Taurolidine as adjuvant treatment of relapsing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

The European TauroPace™ Registry

BACKGROUND

Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) placement comes with certain complications. CIED infection is a severe adverse event related to CIED placement. In randomised controlled trials, the preoperative intravenous administration of antibiotics and the adjunctive use of an antibiotic mesh envelope resulted in significant reduction in infections related to cardiac implantable electronic devices. The adjunctive use of taurolidine for this purpose is relatively novel and not considered in the guidelines. The required evidence may consist of a set of clinical studies.

METHODS

The European TauroPaceTM registry (ETPR) prospectively evaluates every consecutive invasive procedure involving any CIED with adjunct TauroPace™ use in the contributing centres. As the estimation of the infection rate needs to be defensible, only interventions registered prior to the procedure will be followed-up. The endpoint is a major cardiac implantable electronic device infection according to the novel CIED infection criteria (1). Secondary endpoints comprise all-cause mortality, complications, adverse events of all grades, and major CIED infections during all follow-up examinations. The follow-up times are three months, twelve months, and eventually 36 months, as acute, subacute, and long-term CIED infections are of interest.

RESULTS

As the rate of CIED infections is expected to be very low, this registry is a multicentre, international project that will run for several years. Several reports are planned. The analyses will be included in the case number calculations for future randomised controlled trials.

CONCLUSIONS

The ETPR will accumulate large case numbers to estimate small event rates more precisely; we intend to follow up on participants for years to reveal possible late effects.

EDTA and Taurolidine Affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence In Vitro-Impairment of Secretory Profile and Biofilm Production onto Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters

Peritoneal catheter-associated biofilm infection is reported to be the main cause of refractory peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. The application of antimicrobial lock therapy, based on results on central venous catheters, may be a promising option for treatment of biofilm-harboring peritoneal catheters. This study investigated the effects of two lock solutions, EDTA and taurolidine, on an in vitro model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-related peritoneal catheter infection. Silicone peritoneal catheters were incubated for 24 h with a bioluminescent strain of P. aeruginosa. Then, serial dilutions of taurolidine and/or EDTA were applied (for 24 h) once or twice onto the contaminated catheters, and P. aeruginosa viability/persistence were evaluated in real time up to 120 h using a Fluoroskan reader. On selected supernatants, high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis was performed to measure the production of autoinducers (AI), phenazines, and pyocyianines. Taurolidine alone or in combination with EDTA caused a significant decrease of bacterial load and biofilm persistence on the contaminated catheters. The treatment did not lead to the sterilization of the devices, yet it resulted in a substantial destructuration of the catheter-associated P. aeruginosa biofilm. HPLC-MS analysis showed that the treatment of biofilm-harboring catheters with taurolidine and EDTA also affected the secretory activity of the pathogen. EDTA and taurolidine affect P. aeruginosa biofilm produced on peritoneal catheters and profoundly compromise the microbial secretory profile. Future studies are needed to establish whether such lock solutions can be used to render peritoneal catheter-related infections more susceptible to antibiotic treatment. IMPORTANCE An in vitro model allows studies on the mechanisms by which the lock solutions exert their antimicrobial effects on catheter-associated biofilm, thus providing a better understanding of the management of devise-associated infections.

Taurolidine Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Lock to Treat Relapsing Peritoneal Dialysis Peritonitis

Peritonitis remains a primary challenge for the long-term success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) technique and one of the main reasons for catheter removal. Prevention and treatment of catheter-related infections are major concerns to avoid peritonitis. The use of taurolidine catheter-locking solution to avoid the development of a biofilm in the catheter's lumen has obtained good results in hemodialysis catheters for reducing infection rates, although there is scarce literature available regarding its utility in PD. We describe the case of a woman in her 60s who developed relapsing peritonitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with no possibility of removing peritoneal dialysis catheter because she was not a suitable candidate for hemodialysis. After the fourth peritonitis episode caused by Pseudomonas species, the use of taurolidine catheter-locking solution was initiated. She received a total of 9 doses, with a favorable microbiological and clinical outcome and no further relapses more than 10 months after taurolidine PD catheter lock treatment was started. We report the successful elimination of an aggressive bacteria after taurolidine PD catheter lock use, with no relevant adverse events.