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Kaldewaij R, Salamone PC, Enmalm A, Östman L, Pietrzak M, Karlsson H, Löfberg A, Gauffin E, Samuelsson M, Gustavson S, Capusan AJ, Olausson H, Heilig M, Boehme R. Ketamine reduces the neural distinction between self- and other-produced affective touch: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01906-2. [PMID: 38918578 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01906-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A coherent sense of self is crucial for social functioning and mental health. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist ketamine induces short-term dissociative experiences and has therefore been used to model an altered state of self-perception. This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study investigated the mechanisms for ketamine's effects on the bodily sense of self in the context of affective touch. Thirty healthy participants (15 females/15 males, age 19-39) received intravenous ketamine or placebo while performing self-touch and receiving touch by someone else during functional MRI - a previously established neural measure of tactile self-other-differentiation. Afterwards, tactile detection thresholds during self- and other-touch were assessed, as well as dissociative states, interoceptive awareness, and social touch attitudes. Compared to placebo, ketamine administration elicited dissociation and reduced neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in the right temporoparietal cortex, which was most pronounced during other-touch. This reduction correlated with ketamine-induced reductions in interoceptive awareness. The temporoparietal cortex showed higher connectivity to somatosensory cortex and insula during other- compared to self-touch. This difference was augmented by ketamine, and correlated with dissociation strength for somatosensory cortex. These results demonstrate that disrupting the self-experience through ketamine administration affects neural activity associated with self-other-differentiation in a region involved in touch perception and social cognition, especially with regard to social touch by someone else. This process may be driven by ketamine-induced effects on top-down signaling, rendering the processing of predictable self-generated and unpredictable other-generated touch more similar. These findings provide further evidence for the intricate relationship of the bodily self with the tactile sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinoud Kaldewaij
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Paula C Salamone
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adam Enmalm
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars Östman
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Michal Pietrzak
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Karlsson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Löfberg
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Emelie Gauffin
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Samuelsson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sarah Gustavson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andrea J Capusan
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olausson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Boehme
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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2
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Mora L, Committeri G, L'Abbate T, Cocchini G. Unlocking the potential of 'passive' modulation: How sensory stimulation shapes hand and face size. J Neuropsychol 2024. [PMID: 38877675 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the body size is intricately tied to multisensory integration processes that rely on the dynamic interplay of top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Recent years have seen the development of passive sensory stimulation protocols aimed at investigating the modulation of various cognitive functions, primarily inducing perceptual learning and behaviour change without the need for extensive training. Given that reductions in sensory input have been associated with alterations in body size perception, it is reasonable to hypothesize that increasing sensory information through passive sensory stimulation could similarly influence the perception of the size of body parts. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the potential modulatory effects of passive sensory stimulation on the perception of hand and face size in a group of young adults. Passive sensory stimulation effectively modulated the size representation of the stimulated hand, supporting the notion that access to somatosensory and proprioceptive information is prioritised for the hands but may not extend to the face. Increased somatosensory input resulted in a reduction of distortion, providing evidence for bottom-up modulation of size representation. Passive sensory stimulation can induce subjective changes in body size perception without the need for extensive training. This paradigm holds promise as a potential alternative for modulating distorted size representation in individuals with body representational deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mora
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Teresa L'Abbate
- Department of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Cocchini
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
