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Piredda M, Sguanci M, De Maria M, Petrucci G, Usai M, Fiorini J, De Marinis MG. Nurses' evidence-based knowledge and self-efficacy in venous access device insertion and management: Development and validation of a questionnaire. Nurs Open 2024; 11:e2177. [PMID: 38967938 PMCID: PMC11225607 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop and psychometrically test an instrument to assess nurses' evidence-based knowledge and self-efficacy regarding insertion and management of venous access devices (short peripheral catheter (SPC), long peripheral catheter/midline (LPC) and PICC) and the management of totally implantable central venous catheter (Port) in adult patients. DESIGN Multicenter cross-sectional observational study with questionnaire development and psychometric testing (validity and reliability). METHODS An evidence-based instrument was developed including a 34-item knowledge section and an 81-item self-efficacy section including four device-specific parts. Nineteen experts evaluated content validity. A pilot study was conducted with 86 nurses. Difficulty and discrimination indices were calculated for knowledge items. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the dimensionality of the self-efficacy section according to the development model. Construct validity was tested through known group validity. Reliability was evaluated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for unidimensional scales and omega coefficients for multidimensional scales. RESULTS Content validity indices and results from the pilot study were excellent with all the item-content validity indices >0.78 and scale-content validity index ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. The survey was completed by 425 nurses. Difficulty and discrimination indices for knowledge items were acceptable with most items (58.8%) showing desirable difficulty and most items (58.8%) with excellent (35.3%) or good (23.5%) discrimination power, and appropriate to the content. The dimensionality of the model posited for self-efficacy was confirmed with adequate fit indices (e.g., comparative fit index range 0.984-0.996, root mean square error of approximation range 0.054-0.073). Construct validity was determined and reliability was excellent with alpha values ranging from 0.843 to 0.946 and omega coefficients ranging from 0.833 to 0.933. Therefore, a valid and reliable tool based on updated guidelines is made available to evaluate nurses' competencies for venous access insertion and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Piredda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit Nursing ScienceCampus Bio‐Medico di Roma UniversityRomeItaly
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit Nursing in Palliative CareFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio‐MedicoRomeItaly
| | - Marco Sguanci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit Nursing ScienceCampus Bio‐Medico di Roma UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Maddalena De Maria
- Department of Life Health Sciences and Health ProfessionsLink Campus UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Giorgia Petrucci
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversità Campus Bio‐Medico di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Matteo Usai
- Department of Biomedicine and PreventionTor Vergata UniversityRomeItaly
| | - Jacopo Fiorini
- Department of Nursing ProfessionsUniversity Hospital of Tor VergataRomeItaly
| | - Maria Grazia De Marinis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit Nursing ScienceCampus Bio‐Medico di Roma UniversityRomeItaly
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Unit Nursing in Palliative CareFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio‐MedicoRomeItaly
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Hart C, Weathers E. Near-infrared technology for improved PIVC placement: a clinical technology implementation model. BRITISH JOURNAL OF NURSING (MARK ALLEN PUBLISHING) 2024; 33:S10-S17. [PMID: 38578938 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2024.33.7.s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To share lessons learned from an evidence-based practice (EBP) initiative that implemented near-infrared (NIR) technology in a large US hospital system. A Clinical Technology Implementation Model (CTIM©) that can be adapted for use in other health institutions is presented. BACKGROUND EBP implementation, including the adoption of new cutting-edge technologies, is crucial to improving patient care. Yet there are significant delays in changes to clinical practice, often due to organisational challenges that stifle the implementation process. The evidence-practice gap is increasingly evident in peripheral intravenous access (PIV). Implementation science offers new insights into the challenges of updating clinical practice, which can support EBP implementation. EVALUATION Recent literature on implementation science, change theory, PIV access, NIR technology, and patient outcomes were reviewed. A model that can help nurse managers implement technology that aligns with EBP is presented, drawing on experience from the adoption of NIR vein visualisation to enhance PIV access in a large US hospital system. KEY ISSUE A pervasive hesitancy in healthcare to embrace technology, coupled with the challenges of implementing a change to practice, has led to limited application of EBP PIV access guidelines and a stagnant standard of care. CONCLUSION This article provides nurse managers with the tools necessary to successfully implement EBP, drawing on the experience from implementing NIR in a large US hospital. Nurse managers are uniquely positioned to lead the way in embracing technology to improve care and reduce the evidence-practice gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hart
- Registered Nurse, DIVA Team, Trinity Health Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, and at the time of writing was a Registered Nurse at Swedish Medical Center First Hill Campus, Marysville, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Weathers
- Associate Professor in General Nursing, University College Dublin, Ireland, and former Director of Medical and Clinical Affairs, AccuVein Inc, USA
