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Brandwein C, Leenaars CHC, Becker L, Pfeiffer N, Iorgu AM, Hahn M, Vairani GA, Lewejohann L, Bleich A, Mallien AS, Gass P. A systematic mapping review of the evolution of the rat Forced Swim Test: Protocols and outcome parameters. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106917. [PMID: 37690532 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
As depression is projected to become the leading mental disease burden globally by 2030, understanding the underlying pathology, as well as screening potential anti-depressants with a higher efficacy, faster onset of action, and/or fewer side-effects is essential. A commonly used test for screening novel antidepressants and studying depression-linked aspects in rodents is the Porsolt Forced Swim Test. The present systematic mappping review gives a comprehensive overview of the evolution and of the most prevalently used set-ups of this test in rats, including the choice of animals (strain, sex, and age), technical aspects of protocol and environment, as well as reported outcome measures. Additionally, we provide an accessible list of all existing publications, to support informed decision-making for procedural and technical aspects of the test, to thereby enhance reproducibility and comparability. This should further contribute to reducing the number of unnecessarily replicated experiments, and consequently, reduce the number of animals used in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Brandwein
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Becker
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Iorgu
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melissa Hahn
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gaia A Vairani
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Animal Welfare, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne S Mallien
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jia M, An B, Yan B, Ma Q, Wen B, Zhao S, Gao C, Ma X, Zhang L, Li B, Zhang P, Wang J, Yu H, Wang W. A comparison of clinical characteristics of psychiatric inpatients in three hospitals from Western China and America. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36597094 PMCID: PMC9811694 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different countries have differences in social and cultural context and health system, which may affect the clinical characteristics of psychiatric inpatients. This study was the first to compare cross-cultural differences in the clinical characteristics of psychiatric inpatients in three hospitals from Western China and America. METHODS Overall, 905 and 1318 patients from three hospitals, one in America and two in Western China, respectively, were included. We used a standardised protocol and data collection procedure to record inpatients' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Significant differences were found between hospitals from the two countries. Positive symptoms were the main reason for admission in the Chinese hospitals, while reported suicide and self-injury symptoms more frequently led to hospital admission in America. Moreover, there were more inpatients with combined substance abuse in the American hospital (97.6% vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001). The length of stay (LOS) in America was generally shorter than in China (10.5 ± 11.9 vs. 20.7 ± 13.4, P < 0.001). The dosage of antipsychotic drugs used in the American hospital was higher than in China (275.1 ± 306.9 mg vs. 238.3 ± 212.5 mg, P = 0.002). Regression analysis showed that male sex, older age, retirees, being admitted because of physical symptoms, and using higher doses of antipsychotic drugs were significantly associated with longer hospitalisation in the American hospital (P < 0.05). Comparatively, patients who were divorced, experiencing suicidal ideation, admitted involuntarily, admitted because of physical, depression, or anxiety symptoms, and using higher doses of antipsychotic drugs had longer hospitalisation in Chinese hospitals (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Significant variations in clinical characteristics of inpatients were found between hospitals from Western China and America. The LOS in Chinese hospitals was significantly longer, but patients used higher doses of antipsychotic drugs in the American hospital. Admission due to physical symptoms and the use of higher dosage drugs were related to longer LOS in both countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jia
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Bang An
- grid.440299.2Department of Psychiatry, Xianyang Central Hospital, 78 Renmin East Road, Xianyang, 712099 China
| | - Bin Yan
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Qingyan Ma
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Binglong Wen
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- grid.440299.2Department of Psychiatry, Xianyang Central Hospital, 78 Renmin East Road, Xianyang, 712099 China
| | - Chengge Gao
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Xiancang Ma
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi’an, 710061 China
| | - Lili Zhang
- grid.452427.20000 0004 6831 978XDepartment of Sleep Medicine, Hebei Mental Health Center, 572 Dongfeng East Road, Baoding, 050899 China
| | - Bin Li
- grid.452427.20000 0004 6831 978XDepartment of Sleep Medicine, Hebei Mental Health Center, 572 Dongfeng East Road, Baoding, 050899 China
| | - Ping Zhang
- grid.452427.20000 0004 6831 978XDepartment of Sleep Medicine, Hebei Mental Health Center, 572 Dongfeng East Road, Baoding, 050899 China
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.452427.20000 0004 6831 978XDepartment of Sleep Medicine, Hebei Mental Health Center, 572 Dongfeng East Road, Baoding, 050899 China
| | - Hong Yu