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Le Jeune F, D'Alonzo M, Piombino V, Noccaro A, Formica D, Di Pino G. Experiencing an Elongated Limb in Virtual Reality Modifies the Tactile Distance Perception of the Corresponding Real Limb. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0244-23.2024. [PMID: 38844346 PMCID: PMC11208980 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0244-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In measurement, a reference frame is needed to compare the measured object to something already known. This raises the neuroscientific question of which reference frame is used by humans when exploring the environment. Previous studies suggested that, in touch, the body employed as measuring tool also serves as reference frame. Indeed, an artificial modification of the perceived dimensions of the body changes the tactile perception of external object dimensions. However, it is unknown if such a change in tactile perception would occur when the body schema is modified through the illusion of owning a limb altered in size. Therefore, employing a virtual hand illusion paradigm with an elongated forearm of different lengths, we systematically tested the subjective perception of distance between two points [tactile distance perception (TDP) task] on the corresponding real forearm following the illusion. Thus, the TDP task is used as a proxy to gauge changes in the body schema. Embodiment of the virtual arm was found significantly greater after the synchronous visuotactile stimulation condition compared with the asynchronous one, and the forearm elongation significantly increased the TDP. However, we did not find any link between the visuotactile-induced ownership over the elongated arm and TDP variation, suggesting that vision plays the main role in the modification of the body schema. Additionally, significant effect of elongation found on TDP but not on proprioception suggests that these are affected differently by body schema modifications. These findings confirm the body schema malleability and its role as a reference frame in touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Le Jeune
- NEXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- NEXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Valeria Piombino
- NEXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Alessia Noccaro
- Neurorobotics Lab, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Domenico Formica
- Neurorobotics Lab, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- NEXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome 00128, Italy
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4
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Spence C, Zhang T. Multisensory contributions to skin-cosmetic product interactions. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38761125 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The human face is one of the most salient regions of the body surface. Ratings of facial attractiveness, as well as judgements of a person's age, are influenced by the appearance of facial skin (not to mention the presence/absence of wrinkles). Unsurprisingly, many consumers spend huge amounts of money on trying to protect, maintain, and/or enhance their facial appearance. As highlighted by the evidence presented in this narrative review, both the skin and the cosmetic products that many consumers use are fundamentally multisensory in nature. The complex interaction between the particular skin site stimulated and the multisensory attributes of the product (e.g., when it is applied) can exert a number of effects on an individual's mood, their emotions, as well as on their self-perception (and self-confidence), over-and-above any functional effects that the cream or lotion may have on the skin itself. In this narrative historical review, the literature on the multisensory perception of facial skin is summarized and critically evaluated. Multisensory interactions taking place between the cosmetic product, its packaging, as well as its use/application at the sensory, cognitive, and emotional levels are all discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, New Radcliffe House, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Experimental Psychology, New Radcliffe House, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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El Maouch M, Jin Z. Between Meanings and Senses-Making Spaces: Agency and Ownership Emergence Formalization from Cultural-Historical Activity Theory Position, for an AI-Friendly Model. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:99-137. [PMID: 37193931 PMCID: PMC10188320 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-023-09770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sense of agency and sense of ownership are considered crucial in autonomous systems. However, drawbacks still exist regarding how to represent their causal origin and internal structure, either in formalized psychological models or in artificial systems. This paper considers that these drawbacks are based on the ontological and epistemological duality in mainstream psychology and AI. By shedding light on the cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT) and dialectical logic, and by building on and extending related work, this paper attempts to investigate how the noted duality affects investigating the self and "I". And by differentiating between the space of meanings and the sense-making space, the paper introduces CHAT's position of the causal emergence of agency and ownership by stressing the twofold transition theory being central to CHAT. Furthermore, a qualitative formalized model is introduced to represent the emergence of agency and ownership through the emergence of the contradictions-based meaning with potential employment in AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad El Maouch
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Psychological Data Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Yingcai Street, No.6, Zhengzhou, Henan 45044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Psychological Data Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Yingcai Street, No.6, Zhengzhou, Henan 45044 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