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Hernon O, McSharry E, Simpkin AJ, MacLaren I, Carr PJ. Evaluating Nursing Students' Venipuncture and Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation Knowledge, Attitude, and Performance: A Two-Phase Evaluation Study. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2024; 47:108-119. [PMID: 38422404 PMCID: PMC10916751 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral intravenous cannulation and venipuncture are among the most common invasive procedures in health care and are not without risks or complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current training provided to nursing and midwifery undergraduate students. Student knowledge, attitude, practice, and performance regarding these procedural skills were assessed. A knowledge, attitude, and practices survey was disseminated to final year nursing and midwifery students as the first phase of this study. For the second phase of the study, nursing students were video recorded and then observed performing the skill of peripheral intravenous cannulation in a simulated environment. Thirty-eight nursing and midwifery students completed the survey, and 66 nursing students participated in the observation study. Descriptive statistics were performed. The mean knowledge score was 7.2 out of 15.0, (standard deviation [SD] = 2.4), and the mean attitude score was 10.20 out of 18.00 (SD = 4.79). Qualitative data from the survey were categorized to demonstrate specific areas of focus for improving the training. The mean performance score was 16.20 out of 28.00 (SD = 2.98). This study provides valuable input to developing and enhancing evidence-based curricula. It can help educators and supervisors, in both academic and clinical settings, identify areas where clinical performance and education could be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlaith Hernon
- Corresponding Author: Orlaith Hernon, RGN, RCN, RNT, BSc, PgDip, MSc, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, University Road, Co. Galway, Ireland H91 TK33 ()
| | - Edel McSharry
- School of Nursing and Midwifery (Ms Hernon and Dr Carr), School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (Dr Simpkin), and Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching (Dr MacLaren), University of Galway, County Galway, Ireland; School of Nursing Health Science & Disability Studies ATU St Angela's, County Sligo, Ireland (Dr McSharry)
- Orlaith Hernon, RGN, RCN, RNT, BSc, PgDip, MSc, is a registered general nurse, children's nurse, and nurse tutor. She is currently a PhD candidate in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and was awarded a PhD scholarship in the area of teaching and learning technologies
- Edel McSharry, RN, RNT, BNSc, MSc, EdD, qualified as a registered general nurse in 1986. Her clinical background was in medical surgical and critical care areas. Since 1998 she has held the roles of lecturer, programme director, head of school, and college president and has taught, devised, and managed the delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Her research interests include clinical education, preceptorship, use of technology in education, internationalization, and intercultural competencies
- Andrew J. Simpkin, BA, PhD, is an associate professor of statistics at the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Galway. His research focuses on longitudinal data analysis, functional data analysis, genomics, and data science. Dr. Simpkin has developed new methods for modeling high-dimensional data using functional data analysis and models for epigenetic change in genomics research, which are now used worldwide
- Iain MacLaren, BSc (Hons), PhD, is the director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching at the University of Galway. His research interests are in teaching methods, technologies, and policy in higher education. He is a graduate of Edinburgh and Durham universities
- Peter J. Carr, RN, BSc, MMedSc, PhD, is an associate professor with the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and an adjunct senior research fellow with the AVATAR group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia. He is a vascular access clinician and clinical researcher
| | - Andrew J. Simpkin
- School of Nursing and Midwifery (Ms Hernon and Dr Carr), School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (Dr Simpkin), and Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching (Dr MacLaren), University of Galway, County Galway, Ireland; School of Nursing Health Science & Disability Studies ATU St Angela's, County Sligo, Ireland (Dr McSharry)
- Orlaith Hernon, RGN, RCN, RNT, BSc, PgDip, MSc, is a registered general nurse, children's nurse, and nurse tutor. She is currently a PhD candidate in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and was awarded a PhD scholarship in the area of teaching and learning technologies
- Edel McSharry, RN, RNT, BNSc, MSc, EdD, qualified as a registered general nurse in 1986. Her clinical background was in medical surgical and critical care areas. Since 1998 she has held the roles of lecturer, programme director, head of school, and college president and has taught, devised, and managed the delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Her research interests include clinical education, preceptorship, use of technology in education, internationalization, and intercultural competencies
- Andrew J. Simpkin, BA, PhD, is an associate professor of statistics at the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Galway. His research focuses on longitudinal data analysis, functional data analysis, genomics, and data science. Dr. Simpkin has developed new methods for modeling high-dimensional data using functional data analysis and models for epigenetic change in genomics research, which are now used worldwide
- Iain MacLaren, BSc (Hons), PhD, is the director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching at the University of Galway. His research interests are in teaching methods, technologies, and policy in higher education. He is a graduate of Edinburgh and Durham universities
- Peter J. Carr, RN, BSc, MMedSc, PhD, is an associate professor with the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and an adjunct senior research fellow with the AVATAR group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia. He is a vascular access clinician and clinical researcher
