1
|
Solntseva SV, Nikitin VP, Kozyrev SA, Nikitin PV. DNA methylation inhibition participates in the anterograde amnesia key mechanism through the suppression of the transcription of genes involved in memory formation in grape snails. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114118. [PMID: 36116736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of the amnesia mechanisms is of both theoretical and practical importance. The mechanisms of anterograde amnesia are the least studied, due to the lack of an experimental model that allows studying this amnesia type molecular and cellular mechanisms. Previously, we found that conditional food aversion memory reconsolidation impairment in snails by NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists led to the amnesia induction, in the late stages of which (>10 days) repeated training did not cause long-term memory formation. In the same animals, long-term memory aversion to a new food type was formed. We characterized this amnesia as specific anterograde amnesia. In the present work we studied the role of epigenetic DNA methylation processes as well as protein and mRNA synthesis in the mechanisms of anterograde amnesia and memory recovery. DNMT methyltransferase inhibitors (iDNMT: zebularine, RG108 (N-Phthalyl-1-tryptophan), and 5-AZA (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine)) were used to alter DNA methylation. It was found that in amnesic animals the iDNMT administration before or after shortened repeated training led to the rapid long-term conditional food aversion formation (Ebbinghaus saving effect). This result suggests that amnestic animals retain a latent memory, which is the basis for accelerated memory formation during repeated training. Protein synthesis inhibitors administration (cycloheximide) before or immediately after repeated training or administration of RNA synthesis inhibitor (actinomycin D) after repeated training prevented memory formation under iDNMT action. The earlier protein synthesis inhibitor effect suggests that the proteins required for memory formation are translated from the pre-existing, translationally repressed mRNAs. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the anterograde amnesia key mechanism is DNMT-dependent suppression of the transcription of genes involved in memory mechanisms. Inhibition of DNMT during repeated training reversed these genes expression blockade, opening access to them by transcription factors synthesized during training from the pre-existing mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Solntseva
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - V P Nikitin
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - S A Kozyrev
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - P V Nikitin
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparative Study of the Effect of a DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor and a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor on Memory Formation Processes in Anterograde Amnesia. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 174:1-6. [PMID: 36437324 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The participation of DNA methylation and histone acetylation in the mechanisms of anterograde amnesia and memory recovery was studied on grape snails trained in conditioned food aversion. Anterograde amnesia developed 10 days after memory reconsolidation impairment with an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist and was characterized by long-term memory formation impairment upon repeated training. DNA methyltransferase inhibitor injections to snails 1 h before repeated training, as well as 15 min or 4 h after repeated training, caused rapid formation of memory that persisted for at least 10 days. Injections of histone deacetylase inhibitor before repeated training also induced the formation of a stable long-term memory. However, administration of histone deacetylase inhibitor 15 min after repeated training initiated a temporary memory recovery. Injections of the inhibitor 4 h after repeated training were ineffective. These results indicate that histone-dependent chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation are selectively involved in the mechanisms of anterograde amnesia and memory recovery.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng H, Tang S, Lian X, Meng H, Gu X, Jiang J, Li X. The Differential Antitumor Activity of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine in Prostate Cancer DU145, 22RV1, and LNCaP Cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:5593-5604. [PMID: 34405020 PMCID: PMC8364635 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a DNA methyltransferase-mediated epigenetic modification affecting gene expression. This process is involved in the initiation and development of malignant disease. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), a classic DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, possesses antitumor proliferation activity. However, whether 5-Aza induces cytotoxicity in solid tumors warrants further investigated. In this study, human prostate cancer (CaP) cells were treated with 5-Aza and subjected to cell viability and cytotoxicity analysis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assay were utilized to test the gene expression and methylation status of the p53 and p21 gene promoters. The results showed that 5-Aza differentially inhibited spontaneous proliferation, arrested the cell cycle at S phase in DU145, at G1 phase in 22RV1 and LNCaP cells, and G2 phase in normal RWPE-1 cells, as well as induced the expression of phospho-H2A.X and tumor suppressive mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) in all three types of CaP cells. 5-Aza also increased p53 and p21 transcription through promoter demethylation, and decreased the expression of oncogene c-Myc in 22RV1 and LNCaP cells. Western blotting analysis showed that the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage was detected in DU145 and 22RV1 cells. Moreover, there were no significant changes in p53, p21 and c-Myc expression in DU145 cells following treatment with 5-Aza. Thus, in responsible for its apoptotic induction and DNA damage, the mechanism of the antitumor activities of 5-Aza may involve in an increase of tumor suppressive maspin, upregulation of wild type p53-mediated p21 expression and a decrease of oncogene c-Myc level in 22RV1 and LNCaP cells, and enhancing the tumor suppressive maspin expression in DU145 cells. These results enriched our understanding of the multifaceted antitumor activity of 5-Aza, and provided the expression basis of biomarkers for its possible clinical application in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Cheng