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Salgues S, Plancher G, Michael GA. Is it really on your hand? Spontaneous sensations are not peripheral sensations - Evidence from able-bodied individuals and a phantom limb syndrome patient. Brain Cogn 2024; 175:106138. [PMID: 38335922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Among other bodily signals, the perception of sensations arising spontaneously on the skin with no external triggers contributes to body awareness. The topic of spontaneous sensations (SPS) being quite recent in the literature, there is still a debate whether this phenomenon is elicited by peripheral cutaneous units' activity underlying tactile perception or originates directly from central mechanisms. In a first experiment, we figured that, if SPS depended on peripheral afferents, their perception on the glabrous hand should relate to the hand tactile sensitivity. On the contrary, we found no relationship at all, which led us to envisage the scenario of SPS in the absence of cutaneous units. In a second experiment, we present the case of Julie, a right-hand amputee that could perceive and report SPS arising on her phantom limb syndrome. We found that SPS distribution on the phantom limb followed the same gradient as that observed in control participants, unlike SPS perceived on the intact left hand. Those findings are crucial to the understanding of neural factors determining body awareness through SPS perception and provide insights into the existence of a precise neural gradient underlying somesthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salgues
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France; Laboratoire Mémoire Cerveau et Cognition, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Gaën Plancher
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - George A Michael
- Département de Sciences Cognitives, Psychologie Cognitive & Neuropsychologie, Institut de Psychologie, Unité de Recherche Étude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France
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Palermo L, Boccia M. The Body in Neurosciences: Representation, Perception and Space Processing. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1708. [PMID: 38137156 PMCID: PMC10741805 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue "The Body in Neurosciences: Representation, Perception and Space Processing" deals with the understanding of body processing in terms of the multisensorial perception of bodily related information, interoception, and mental representation, as well as its relationship with the peripersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal spaces, integrating findings from normal and pathological functioning [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa—Loc. Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Salvato G, Crivelli D, Gandola M, Bottini G. Self-touch facilitates the recognition of the dis-owned left hand in somatoparaphrenia: a single case study. Neurocase 2023; 29:133-140. [PMID: 38650434 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2345405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We investigated whether self-administered tactile stimulation could act as a temporary restorative mechanism for body ownership disorders, both implicitly and explicitly. We tested this hypothesis in a patient with somatoparaphrenia, who displayed increased accuracy in explicitly recognizing their left hand during self-touch. Furthermore, the patient implicitly perceived their hand and the experimenter's hand as more belonging to their own body compared to conditions where vision was the sole sensory input. These findings highlight the importance of self-touch in maintaining a coherent body representation, while also demonstrating the potential dissociation between the recovery of explicit and implicit perceptions of body ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salvato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Damiano Crivelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Gandola
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bottini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Cognitive Neuropsychology Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
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Matamala-Gomez M, Donegan T, Świdrak J. VR for Pain Relief. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 65:309-336. [PMID: 36592274 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present chapter explores how immersive virtual reality (VR) systems can be used for pain research and treatment. Pain is a universal, yet entirely subjective and multifaceted unpleasant experience. One of the earliest VR studies on pain highlighted the role of attention in pain modulation. However, the role of body representation in pain modulation has also been described as a crucial factor. Through virtual reality systems, it is possible to modulate both attention to pain and body representation. In this chapter, first we define how immersive VR can be used to create the illusion of being present in immersive VR environments and argue why VR can be an effective tool for distracting patients from acute pain. However, distraction seems to be less useful in chronic pain treatment. Chronic pain can be highly disabling and can significantly impact not only the sufferer's quality of life, but also their perceptions of the bodily self. Close neural connections between the body matrix and pain open a chance for influencing pain through bodily illusions. This chapter explores approaches to inducing body ownership illusions in VR and discusses how they have been applied in pain research. The present chapter also covers a set of practical indications and methodological caveats of immersive VR and solutions for overcoming them. Finally, we outline several promising future research directions and highlight several yet unexplored areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matamala-Gomez