| | - Iain MacLaren
- School of Nursing and Midwifery (Ms Hernon and Dr Carr), School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (Dr Simpkin), and Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching (Dr MacLaren), University of Galway, County Galway, Ireland; School of Nursing Health Science & Disability Studies ATU St Angela's, County Sligo, Ireland (Dr McSharry)
- Orlaith Hernon, RGN, RCN, RNT, BSc, PgDip, MSc, is a registered general nurse, children's nurse, and nurse tutor. She is currently a PhD candidate in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and was awarded a PhD scholarship in the area of teaching and learning technologies
- Edel McSharry, RN, RNT, BNSc, MSc, EdD, qualified as a registered general nurse in 1986. Her clinical background was in medical surgical and critical care areas. Since 1998 she has held the roles of lecturer, programme director, head of school, and college president and has taught, devised, and managed the delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Her research interests include clinical education, preceptorship, use of technology in education, internationalization, and intercultural competencies
- Andrew J. Simpkin, BA, PhD, is an associate professor of statistics at the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Galway. His research focuses on longitudinal data analysis, functional data analysis, genomics, and data science. Dr. Simpkin has developed new methods for modeling high-dimensional data using functional data analysis and models for epigenetic change in genomics research, which are now used worldwide
- Iain MacLaren, BSc (Hons), PhD, is the director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching at the University of Galway. His research interests are in teaching methods, technologies, and policy in higher education. He is a graduate of Edinburgh and Durham universities
- Peter J. Carr, RN, BSc, MMedSc, PhD, is an associate professor with the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and an adjunct senior research fellow with the AVATAR group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia. He is a vascular access clinician and clinical researcher
| | - Peter J. Carr
- School of Nursing and Midwifery (Ms Hernon and Dr Carr), School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences (Dr Simpkin), and Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching (Dr MacLaren), University of Galway, County Galway, Ireland; School of Nursing Health Science & Disability Studies ATU St Angela's, County Sligo, Ireland (Dr McSharry)
- Orlaith Hernon, RGN, RCN, RNT, BSc, PgDip, MSc, is a registered general nurse, children's nurse, and nurse tutor. She is currently a PhD candidate in the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and was awarded a PhD scholarship in the area of teaching and learning technologies
- Edel McSharry, RN, RNT, BNSc, MSc, EdD, qualified as a registered general nurse in 1986. Her clinical background was in medical surgical and critical care areas. Since 1998 she has held the roles of lecturer, programme director, head of school, and college president and has taught, devised, and managed the delivery of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Her research interests include clinical education, preceptorship, use of technology in education, internationalization, and intercultural competencies
- Andrew J. Simpkin, BA, PhD, is an associate professor of statistics at the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Galway. His research focuses on longitudinal data analysis, functional data analysis, genomics, and data science. Dr. Simpkin has developed new methods for modeling high-dimensional data using functional data analysis and models for epigenetic change in genomics research, which are now used worldwide
- Iain MacLaren, BSc (Hons), PhD, is the director of the Centre for Excellence in Learning & Teaching at the University of Galway. His research interests are in teaching methods, technologies, and policy in higher education. He is a graduate of Edinburgh and Durham universities
- Peter J. Carr, RN, BSc, MMedSc, PhD, is an associate professor with the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Galway, and an adjunct senior research fellow with the AVATAR group, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia. He is a vascular access clinician and clinical researcher
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Torné-Ruiz A, Reguant M, Sanromà-Ortiz M, Piriz M, Roca J, García-Expósito J. Assessment, Treatment, and Follow-Up of Phlebitis Related to Peripheral Venous Catheterisation: A Delphi Study in Spain. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:378. [PMID: 38338263 PMCID: PMC10855708 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebitis related to peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) is a common complication in patients who require these devices and can have important consequences for the patients and the healthcare system. The management and control of the PVC-associated complications is related to nursing competency. The present study aims to determine, at the national level in Spain, the consensus on the assessment, treatment, and follow-up of PVC-related phlebitis and the importance of the actions taken. METHOD A three-round Delphi technique was used with clinical care nurses who are experts in the field of in-hospital intravenous treatment in Spain. For this, an online questionnaire was developed with three open-ended questions on the dimensions of phlebitis assessment, treatment, and follow-up. For the statistical analysis of the results, frequencies and percentages were used to determine consensus, and the measures of central tendency (mean, standard deviation, and the coefficient of variation) were used to rank importance. The coefficient of variation was set as acceptable at ≤30%. RESULTS The final sample was 27 expert nurses. At the conclusion of round 3, actions were ranked according to their importance, with six items included in the PVC-related phlebitis assessment (symptomatology/observation, redness, the Maddox scale, induration, temperature, and pain), two in treatment (catheter removal, pentosan polysulphate sodium ointment + application of cold), and just one in follow-up (general monitoring + temperature control). CONCLUSIONS There is a major disparity in relation to the PVC-related phlebitis assessment, treatment, and follow-up actions. More clinical studies are therefore needed to minimise the complications associated with the use of PVCs, given their impact on the quality of care and patient safety and their economic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Torné-Ruiz
