles, as well as the course and timing of those changes. Furthermore, the link between cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and intracortical inhibition and facilitation was investigated. Seventy-seven participants over the full adult lifespan were enrolled. For the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle, cortical motor representations, GABAA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and glutamate-mediated intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dominant primary motor cortex. Additionally, participants' dexterity and force were measured. Linear, polynomial, and piecewise linear regression analyses were conducted to identify the course and timing of age-related differences. Our results demonstrated variation in sensorimotor function over the lifespan, with a marked decline starting around the mid-thirties. Furthermore, an age-related reduction in cortical motor representation volume and maximal MEP of the FDI, but not for ADM, was observed, occurring mainly until the mid-forties. Area of the cortical motor representation did not change with advancing age. Furthermore, cortical motor representations, sensorimotor function, and measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation were not interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Hehl
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P. Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Li WQ, Lin T, Li X, Jing YH, Wu C, Li MN, Ding Q, Lan Y, Xu GQ. TMS brain mapping of the pharyngeal cortical representation in healthy subjects. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:891-899. [PMID: 32289722 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain mapping is fundamental to understanding brain organization and function. However, a major drawback to the traditional Brodmann parcellation technique is the reliance on the use of postmortem specimens. It has therefore historically been difficult to make any comparison regarding functional data from different regions or hemispheres within the same individual. Moreover, this method has been significant limited by subjective boundaries and classification criteria and therefore suffer from reproducibility issues. The development of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers an alternative approach to brain mapping, specifically the motor cortical regions by eliciting quantifiable functional reactions. OBJECTIVE To precisely describe the motor cortical topographic representation of pharyngeal constrictor musculature using TMS and to further map the brain for use as a tool to study brain plasticity. METHODS 51 healthy subjects (20 male/31 female, 19-26 years old) were tested using single-pulse TMS combined with intraluminal catheter-guided high-resolution manometry and a standardized grid cap. We investigated various parameters of the motor-evoked potential (MEP) that include the motor map area, amplitude, latency, center of gravity (CoG) and asymmetry index. RESULTS Cortically evoked response latencies were similar for the left and right hemispheres at 6.79 ± 0.22 and 7.24 ± 0.27 ms, respectively. The average scalp positions (relative to the vertex) of the pharyngeal motor cortical representation were 10.40 ± 0.19 (SE) cm medio-lateral and 3.20 ± 0.20 (SE) cm antero-posterior in the left hemisphere and 9.65 ± 0.24 (SE) cm medio-lateral and 3.18 ± 0.23 (SE) cm antero-posterior in the right hemisphere. The mean motor map area of the pharynx in the left and right hemispheres were 9.22 ± 0.85(SE) cm2and 10.12 ± 1.24(SE) cm2, respectively. The amplitudes of the MEPs were 35.94 ± 1.81(SE)uV in the left hemisphere and 34.49 ± 1.95(SE)uV in the right hemisphere. By comparison, subtle but consistent differences in the degree of the bilateral hemispheric representation were also apparent both between and within individuals. CONCLUSION The swallowing musculature has a bilateral motor cortical representation across individuals, but is largely asymmetric within single subjects. These results suggest that TMS mapping using a guided intra-pharyngeal EMG catheter combined with a standardized gridded cap might be a useful tool to localize brain function/dysfunction by linking brain activation to the corresponding physical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuo Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying-Hua Jing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Ni Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guang-Qing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.
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Kreidenhuber R, De Tiège X, Rampp S. Presurgical Functional Cortical Mapping Using Electromagnetic Source Imaging. Front Neurol 2019; 10:628. [PMID: 31249552 PMCID: PMC6584755 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preoperative localization of functionally eloquent cortex (functional cortical mapping) is common clinical practice in order to avoid or reduce postoperative morbidity. This review aims at providing a general overview of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) based methods and their clinical role as compared to common alternatives for functional cortical mapping of (1) verbal language function, (2) sensorimotor cortex, (3) memory, (4) visual, and (5) auditory cortex. We highlight strengths, weaknesses and limitations of these functional cortical mapping modalities based on findings in the recent literature. We also compare their performance relative to other non-invasive functional cortical mapping methods, such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and to invasive methods like the intracarotid Amobarbital Test (WADA-Test) or intracranial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kreidenhuber
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionelle du Cerveau, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Rampp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
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Charalambous CC, Dean JC, Adkins DL, Hanlon CA, Bowden MG. Characterizing the corticomotor connectivity of the bilateral ankle muscles during rest and isometric contraction in healthy adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 41:9-18. [PMID: 29715530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The investigation of the corticomotor connectivity (CMC) to leg muscles is an emerging research area, and establishing reliability of measures is critical. This study examined the measurement reliability and the differences between bilateral soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) CMC in 21 neurologically intact adults. Using single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), each muscle's CMC was assessed twice (7 ± 2 days apart) during rest and active conditions. CMC was quantified using a standardized battery of eight measures (4/condition): motor threshold during resting (RMT), motor evoked potential amplitude and latency (raw and normalized to height) in both conditions, contralateral silent period (CSP) during active. Using two reliability metrics (intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation of method error; good reliability: ≥0.75 and ≤15, respectively) and repeated-measures ANOVA, we investigated the reliability and Muscle X Body Side interaction. For both muscles, RMT, resting raw and normalized latencies, and active raw latency demonstrated good reliability, while CSP had good reliability only for TA. Amplitude did not demonstrate good reliability for both muscles. SOL CMC was significantly different from TA CMC for all measures but CSP; body side had no significant effect. Therefore, only certain measures may reliably quantify SOL and TA CMC while different CMC (except CSP) between SOL and TA suggests dissimilar corticospinal drive to each muscle regardless of the side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos C Charalambous
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Jesse C Dean
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - DeAnna L Adkins
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mark G Bowden
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Martins ARS, Fregni F, Simis M, Almeida J. Neuromodulation as a cognitive enhancement strategy in healthy older adults: promises and pitfalls. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2016; 24:158-185. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2016.1176986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zehr EP. Future think: cautiously optimistic about brain augmentation using tissue engineering and machine interface. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:72. [PMID: 26042003 PMCID: PMC4436819 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E Paul Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria BC, Canada ; School of Exercise Science, Physical, and Health Education, University of Victoria Victoria, BC, Canada ; Zanshin Consulting, Inc. Victoria, BC, Canada
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