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tony Donegan
- Cortical Networks and Virtual Environments in Neuroscience Lab, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Justyna Świdrak
- Cortical Networks and Virtual Environments in Neuroscience Lab, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Crucianelli L, Ehrsson HH. The Role of the Skin in Interoception: A Neglected Organ? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:224-238. [PMID: 35969893 PMCID: PMC9902974 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221094509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the past 2 decades, interoception has received increasing attention in the fields of psychology and cognitive science, as well as neuroscience and physiology. A plethora of studies adopted the perception of cardiac signals as a proxy for interoception. However, recent findings have cast doubt on the methodological and intrinsic validity of the tasks used thus far. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to improve the existing cardiac interoceptive tasks and to identify novel channels to target the perception of the physiological state of the body. Amid such scientific abundancy, one could question whether the field has been partially neglecting one of our widest organs in terms of dimensions and functions: the skin. According to some views grounded on anatomical and physiological evidence, skin-mediated signals such as affective touch, pain, and temperature have been redefined as interoceptive. However, there is no agreement in this regard. Here, we discuss some of the anatomical, physiological, and experimental arguments supporting the scientific study of interoception by means of skin-mediated signals. We argue that more attention should be paid to the skin as a sensory organ that monitors the bodily physiological state and further propose thermosensation as a particularly attractive model of skin-mediated interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Crucianelli
- Laura Crucianelli, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet
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11
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Anquetil M, Roche-Labarbe N, Rossi S. Tactile sensory processing as a precursor of executive attention: Toward early detection of attention impairments and neurodevelopmental disorders. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022:e1640. [PMID: 36574728 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in developmental neuroscience tend to show the existence of neural attention networks from birth. Their construction is based on the first sensory experiences that allow us to learn the patterns of the world surrounding us and preserve our limited attentional resources. Touch is the first sensory modality to develop, although it is still little studied in developmental psychology in contrast to distal modalities such as audition or vision. Atypical tactile sensory processing at an early age could predict later attention dysfunction, both of them being part of the symptomatology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). We review the state of knowledge on tactile sensory processing and its links with attention, executive attention (EA) in particular, and propose that abnormal tactile sensory processing at an early age could provide markers of EA dysfunctions, contributing to the early detection of NDD. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Attention.
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Mühlenpfordt I, Blakeslee SB, Everding J, Cramer H, Seifert G, Stritter W. Touching body, soul, and spirit? Understanding external applications from integrative medicine: A mixed methods systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:960960. [PMID: 36619637 PMCID: PMC9813495 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.960960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction External applications from anthroposophic medicine (EAAM) are touch-based applications such as rhythmical massages, embrocations, and compresses that serve as components of complementary treatment concepts for various diseases. The aim of this review is to gain an understanding of typical indications and outcomes and to systematically assess the effectiveness and safety of EAAM. Materials and methods Medline/PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched through May 2021 and supplemented by searches in specialized databases and personal requests to experts in the field. Studies and case reports on EAAM in patients, as well as healthy individuals, were included in the qualitative synthesis. Outcome parameters depending on each study were grouped as effect themes and assigned to study clusters using Thematic Analysis for a thematic overview of effect patterns. Results Four RCTs, 7 cohort studies, 1 mixed-methods, 1 retrospective, 4 qualitative studies, 3 case series, and 25 case reports on EAAM were identified. The analysis indicated various effects of EAAM on physiological as well as psychological health indicators and patterns of effect development. Study quality was found to be high for only 2 studies, and moderate for 1 study, and all remaining 45 studies showed a moderate or high risk of bias or were not ratable with used rating tools. Conclusion The included studies present a wide range of potential indications for EAAM, while showing methodological drawbacks. To determine whether EAAM can be considered an effective treatment option, clinical studies exploring the effect of different EAAM modalities on defined patient groups are recommended for the future. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=214030], identifier [CRD42020214030].