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25199 Lleida, Spain; (A.T.-R.); (M.S.-O.); (J.G.-E.)
- Hospital Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, 08243 Manresa, Spain
| | - Mercedes Reguant
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Montserrat Sanromà-Ortiz
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25199 Lleida, Spain; (A.T.-R.); (M.S.-O.); (J.G.-E.)
- Blanquerna School of Health Science, Ramon Llull University, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Piriz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Roca
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25199 Lleida, Spain; (A.T.-R.); (M.S.-O.); (J.G.-E.)
- Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Health Education, Nursing, Sustainability and Innovation Research Group (GREISI), 25199 Lleida, Spain
| | - Judith García-Expósito
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 25199 Lleida, Spain; (A.T.-R.); (M.S.-O.); (J.G.-E.)
- Group Preving, 03003 Alicante, Spain
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Xu HG, Rickard CM, Takashima M, Butterfield M, Pink E, Ullman AJ. Exploring Australian emergency department clinicians' knowledge, attitudes and adherence to the national peripheral intravenous catheter clinical care standard: A cross-sectional national survey. Emerg Med Australas 2023; 35:759-770. [PMID: 37062587 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to (i) capture clinicians' knowledge, attitude and adherence to the first Australian national peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) Clinical Care Standard, (ii) examine the instrument performance of the knowledge related questions and (iii) explore the educational needs for, and barriers to, Standard adherence among Australian ED clinicians. METHODS A cross-sectional national online survey was conducted from March to June 2022, using a snowball sampling method. The survey used 5-point Likert scales and multiple-choice questions to capture respondents' knowledge, attitude and adherence to the Standard as well as the educational needs for, and barriers to, Standard adherence. RESULTS In total, 433 ED nurses and doctors responded. Although nearly half (n = 206, 47.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 55.5-65.8) of respondents claimed that they were unfamiliar with the Standard, questions on PIVC knowledge yielded that most respondents had adequate knowledge of most of the key standards. Respondents' attitudes towards multiple intravenous insertion attempts and ongoing PIVC competency monitoring are not in agreement with the Standard. Self-reported practices regarding routine insertion of idle catheters (55%; 95% CI 49.9-59.9), using antecubital fossa as the first insertion site (84%; 95% CI 80-87), insertion without confidence (46%; 95% CI 41.2-51.1) and lack of routine reviewing the ongoing needs of PIVC (40%; 95% CI 35.3-45.1) were not aligned with the Standard. Unawareness of the Standard and non-practical recommendations were rated as the top barriers to Standard adherence. CONCLUSION The findings of the survey suggest that the Standard may need modification to align with the needs of ED clinicians. Future studies need to explore the applicability and relevancy of some recommendations in the ED settings as they may cause low adherence to the Standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Grace Xu
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire M Rickard
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Metro North Health and School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mari Takashima
- School of Medicine, Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Butterfield
- Emergency Department, Logan Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edward Pink
- Emergency Department, Queen Elizabeth II Jubilee Hospital, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda J Ullman
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Wiser Wound Care, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Özsaban A, Bayram A. A content validity, reliability and quality analysis of peripheral intravenous catheterization videos on YouTube™. J Vasc Access 2023:11297298231186374. [PMID: 37586014 DOI: 10.1177/11297298231186374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND YouTube™ has become a potential way to integrate technology into nursing curriculum and acquire skills. However, it is important to review the accuracy of the information contained in YouTube™. This study was conducted to evaluate the content validity, reliability and quality of YouTube™ videos on peripheral intravenous catheterization. METHODS In this descriptive study, videos were searched using the keyword 'Peripheral Venous Catheter'. The content validity, reliability and quality of the videos were evaluated using the 'Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization Insertion Skill Form', 'DISCERN Questionnaire', 'Global Quality Scale', respectively. These videos were categorized by their theme, upload source, technical features and analysed statistically. RESULTS Of the 48 videos, 38 (79.2%) classified as an useful video, 24 (50%) were uploaded by medical educational platforms and 28 (58.3%) had an average technical feature. There was a statistically significant difference between the reliability, quality, content validity scores by the video theme (p < 0.05). The content validity, reliability and quality score of useful videos were higher than misleading videos. In addition, pairwise comparisons indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the content validity, reliability and quality scores of Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization demonstrated on a person or a mannequin were higher than those applied with ultrasonography (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS As a result of the reviewing of the videos, it was determined that these videos provided useful content. Despite this positive result, some videos provide risky information for patient safety due to issues such as ignoring the asepsis principles and not including proper Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization steps. It may be recommended to consider the Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization steps and patient safety principles in international guidelines in the preparation of videos showing the Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Özsaban