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Sijie Tang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China.,Dept of Urology, the Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Xueqi Lian
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit 48201, MI, USA
| | - Xiang Gu
- Dept of Urology, the Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Blvd., Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, China.,The Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Hefei KingMed Diagnostics Ltd., 2800 Chuangxin Blvd., Building H4, Hefei 230088, China.,National Center for Gene Testing Technology Application & Demonstration(Hefei), 2800 Chuangxin Blvd., Building H4, Hefei 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Du S, Shi Y, Han J, Niu Z, Wei L, Yang P, Chen L, Tian H, Gao L. Rapamycin ameliorates corneal injury after alkali burn through methylation modification in mouse TSC1 and mTOR genes. Exp Eye Res 2020; 203:108399. [PMID: 33352197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alkali burn to the cornea is one of the most intractable injuries to the eye due to the opacity resulting from neovascularization (NV) and fibrosis. Numerous studies have focused on studying the effect of drugs on alkali-induced corneal injury in mouse, but fewer on the involvement of alkali-induced DNA methylation and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in the mechanism of alkali-induced corneal injury. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the involvement of DNA methyltransferase 3 B-madiated DNA methylation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling modulation in the mechanism of alkali-induced corneal injury in a mouse model. To this end, we used bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, to study the effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, which inhibit methyltransferase and PI3K respectively, on DNA methylation and expression of downstream effectors of PI3K related to corneal NV, including TSC1 and mTOR genes. The results showed that, after an intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin (2 mg/kg/day) for seven days, the alkali-induced opacity and NV were remarkably decreased mainly by suppressing the infiltration of immune cells into injured corneas, angiogenesis, VEGF expression and myofibroblasts differentiation; as well as by promoting corneal cell proliferation and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. More significantly, these findings showed that epigenetic regulatory mechanisms by DNA methylation played a key role in corneal NV, including in corneal alkali burn-induced methylation modification and rapamycin-induced DNA demethylation which involved the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway at the protein level. The precise findings of morphological improvement and regulatory mechanisms are helpful to guide the use of rapamycin in the treatment of corneal angiogenesis induced by alkaline-burn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Shaobo Du
- School of Stomatology of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yongpeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jiangyuan Han
- School of Basic Medical of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhanyu Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Li Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Pengfei Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Linchi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Huanbing Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Lan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The medial prefrontal cortex - hippocampus circuit that integrates information of object, place and time to construct episodic memory in rodents: Behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical properties. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:373-407. [PMID: 32298711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rats and mice have been demonstrated to show episodic-like memory, a prototype of episodic memory, as defined by an integrated memory of the experience of an object or event, in a particular place and time. Such memory can be assessed via the use of spontaneous object exploration paradigms, variably designed to measure memory for object, place, temporal order and object-location inter-relationships. We review the methodological properties of these tests, the neurobiology about time and discuss the evidence for the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus, with respect to their anatomy, neurotransmitter systems and functional circuits. The systematic analysis suggests that a specific circuit between the mPFC, lateral EC and hippocampus encodes the information for event, place and time of occurrence into the complex episodic-like memory, as a top-down regulation from the mPFC onto the hippocampus. This circuit can be distinguished from the neuronal component memory systems for processing the individual information of object, time and place.