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Mühlenpfordt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Inga Mühlenpfordt,
| | - Sarah B. Blakeslee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Everding
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Cramer
- Institute of General Practice and Interprofessional Care, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,Bosch Health Campus, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wiebke Stritter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology and Hematology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Tella BA, Oghumu SN, Gbiri CAO. Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Interferential Current on Tactile Acuity of Individuals With Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1403-1409. [PMID: 34405486 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and interferential currents (IFC) are pain electrotherapies with questioned efficacy. Studies of their effects on tactile acuity of individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) are limited, hence, this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-three individuals with NSCLBP randomly allocated into three groups completed this study. Data collected from participants included age, gender, and anthropometric characteristics of height, weight, body mass index, and percentage body fat measured with standard instruments. Also, participants' tactile acuity, pain intensity, and disability were assessed before and after interventions with digital caliper, numerical pain rating scale, and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, respectively. Interventions consisted of stretching, strengthening, and stabilization exercises to all three groups in addition of TENS to group 1 and IFC to group 2, respectively, for five weeks. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation summarized the data. Inferential statistics of paired t-test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance tested the level of significance among variables at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Tactile acuity was significantly (p < 0.05) increased after TENS intervention only, while pain intensity was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced after the three interventions. The result showed no gender difference in tactile acuity values among the participants. CONCLUSIONS TENS increases the tactile acuity of individuals with NSCLBP, whereas IFC demonstrated no significant change in tactile acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bosede Abidemi Tella
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Saturday Nicholas Oghumu
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River, Nigeria.
| | - Caleb Ademola Omuwa Gbiri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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14
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Kearney BE, Lanius RA. The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1015749. [PMID: 36478879 PMCID: PMC9720153 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the manifestation of trauma in the body is a phenomenon well-endorsed by clinicians and traumatized individuals, the neurobiological underpinnings of this manifestation remain unclear. The notion of somatic sensory processing, which encompasses vestibular and somatosensory processing and relates to the sensory systems concerned with how the physical body exists in and relates to physical space, is introduced as a major contributor to overall regulatory, social-emotional, and self-referential functioning. From a phylogenetically and ontogenetically informed perspective, trauma-related symptomology is conceptualized to be grounded in brainstem-level somatic sensory processing dysfunction and its cascading influences on physiological arousal modulation, affect regulation, and higher-order capacities. Lastly, we introduce a novel hierarchical model bridging somatic sensory processes with limbic and neocortical mechanisms regulating an individual's emotional experience and sense of a relational, agentive self. This model provides a working framework for the neurobiologically informed assessment and treatment of trauma-related conditions from a somatic sensory processing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne E. Kearney
- Department of Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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15
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Scott M. Sensory attenuation from action observation. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2923-2937. [PMID: 36123539 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A central claim of many embodied approaches to cognition is that understanding others' actions is achieved by covertly simulating the observed actions and their consequences in one's own motor system. If such a simulation occurs, it may be accomplished through forward models, a component of the motor system already known to perform simulations of actions and their consequences in order to support sensory-monitoring of one's own actions. Forward-model simulations cause an attenuation of sensory intensity, so if the simulations hypothesized by embodied cognition are indeed provided by forward models, then action observation should trigger this sensory attenuation. To test this hypothesis, the experiments reported here measured the perceived intensity of a touch sensation on the finger when participants observed an active touch (a finger reaching to touch a ball) vs. a passive touch (a ball rolling to touch an unmoving finger). The touch sensation was perceived as less intense during observation of active touch in comparison with observation of passive touch, providing evidence that forward models are indeed engaged during action observation. The strength of this sensory attenuation is compared and contrasted with a well-established sensory-amplification effect caused by visual attention. This sensory-amplification effect has not generally been considered in studies related to sensory attenuation in action observation, which may explain conflicting results reported in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Scott
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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16