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Aysun Bayram
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
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Cicolini G, Comparcini D, Simonetti V, Maria Papappicco CA, Unsworth J, Tomietto M. Nurses' knowledge and self-assessment of their clinical experiences of intraosseous access: A multicentre cross-sectional study. Int Emerg Nurs 2023; 69:101314. [PMID: 37352644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ienj.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraosseous access is an effective and safe option when difficult vascular access occurs. The knowledge, competence, and clinical experience of nurses are collectively essential for the successful implementation of this approach in clinical practice. Education and clinical learning are the main pillars supporting this new practice to ensure patient safety. The aim of this study was to identify the nurses' knowledge and clinical experience of intraosseous access and the factors associated with the adoption of this procedure. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2020. A convenience sample of 432 nurses from four Italian hospitals were involved. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the nurses' knowledge of the intraosseous access guidelines and their clinical experience. RESULTS Most participants were female (71.5%) with more than 10 years of experience (63.7%) working in an emergency (38.9%) and medical (37.7%) setting. Most of the participants demonstrated their knowledge of the use of a device e.g., it is used if vascular access is not rapidly achieved in a child (83.1%) and the boluses of liquids required in the intraosseous procedure (72.7%). A few participants reported having placed intraosseous access (3.5%). A higher level of educational preparation and working in emergency and paediatric settings were associated with increased knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlighted a sub-optimal level of knowledge of the IO procedure, little experience of this practice in clinical contexts, also associated with a lack of adequate protocols and devices available to nurses. Nurses need to develop their knowledge and practice the skill clinically to embed this practice. University and nurse educators should emphasise the relevance of this practice in nursing education and training, so as to improve the nursing care practice and level of patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cicolini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Dania Comparcini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | - John Unsworth
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Marco Tomietto
- Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Visiting Professor, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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Adaptation and validation of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and care practices audit tools. Int J Nurs Sci 2022; 9:179-186. [PMID: 35509701 PMCID: PMC9052259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to describe the translation process and establish the validity of the three instruments in Indonesian to assess pediatric peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion and care practices. Methods The six-step forward and backward translation method was used to translate the adapted questionnaires. The English version questionnaires included the point prevalence audit checklist, the nurse survey consisting of the nurse PIVC knowledge questionnaire and the nurse PIVC confidence questionnaire, plus a Patient/parent Experience Survey. Data collection was conducted in Indonesia between October 2019 and February 2020. In total, there were six translators (two for each instrument), nine-panel vascular access experts (three for each instrument), and 30 participants (ten for each instrument) of the target population involved in the translation and validation of the three instruments. Three-panel experts rated the content relevance of each instrument using a four-point rating scale. Item level and scale level content validity index and kappa index were calculated. Ten-panel members of the target population evaluated each questionnaire regarding feasibility, clarity, logical sequence, and formatting. Qualitative comments from the panel were also reviewed. Results The translation process indicated relatively low discrepancies between translators except for semantic equivalence. There were nine, eight, and one semantic discrepancies found in the forward translation of the point prevalence audit checklist, nurse survey, and patient/parent experience survey. The semantic discrepancies were less prevalent in the backward translation, with only one, three, and two items reported during the process. The item validity index for all of the three instruments showed relatively high agreement between experts (I-CVI > 0.78, S-CVI/Ave >0.90, S-CVI/UA > 0.70, and kappa index >0.74). The face validity was established with the panel reporting that the three instruments were easy to understand and presented logically. However, some re-formatting of the nurse survey and patient/parent experience survey were needed to avoid ambiguity and confusion for the participants. Conclusions The results indicate that the translated three survey instruments that had been widely used in other developed countries show good content validity in the Indonesian context. They can be used as a reference for further testing in different countries and contribute to understanding the pediatric PIVC audit tools used in future clinical research.