Collapse
|
6
|
Barker GR, Wong LF, Uney JB, Warburton EC. CREB transcription in the medial prefrontal cortex regulates the formation of long-term associative recognition memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:45-51. [PMID: 31949036 PMCID: PMC6970425 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050021.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to be critical for specific forms of long-term recognition memory, however the cellular mechanisms in the mPFC that underpin memory maintenance have not been well characterized. This study examined the importance of phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) in the mPFC for different forms of long-term recognition memory in the rat. Adenoviral transduction of the mPFC with a dominant-negative inhibitor of CREB impaired object-in-place memory following a 6 or 24 h retention delay, but no impairment was observed following delays of 5 min or 3 h. Long-term object temporal order memory and spatial temporal order memory was also impaired. In contrast, there were no impairments in novel object recognition or object location memory. These results establish, for the first time, the importance of CREB phosphorylation within the mPFC for memory of associative and temporal information crucial to recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Robert Barker
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Fong Wong
- School of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - James B Uney
- School of Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Warburton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sodium butyrate improves memory and modulates the activity of histone deacetylases in aged rats after the administration of d-galactose. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:209-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
8
|
Keller SM, Doherty TS, Roth TL. Pharmacological Manipulation of DNA Methylation in Adult Female Rats Normalizes Behavioral Consequences of Early-Life Maltreatment. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:126. [PMID: 30008666 PMCID: PMC6034089 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adversity early in development alters brain and behavioral trajectories. Data continue to accumulate that epigenetic mechanisms are a mediating factor between early-life adversity and adult behavioral phenotypes. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that female Long-Evans rats exposed to maltreatment during infancy display both aberrant forced swim behavior and patterns of brain DNA methylation in adulthood. Therefore, we examined the possibility of rescuing the aberrant forced swim behavior in maltreated-adult females by administering an epigenome-modifying drug (zebularine) at a dose previously shown to normalize DNA methylation. We found that zebularine normalized behavior in the forced swim test in maltreated females such that they performed at the levels of controls (females that had been exposed to only nurturing care during infancy). These data help link DNA methylation to an adult phenotype in our maltreatment model, and more broadly provide additional evidence that non-targeted epigenetic manipulations can change behavior associated with early-life adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Keller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Tiffany S Doherty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tao H, Song ZY, Ding XS, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Li J. Epigenetic signatures in cardiac fibrosis, special emphasis on DNA methylation and histone modification. Heart Fail Rev 2018; 23:789-799. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
10
|
Roth TL. Epigenetic Advances in Behavioral and Brain Sciences have Relevance for Public Policy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:202-209. [PMID: 29202007 DOI: 10.1177/2372732217719091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nature and nurture work together to drive development, behavior, and health. Behavioral epigenetics research has uncovered the underlying mechanisms for how this happens. Children's early years in development may offer the greatest opportunity for environmental and experiential factors to influence epigenome (chemical compounds telling our genes what to do), but evidence suggests it is never too late. The policy implications of this research are vast, including relevance for child development, health, and disease intervention and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark DE
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang J, Tian X, Yang J, Cui J, Jiang S, Shi R, Liu Y, Liu X, Xu W, Xie W, Jia X, Bade R, Zhang T, Zhang M, Gong K, Yan S, Yang Z, Shao G. 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA methylation inhibitor, induces cytotoxicity, cell cycle dynamics and alters expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 and 3A in mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal HT22 cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1222-1229. [PMID: 28880816 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1367143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation are essential for processes of gene expression in normal mammalian development. DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) are responsible for initiating and maintaining DNA methylation. It is known that 5-Aza-CdR, an inhibitor of DNMT induces cytotoxicity by reducing DNMT activity in various tumor cell lines. However, disturbances in neuronal DNA methylation may also play a role in altered brain functions. Thus, it was of interest to determine whether alterations in DNA methylation might be associated with neuronal functions by using 5-Aza-CdR, on mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal HT22 cell line. In particular, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-Aza-CdR on cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis as well as the expression levels of DNMT in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were incubated with 5 or 20 μmol/L 5-Aza-CdR for 24 h. Data showed that 5-Aza-CdR at both concentrations significantly inhibited proliferation of HT22 cells and exacerbated cytoplasmic vacuolization. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that 5-Aza-CdR treatment at both concentrations decreased early apoptosis but enhanced late apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis illustrated that 5-Aza-CdR treatment induced S phase arrest. Further, incubation with 5-Aza-CdR produced a down-regulation in expression of mRNA and protein DNMT1 and 3A but no marked changes were noted in DNMT 3B and p21 expression. In addition, DNMT1 activity was significantly decreased at both 5-Aza-CdR concentrations. Evidence indicates that 5-Aza-CdR induced cytotoxicity was associated with altered mRNA and protein expression of DNMT 1 and 3A associated with reduced DNMT1 activity in HT22 cells which might affect brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke , Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Jie Yang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Junhe Cui
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Shuyuan Jiang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Rui Shi
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - You Liu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Wei Xie
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Xiaoe Jia
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Rengui Bade
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Tao Zhang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Ming Zhang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Kerui Gong
- d Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , University of California San Francsico , San Francisco , USA
| | - Shaochun Yan
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Zhanjun Yang
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| | - Guo Shao
- a Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke , Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
- b Inner Mongolia Key laboratory of Hypoxic Translational Medicine , Baotou Medical College , Inner Mongolia , P.R.C
- c Beijing key laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , P.R.C
| |
Collapse
|