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Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM, El-Ghafar OAMA, Omar ZMM, Rashwan EK, Mohammedsaleh ZM, Kyung SY, Park JH, Kim HS, Ali FEM. Apocynin abrogates methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity: role of TLR4/NF-κB-p65/p38-MAPK, IL-6/STAT-3, PPAR-γ, and SIRT1/FOXO3 signaling pathways. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:339-359. [PMID: 36913116 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the potential renoprotective impacts of apocynin (APC) against nephrotoxicity induced by methotrexate (MTX) administration. To fulfill this aim, rats were allocated into four groups: control; APC (100 mg/kg/day; orally); MTX (20 mg/kg; single intraperitoneal dose at the end of the 5th day of the experiment); and APC +MTX (APC was given orally for 5 days before and 5 days after induction of renal toxicity by MTX). On the 11th day, samples were collected to estimate kidney function biomarkers, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other molecular targets. Compared to the MTX control group, treatment with APC significantly decreased urea, creatinine, and KIM-1 levels and improved kidney histological alterations. Furthermore, APC restored oxidant/antioxidant balance, as evidenced by a remarkable alleviation of MDA, GSH, SOD, and MPO levels. Additionally, the iNOS, NO, p-NF-κB-p65, Ace-NF-κB-p65, TLR4, p-p38-MAPK, p-JAK1, and p-STAT-3 expressions were reduced, while the IκBα, PPAR-γ, SIRT1, and FOXO3 expressions were significantly increased. In NRK-52E cells, MTX-induced cytotoxicity was protected by APC in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, increased expression of p-STAT-3 and p-JAK1/2 levels were reduced in MTX-treated NRK-52E cells by APC. The in vitro experiments revealed that APC-protected MTX-mediated renal tubular epithelial cells were damaged by inhibiting the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Besides, our in vivo and in vitro results were confirmed by predicting computational pharmacology results using molecular docking and network pharmacology analysis. In conclusion, our findings proved that APC could be a good candidate for MTX-induced renal damage due to its strong antioxidative and anti-inflammatory bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni- Suef, Egypt
| | - Zainab M M Omar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Eman K Rashwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, 42421, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zuhair M Mohammedsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - So Young Kyung
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Division of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, 71524, Asyut, Egypt
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Sami FL, Hammo H, Athavale A. Crystalline Nephropathy With High-Dose Methotrexate in a Patient With Primary CNS Lymphoma: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e26052. [PMID: 35865443 PMCID: PMC9293278 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antimetabolite used in the treatment of several malignancies and rheumatologic diseases. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted via the kidneys. Several adverse effects of MTX have been noted, including bone marrow suppression, mucositis, and hepatic and renal dysfunction. Close monitoring of drug levels, concurrent leucovorin administration, and urinary alkalization with aggressive hydration are some steps taken to prevent these unfavorable outcomes. We describe a case of a patient with primary CNS lymphoma undergoing chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) who developed methotrexate-induced crystalline nephropathy despite preventative measures. Birefringent needle-shaped crystals were demonstrated under polarized light in the urine sample in the setting of acute kidney injury (AKI). The slow decay curve of MTX causing renal and hepatic dysfunction was an indication to start glucarpidase, and a subsequent rapid decline in MTX levels with improvement in AKI was observed. Methotrexate-induced crystalline nephropathy results from damage to the renal tubules, which in most cases is reversible. Patients with a slow decline in MTX levels may be candidates for treatment with glucarpidase, a recombinant form of carboxypeptidase G2, to allow for rapid MTX breakdown and clearance. Hemodialysis is another available treatment option for patients who develop these adverse effects.
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Ghannoum M, Roberts DM, Goldfarb DS, Heldrup J, Anseeuw K, Galvao TF, Nolin TD, Hoffman RS, Lavergne V, Meyers P, Gosselin S, Botnaru T, Mardini K, Wood DM. Extracorporeal Treatment for Methotrexate Poisoning: Systematic Review and Recommendations from the EXTRIP Workgroup. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 17:602-622. [PMID: 35236714 PMCID: PMC8993465 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate is used in the treatment of many malignancies, rheumatological diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease. Toxicity from use is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Rescue treatments include intravenous hydration, folinic acid, and, in some centers, glucarpidase. We conducted systematic reviews of the literature following published EXtracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning (EXTRIP) methods to determine the utility of extracorporeal treatments in the management of methotrexate toxicity. The quality of the evidence and the strength of recommendations (either "strong" or "weak/conditional") were graded according to the GRADE approach. A formal voting process using a modified Delphi method assessed the level of agreement between panelists on the final recommendations. A total of 92 articles met inclusion criteria. Toxicokinetic data were available on 90 patients (89 with impaired kidney function). Methotrexate was considered to be moderately dialyzable by intermittent hemodialysis. Data were available for clinical analysis on 109 patients (high-dose methotrexate [>0.5 g/m2]: 91 patients; low-dose [≤0.5 g/m2]: 18). Overall mortality in these publications was 19.5% and 26.7% in those with high-dose and low-dose methotrexate-related toxicity, respectively. Although one observational study reported lower mortality in patients treated with glucarpidase compared with those treated with hemodialysis, there were important limitations in the study. For patients with severe methotrexate toxicity receiving standard care, the EXTRIP workgroup: (1) suggested against extracorporeal treatments when glucarpidase is not administered; (2) recommended against extracorporeal treatments when glucarpidase is administered; and (3) recommended against extracorporeal treatments instead of administering glucarpidase. The quality of evidence for these recommendations was very low. Rationales for these recommendations included: (1) extracorporeal treatments mainly remove drugs in the intravascular compartment, whereas methotrexate rapidly distributes into cells; (2) extracorporeal treatments remove folinic acid; (3) in rare cases where fast removal of methotrexate is required, glucarpidase will outperform any extracorporeal treatment; and (4) extracorporeal treatments do not appear to reduce the incidence and magnitude of methotrexate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ghannoum
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Darren M Roberts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Drug Health Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Goldfarb
- Nephrology Division, NYU Langone Health and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jesper Heldrup