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Indarwati F, Munday J, Keogh S. Nurse knowledge and confidence on peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and maintenance in pediatric patients: A multicentre cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 62:10-16. [PMID: 34798582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine nursing knowledge and confidence of peripheral intravenous catheter insertion and maintenance in pediatric patients. DESIGN AND METHODS An online survey using validated questionnaires was conducted in ten (tertiary and district) hospitals in Indonesia from May to September 2020. Multivariable general linear models were used to investigate associations between nurses' characteristics and knowledge and confidence on the catheter insertion and maintenance score. RESULTS A total of 413 out of 458 pediatric nurses completed the survey (a response rate of 90%). The mean score of the nurse knowledge on insertion was 18.9(±3.3) (maximum score: 21), and the maintenance score was 6.5(±2.0) (maximum score: 12). The median score of the nurse insertion and maintenance confidence was quite high: 44 (IQR = 7) out of 50 and 37 (IQR = 4) out of 45, respectively. Initial patient assessment, catheter securement, site assessment and management of complications are areas where nurse knowledge and confidence are still lacking. Adjusted analysis indicates that training and work experience were significantly associated with the knowledge and confidence score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pediatric nurses were largely confident in their skills but this was not reflected in their knowledge scores. Training and experience were important predictors for nursing knowledge and confidence in catheter insertion and maintenance. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The results provide nursing and hospital managers and educational institutions to understand areas of intravenous catheter insertion and maintenance in which nurses lack of knowledge and confidence as well as to formulate tailored and ongoing training to improve nurse knowledge, confidence, practices and optimize patients' care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferika Indarwati
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Judy Munday
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway; Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Samantha Keogh
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health, School of Nursing, Centre for Healthcare Transformation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Alliance of Vascular Access Teaching and Research Group, Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
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García-Expósito J, Reguant M, Canet-Vélez O, Ruiz Mata F, Botigué T, Roca J. Evidence of learning on the insertion and care of peripheral venous catheters in nursing students: A mixed study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2021; 107:105157. [PMID: 34624618 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1) To assess nursing students' evidence-based knowledge on the use of PVCs, and 2) to examine the perception of learning and teaching strategies aimed at this skill. BACKGROUND Insertion and care of Peripheral Venous Catheters (PVCs) are essential skills in undergraduate nursing education. Appropriate knowledge of this skill is crucial to improve clinical practice and patient safety. Therefore, training becomes an enabler for safe practice. DESIGN A multi-centre convergent parallel mixed-methods. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 675 second-, third- and fourth-year nursing students from 3 nursing schools took part in the study. METHODS Quantitative data collection used a validated 15-question survey on knowledge of PVC management, and a descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out. Qualitative data were collected via a questionnaire consisting of 4 open-ended questions assessing knowledge, teaching methodologies and scenarios, and points for improvement. RESULTS Most participants were female (74.04%), with a mean age of 22.45 (SD = 4.65), who had no experience in the health field (61.8%). They obtained a mean knowledge score of 7.27 (SD = 2.64) out of 15. The students who obtained higher scores had a mean professional experience of 7.96, SD = 2.66 (p 0.000) and were in their final year, with a mean of 8.59, SD = 2.56, (p 0.000). On the other hand, the students assessed their knowledge as basic but improving year by year. They also identified a need to apply more active and experiential methodologies that would allow for reflection. CONCLUSION Level of educational level and experience is associated with increased knowledge. In order to improve knowledge, changes must be made in the training process to incorporate methodologies such as simulation and online training. There is a need to develop programmes that favour the alignment of theory with clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-Expósito
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 2 Montserrat Roig, St., 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mercedes Reguant
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education, University of Barcelona, 171 Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, St., 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olga Canet-Vélez