- University at Buffalo-Psychiatry, Erie County Medical Center, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Nirogi R, Abraham R, Jayarajan P, Goura V, Kallepalli R, Medapati RB, Tadiparthi J, Goyal VK, Pandey SK, Subramanian R, Petlu S, Thentu JB, Palacharla VRC, Gagginapally SR, Mohammed AR, Jasti V. Ropanicant (SUVN-911), an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist intended for the treatment of depressive disorders: pharmacological, behavioral, and neurochemical characterization. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2215-2232. [PMID: 35298691 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ropanicant (SUVN-911) (3-(6-Chloropyridine-3-yloxymethyl)-2-azabicyclo (3.1.0) hexane hydrochloride) is a novel α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist being developed for the treatment of depressive disorders. OBJECTIVES Pharmacological and neurochemical characterization of Ropanicant to support a potential molecule for the treatment of depressive disorders. METHODS Ropanicant was assessed for antidepressant-like activity using the rat forced swimming test (FST) and differential reinforcement of low rate -72 s (DRL-72 s). Alleviation of anhedonia was assessed in chronic mild stress model using sucrose preference test. To understand the mechanism of action, serotonin levels, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined. The onset of antidepressant-like activity was determined using the reduction in submissive behavior assay. The effects on cognition and sexual functions were assessed using the object recognition task and sexual dysfunction assay respectively. Interaction of Ropanicant, TC-5214, and methyllycaconitine (MLA) with citalopram was investigated individually in mice FST. RESULTS Ropanicant exhibited antidepressant like properties in the FST and DRL-72 s. A significant reduction in anhedonia was observed in the sucrose preference test. Oral administration of Ropanicant produced a significant increase in serotonin and BDNF levels, with a reduction in the Iba1 activity. The onset of antidepressant like effect with Ropanicant was within a week of treatment, and was devoid of cognitive dulling and sexual dysfunction. While Ropanicant potentiated the effect of citalopram in FST, such an effect was not observed with MLA or TC-5214. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical studies with Ropanicant support the likelihood of its therapeutic utility in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Venkat Jasti
- Suven Life Sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, 500034, India
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Social defeat-induced Cingulate gyrus immediate-early gene expression and anxiolytic-like effect depend upon social rank. Brain Res Bull 2018; 143:97-105. [PMID: 30343051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Social hierarchy is considered to impart an adaptive advantage to the species by reducing long-term conflict between conspecifics. While social stratification is frequently established via stress-inducing stimuli, the subsequent integration of individuals into the hierarchy may attenuate anxiety. Presently, we hypothesized that repeated reinforcement of murine social hierarchy in the dominant-submissive relationship (DSR) food-competition test would engender divergent neuroplastic changes mediating both social and anxiety-like behavior among selectively-bred Dominant (Dom) and Submissive (Sub) mice. Two weeks of repeated respective social victory or defeat reduced serum corticosterone levels of both Dom and Sub mice, whereas socially-defeated Sub mice demonstrated markedly greater exploration of the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM). At the same time, social victory led to markedly greater expression of the immediate-early genes (IEGs) c-Jun and EGR-1 in the lateral septal nucleus (LSN) among Dom mice, in contrast with defeated Sub counterparts which demonstrated four-fold greater IEG expression in the cingulate gyrus (Cg). These findings point towards involvement of the Cg in the anxiety-like effect among Sub mice after repeated social defeat, and suggest stabilization of the social hierarchy to attenuate the stress-inducing nature of social interaction, particularly for subordinates. Further study of the potentially anxiolytic-like effects of Cg activity should shed light upon the functional significance of the Cg in social interaction, social hierarchical sorting and anxiety.
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Social dominance predicts hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor recruitment and resilience to prenatal adversity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9595. [PMID: 29941995 PMCID: PMC6018627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing fetus is highly sensitive to prenatal stress, which may alter Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis programming and increase the risk of behavioral disorders. There is high variability among the human population, wherein many offspring of stressed pregnancies display resilience to adversity, while the remainder displays vulnerability. In order to identify biological substrates mediating between resilience or vulnerability to prenatal adversity, we exposed stress-resistant Dominant (Dom) and stress-sensitive Submissive (Sub) mice to mild prenatal restraint stress (PRS, 45 min on gestational days (GD) 15, 16 and 17). We hypothesized that PRS would differentially alter prenatal programming of limbic regions regulating the HPA axis and affect among Dom and Sub offspring. Indeed, PRS increased Sub offspring’s serum corticosterone, and exaggerated their anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, while Dom offspring remained resilient to the hormonal and behavioral consequences of PRS. Moreover, PRS exposure markedly facilitated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) recruitment to the hippocampus among Dom mice in response to restraint stress, which may be responsible for their resilience to stressful challenge. These findings suggest proclivity to adaptive or maladaptive prenatal programming of hippocampal GR recruitment to be inheritable and predictable by social dominance or submissiveness.