- Childhood Cancer and Research Unit, University Children's Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kurt Anseeuw
- Department of Emergency Medicine, ZNA Stuivenberg, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tais F Galvao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, and Department of Medicine Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S Hoffman
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Valery Lavergne
- Research Center, CIUSSS du Nord-de-l'île-de-Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Meyers
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sophie Gosselin
- Centre Intégré de Santé et de Services Sociaux (CISSS) de la Montérégie-Centre Emergency Department, Hôpital Charles-Lemoyne, Greenfield Park, Quebec, McGill University Emergency Department, Montreal, Quebec and Centre Antipoison du Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tudor Botnaru
- Emergency Department, Lakeshore General Hospital, CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'lle-de-Montreal, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Mardini
- Pharmacy Department, Verdun Hospital, CIUSSS du Sud-Ouest-de-l'ïle-de-Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David M Wood
- Clinical Toxicology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
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Lian LJ, Lin B, Cui X, He J, Wang Z, Lin XD, Ye WJ, Chen RJ, Sun W. Development and Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assay for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of High-dose Methotrexate in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4835-4843. [PMID: 33204069 PMCID: PMC7667408 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s271568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Precise and timely detection of methotrexate (MTX) concentration played a key role in high-dose MTX individualization therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) children to avoid serious adverse effects or nonresponse. This report described a sensibility and validation of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of methotrexate concentration in children's plasma. Methods One-step protein precipitation of samples was accomplished by adding 200 μL of acetonitrile to 100 μL of plasma sample. The separation of plasma samples was carried out on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 Rapid Resolution HD column with gradient elution using a mobile phase constituted of acetonitrile and 1% formic acid. The detection was executed by electrospray ionization (ESI) of triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (TQMS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with the transitions m/z 455.2 → 307.9 for methotrexate and m/z 458.2 → 311.2 for IS, separately. Linear concentration range of the calibration curve was 44-11,000 nmol/L and 44 nmol/L was the lower limit of quantification. Results The methotrexate elution time was at 1.577 min, and the overall running time was only 3.3 min. The intra- and interday precision for all the analysis results was within 11.24%, and mean recoveries rate of methotrexate exceeded 87.98%. Conclusion The described and fully validated UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied in clinical TDM after infusion of high-dose methotrexate 1-5 g/m2 to 41 childpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Jing Lian
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Changxing People's Hospital, Changxing 313100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jian Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
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Al-Qahtani AD, Bashraheel SS, Rashidi FB, O'Connor CD, Romero AR, Domling A, Goda SK. Production of "biobetter" variants of glucarpidase with enhanced enzyme activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108725. [PMID: 30970523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucarpidase, also known as carboxypeptidase G2, is a Food and Drug Administration-approved enzyme used in targeted cancer strategies such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). It is also used in drug detoxification when cancer patients have excessive levels of the anti-cancer agent methotrexate. The application of glucarpidase is limited by its potential immunogenicity and limited catalytic efficiency. To overcome these pitfalls, mutagenesis was applied to the glucarpidase gene of Pseudomonas sp. strain RS-16 to isolate three novels "biobetter" variants with higher specific enzyme activity. DNA sequence analysis of the genes for the variants showed that each had a single point mutation, resulting in the amino acid substitutions: I100 T, G123S and T239 A. Km, Vmax and Kcat measurements confirmed that each variant had increased catalytic efficiency relative to wild type glucarpidase. Additionally, circular dichroism studies indicated that they had a higher alpha-helical content relative to the wild type enzyme. However, three different software packages predicted that they had reduced protein stability, which is consistent with having higher activities as a tradeoff. The novel glucarpidase variants presented in this work could pave the way for more efficient drug detoxification and might allow dose escalation during chemotherapy. They also have the potential to increase the efficiency of ADEPT and to reduce the number of treatment cycles, thereby reducing the risk that patients will develop antibodies to glucarpidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanod D Al-Qahtani
- Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, Qatar; Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sara S Bashraheel
- Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, Qatar; Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fatma B Rashidi
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Giza, Egypt
| | - C David O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Atilio Reyes Romero
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Domling
- Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sayed K Goda
- Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar (ADLQ), Doha, Qatar; Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Giza, Egypt.
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Colpart P, Félix S. [Methotrexate induced crystalline nephropathy: A rare histological finding on renal biopsy]. Ann Pathol 2018; 39:18-23. [PMID: 30554834 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced crystalline nephropathies are secondary to abnormal accumulation of crystals leading to parenchymal renal injuries. Methotrexate, used to treat a wide range of malignancies, is one of the various drugs accountable in this particular condition. We report a case of acute renal injury during the course of high-dose methotrexate therapy in a patient presenting primary cerebral diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Interestingly, the kidney biopsy revealed intratubular methotrexate crystal formations. We also summarize the distinctive characteristics of main crystalline nephropathies in order to guide pathologists toward the many types of crystals encountered on renal biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prudence Colpart
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, 3, boulevard Alexandre-Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
| | - Sophie Félix
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, 3, boulevard Alexandre-Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
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