- Faculty of Health Sciences Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Spain; Global Health, Gender and Society Research Group (GHenderS), 326-332 Padilla, St, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisca Ruiz Mata
- School of Nursing Gimbernat, University Autònoma de Barcelona, Av. De la Generalitat, 202-206, 08174 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Botigué
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 2 Montserrat Roig, St., 25198 Lleida, Spain; Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, 80 Alcalde Rovira Roure, St., 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Judith Roca
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Lleida, 2 Montserrat Roig, St., 25198 Lleida, Spain; Health Care Research Group (GRECS), Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida, 80 Alcalde Rovira Roure, St., 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Hawker C, Gould D, Courtenay M, Edwards D. Undergraduate nursing students' education and training in aseptic technique: A mixed methods systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2021; 78:63-77. [PMID: 34258782 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To appraise and synthesize empirical studies exploring undergraduate nursing students' education and training in aseptic technique. DESIGN Mixed methods, systematic literature review adopting Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. DATA SOURCES Thirteen electronic databases were searched 1996-2020, followed by searches with a general browser, hand-searching key journals and reviewing reference lists of retrieved papers. REVIEW METHODS Potentially eligible papers were scrutinised by two reviewers. Those eligible were critically appraised and quality assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme and Specialist Unit for Review Evidence checklists. RESULTS Of 538 potentially eligible studies, 27 met the inclusion criteria. There was limited evidence of the effectiveness of different teaching methods. Students' knowledge, understanding and competency varied and were often poor, although they reported confidence in their ability to perform aseptic technique. Students and qualified nurses perceived that education and training in aseptic techniques might be improved. CONCLUSION Education and training in aseptic technique might be improved but the review findings should be viewed cautiously because the studies lacked methodological rigour. IMPACT This appears to be the first systematic review to explore undergraduate nursing students' education and training in relation to aseptic technique. There was limited evidence to support the effectiveness of different teaching methods and scope for improving nursing students' knowledge, understanding and competency in aseptic technique. Students and qualified nurses suggested that education and training might be enhanced. More robust studies are required to support education, practice and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Hawker
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Molly Courtenay
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Deborah Edwards
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Dogu Kokcu O, Cevik C. The Predictive Strength of Students' Self-Efficacy, Problem Solving Skills to Perform Catheter Care. J Korean Acad Nurs 2021; 50:411-418. [PMID: 32632074 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the predictive strength of students' self-efficacy, problem-solving skills, and other characteristics in performing intravenous practices and monitor phlebitis and infiltration. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out with 736 third and fourth-year students studying at the Health Sciences Faculties of Balikesir and Sakarya universities. The data were collected using the Self-Efficacy Scale, Problem-Solving Inventory and Catheter Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire. RESULTS The participants' mean Catheter Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire score significantly and positively correlated with their mean Self-Efficacy Scale score on a moderate level (r=.25; p <.001) but significantly and negatively correlated with their mean Problem-Solving Inventory score on a moderate level (r=-.21; p <.001). In other words, because a low Problem-Solving Inventory score indicates that the person's problem-solving skill is high, the Care and Infiltration Monitoring Questionnaire score increased as the problem-solving skill increased. While the Self-Efficacy Scale predicted the year of study and catheter care and infiltration monitoring variables positively, the Problem-Solving Inventory predicted the satisfaction with the profession variable negatively. CONCLUSION Self-efficacy, problem-solving, liking the profession, and year of study predict success in catheter care and infiltration monitoring. For this reason, guidance may be provided in the development of a comprehensive education system toward increasing students' problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and professional knowledge and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Dogu Kokcu
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Celalettin Cevik
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Balikesir University Cagıs Campus, Balikesir, Turkey.