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Abookasis D, Shochat A, Nesher E, Pinhasov A. Exploring diazepam's effect on hemodynamic responses of mouse brain tissue by optical spectroscopic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2184-2195. [PMID: 25071958 PMCID: PMC4102358 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple duel-optical spectroscopic imaging apparatus capable of simultaneously determining relative changes in brain oxy-and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations was used following administration of the anxiolytic compound diazepam in mice with strong dominant (Dom) and submissive (Sub) behavioral traits. Three month old mice (n = 30) were anesthetized and after 10 min of baseline imaging, diazepam (1.5 mg/kg) was administered and measurements were taken for 80 min. The mouse head was illuminated by white light based LED's and diffused reflected light passing through different channels, consisting of a bandpass filter and a CCD camera, respectively, was collected and analyzed to measure the hemodynamic response. This work's major findings are threefold: first, Dom and Sub animals showed statistically significant differences in hemodynamic response to diazepam administration. Secondly, diazepam was found to more strongly affect the Sub group. Thirdly, different time-series profiles were observed post-injection, which can serve as a possible marker for the groups' differentiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of an anxiolytic drug on brain hemodynamic responses in mice using diffused light optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Abookasis
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Ariel Shochat
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Elimelech Nesher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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Gross M, Nesher E, Tikhonov T, Raz O, Pinhasov A. Chronic Food Administration of Salvia sclarea Oil Reduces Animals' Anxious and Dominant Behavior. J Med Food 2013; 16:216-22. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Gross
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Elimelech Nesher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tatiana Tikhonov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Olga Raz
- Department of Nutrition, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Moussaieff A, Gross M, Nesher E, Tikhonov T, Yadid G, Pinhasov A. Incensole acetate reduces depressive-like behavior and modulates hippocampal BDNF and CRF expression of submissive animals. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1584-93. [PMID: 23015543 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112458729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Incensole acetate (IA), a constituent of Boswellia resin ('frankincense'), was previously demonstrated to exhibit an antidepressive-like effect in the Forced Swim Test (FST) in mice following single dose administration (50 mg/kg). Here, we show that acute administration of considerably lower dose (10 mg/kg) IA to selectively bred mice, showing prominent submissive behavior, exerted significant antidepressant-like effects in the FST. Furthermore, chronic administration of 1 or 5 mg/kg per day of IA for three consecutive weeks dose- and time-dependently reduced the submissiveness of the mice in the Dominant-Submissive Relationship test, developed to screen the chronic effect of antidepressants. This behavioral effect was concomitant to reduced serum corticosterone levels, dose-dependent down-regulation of corticotropin releasing factor and up-regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor transcripts IV and VI expression in the hippocampus. These data suggest that IA modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and influences hippocampal gene expression, leading to beneficial behavioral effects supporting its potential as a novel treatment of depressive-like disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Moussaieff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel
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Abstract
The basic consideration in the field of antidepressants is that tests to model depression do not exist, as depression etiopathology is unknown. So far, any kind of proposed model for depression needs to satisfy construct, face and predictive validities. In the present editorial, this idea is challenged, based on the fact that “old” methods can only reveal therapeutical “me-too” drugs and that there is no longer a need of therapeutical “me-too” drugs in the field of antidepressants. Since reduction in the number of antidepressant non-responders is a real medical need, the predictive validity of animal models will be challenged in the future, as the new methods should be based on antidepressant-insensitive animals. Moreover, antidepressants exert similar effects in depressed and non-depressed subjects, but mood normalization is only induced in depressed patients. This implies that the use of normal cells and animals only involves pharmacological rather than therapeutical actions of drugs. Therefore, the use of environmental-induced changes, in the hope that these can evidence antidepressant-insensitive animals, will predominantly be used in the future. In the choice of experimental settings, other factors need to be taken into consideration: (1) gender of animals, as depression affects females more than males, (2) natural rhythmicity in drug effects; (3) pharmacokinetics; and (4) possible biomarker(s) to be measured. There are no golden recipes to discover new antidepressants but the experimental long-term strategy should very clearly be declared before starting the experiments.
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Gould TD, Einat H. Animal models of bipolar disorder and mood stabilizer efficacy: a critical need for improvement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:825-31. [PMID: 17628675 PMCID: PMC2150564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The limited number of suitable animal models of bipolar disorder available for in-depth behavioral, biochemical, histological, and pharmacological analysis is a rate-limiting step in the process of understanding the relevant neurobiology of the disorder, as well as the development of novel medications. In the search for new models, both new and old approaches hold promise for future discoveries. Clinical studies regarding the underlying genetics and pathophysiology of bipolar disorder are providing important clues. In particular, the identification of susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder will help to define specific neurobiological processes, and associated behaviors, that are unquestionably involved in the pathways connecting genes and distal symptoms. These endophenotypes will hold great value in further enhancing the validity of animal models and will strongly complement symptom-based models and models of medication efficacy. Regardless of the path taken by different researchers to develop better models, we believe that this area of work requires additional attention not only from researchers but also from funding agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D. Gould
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bldg 35, Rm 1C-912, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892-3711,
| | - Haim Einat
- College of Pharmacy, Duluth, University of Minnesota, 376 Kirby Plaza, 1208 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN, 55812
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