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Massey D, Craswell A, Ray-Barruel G, Ullman A, Marsh N, Wallis M, Cooke M. Undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of the current content and pedagogical approaches used in PIVC education. A qualitative, descriptive study. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2020; 94:104577. [PMID: 32947210 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) is the most frequently used invasive medical device. PIVCs fail for a variety of reasons and failure often results in serious adverse events leading to patient discomfort, delays in treatment, increased health care costs and even death. Undergraduate nurses assess and manage PIVCs as part of their clinical learning. To date, no study has explored undergraduate nurses' perceptions of the education they receive about PIVCs. AIM We sought to critically explore the current state of education regarding PIVCs from the perspectives of undergraduate nurses. METHODS This qualitative study involved semi-structured interviews with third-year undergraduate nurses. Data were collected across two sites in Queensland, Australia. Fourteen face-to-face interviews were conducted and a modified 5-step qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. FINDINGS We identified three key domains relating to participants' experiences of PIVC education: 1) Universities provide foundational knowledge about PIVC assessment, management and removal; 2) Clinical practice consolidates and drives undergraduate nurses' knowledge, skills and confidence about PIVCs; and 3) inconsistencies in clinical practice and between individual clinicians impedes learning and knowledge translation about PIVCs. CONCLUSION Nursing students benefit from theoretical content delivered in the university setting. Practical application of theory and skill development whilst on clinical placement is variable. The current undergraduate curriculum, related to management of patients with a PIVC, is disjointed and inconsistent and this inconsistency may negatively impact patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Massey
- School of Health and Social Sciences, Gold Coast Campus, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland 4225, Australia.
| | - Alison Craswell
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Gillian Ray-Barruel
- QEII Jubilee Hospital, Alliance for Vascular Access, Teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Australia
| | - Amanda Ullman
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Marsh
- Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Butterfield St, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marianne Wallis
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia; Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Cooke
- Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Høvik LH, Gjeilo KH, Lydersen S, Rickard CM, Røtvold B, Damås JK, Solligård E, Gustad LT. Monitoring quality of care for peripheral intravenous catheters; feasibility and reliability of the peripheral intravenous catheters mini questionnaire (PIVC-miniQ). BMC Health Serv Res 2019; 19:636. [PMID: 31488150 PMCID: PMC6729030 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) account for a mean of 38% of catheter associated bloodstream infections (CABSI) with Staphylococcus aureus, which are preventable if deficiencies in best practice are addressed. There exists no feasible and reliable quality surveillance tool assessing all important areas related to PIVC quality. Thus, we aimed to develop and test feasibility and reliability for an efficient quality assessment tool of overall PIVC quality. METHODS The Peripheral Intravenous Catheter- mini Questionnaire, PIVC-miniQ, consists of 16 items calculated as a sum score of problems regarding the insertion site, condition of dressing and equipment, documentation, and indication for use. In addition, it contains background variables like PIVC site, size and insertion environment. Two hospitals tested the PIVC-miniQ for feasibility and inter-rater agreement. Each PIVC was assessed twice, 2-5 min apart by two independent raters. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each hospital and overall. For each of the 16 items, we calculated negative agreement, positive agreement, absolute agreement, and Scott's pi. RESULTS Sixty-three raters evaluated 205 PIVCs in 177 patients, each PIVC was assessed twice by independent raters, in total 410 PIVC observations. ICC between raters was 0.678 for hospital A, 0.577 for hospital B, and 0.604 for the pooled data. Mean time for the bedside assessment of each PIVC was 1.40 (SD 0.0007) minutes. The most frequent insertion site symptom was "pain and tenderness" (14.4%), whereas the most prevalent overall problem was lack of documentation of the PIVC (26.8%). Up to 50% of PIVCs were placed near joints (wrist or antecubital fossae) or were inserted under suboptimal conditions, i.e. emergency department or ambulance. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the need for PIVC quality surveillance on ward and hospital level and reports the PIVC-miniQ to be a reliable and time efficient tool suitable for frequent point-prevalence audits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Husby Høvik
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postbox 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, St. Olavs Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. .,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Kari Hanne Gjeilo
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postbox 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Cardiology and National Competence Centre for Complex Symptom Disorders, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Claire M Rickard
- Alliance for Vascular Access teaching and Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benedikte Røtvold
- Department of Anesthesia, Levanger Hospital, Clinic of Surgery, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, St. Olavs Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Solligård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postbox 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, St. Olavs Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lise Tuset Gustad
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postbox 8905, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, St. Olavs Hospital and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Clinic of Medicine and rehabilitation, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
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