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Cornelio P, Haggard P, Hornbaek K, Georgiou O, Bergström J, Subramanian S, Obrist M. The sense of agency in emerging technologies for human–computer integration: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:949138. [PMID: 36172040 PMCID: PMC9511170 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.949138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human–computer integration is an emerging area in which the boundary between humans and technology is blurred as users and computers work collaboratively and share agency to execute tasks. The sense of agency (SoA) is an experience that arises by a combination of a voluntary motor action and sensory evidence whether the corresponding body movements have somehow influenced the course of external events. The SoA is not only a key part of our experiences in daily life but also in our interaction with technology as it gives us the feeling of “I did that” as opposed to “the system did that,” thus supporting a feeling of being in control. This feeling becomes critical with human–computer integration, wherein emerging technology directly influences people’s body, their actions, and the resulting outcomes. In this review, we analyse and classify current integration technologies based on what we currently know about agency in the literature, and propose a distinction between body augmentation, action augmentation, and outcome augmentation. For each category, we describe agency considerations and markers of differentiation that illustrate a relationship between assistance level (low, high), agency delegation (human, technology), and integration type (fusion, symbiosis). We conclude with a reflection on the opportunities and challenges of integrating humans with computers, and finalise with an expanded definition of human–computer integration including agency aspects which we consider to be particularly relevant. The aim this review is to provide researchers and practitioners with guidelines to situate their work within the integration research agenda and consider the implications of any technologies on SoA, and thus overall user experience when designing future technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cornelio
- Ultraleap Ltd., Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia Cornelio,
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kasper Hornbaek
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Joanna Bergström
- Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sriram Subramanian
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Obrist
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Risso G, Bassolino M. Assess and rehabilitate body representations via (neuro)robotics: An emergent perspective. Front Neurorobot 2022; 16:964720. [PMID: 36160286 PMCID: PMC9498221 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2022.964720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The perceptions of our own body (e.g., size and shape) do not always coincide with its real characteristics (e.g., dimension). To track the complexity of our perception, the concept of mental representations (model) of the body has been conceived. Body representations (BRs) are stored in the brain and are maintained and updated through multiple sensory information. Despite being altered in different clinical conditions and being tightly linked with self-consciousness, which is one of the most astonishing features of the human mind, the BRs and, especially, the underlying mechanisms and functions are still unclear. In this vein, here we suggest that (neuro)robotics can make an important contribution to the study of BRs. The first section of the study highlights the potential impact of robotics devices in investigating BRs. Far to be exhaustive, we illustrate major examples of its possible exploitation to further improve the assessment of motor, haptic, and multisensory information building up the BRs. In the second section, we review the main evidence showing the contribution of neurorobotics-based (multi)sensory stimulation in reducing BRs distortions in various clinical conditions (e.g., stroke, amputees). The present study illustrates an emergent multidisciplinary perspective combining the neuroscience of BRs and (neuro)robotics to understand and modulate the perception and experience of one's own body. We suggest that (neuro)robotics can enhance the study of BRs by improving experimental rigor and introducing new experimental conditions. Furthermore, it might pave the way for the rehabilitation of altered body perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Risso
- School of Health Sciences, Haute École spécialisée de Suisse occidentale (HES-SO) Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Sion, Switzerland
- Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences (RBCS), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Bassolino
- School of Health Sciences, Haute École spécialisée de Suisse occidentale (HES-SO) Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
- The Sense Innovation and Research Center, Sion, Switzerland
- Laboratoire MySpace, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Del Vecchio M, De Marco D, Pigorini A, Fossataro C, Cassisi A, Avanzini P. Vision of haptics tunes the somatosensory threshold. Neurosci Lett 2022; 787:136823. [PMID: 35914589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between different sensory modalities represents a crucial issue in the neuroscience of consciousness: when the processing of one modality is deficient, the concomitant presentation of stimuli of other spared modalities may sustain the restoring of the damaged sensory functions. In this regard, visual enhancement of touch may represent a viable tool in the rehabilitation from tactile disorders, yet the specific visual features mostly modulating the somatosensory experience remain unsettled. In this study, healthy subjects underwent a tactile detection task during the observation of videos displaying different contents, including static gratings, meaningless motions, natural or point-lights reach-to-grasp-and-manipulate actions. Concurrently, near-threshold stimuli were delivered to the median nerve at different time-points. Subjective report was collected after each trial; the sensory detection rate was computed and compared across video conditions. Our results indicate that the specific presence of haptic contents (i.e., vision of manipulation), either fully displayed or implied by point-lights, magnifies tactile sensitivity. The notion that such stimuli prompt an aware tactile experience opens to novel rehabilitation approaches for tactile consciousness disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Vecchio
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma 43125, Italy.
| | - Doriana De Marco
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma 43125, Italy
| | - Andrea Pigorini
- University of Milan, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Milano 20157, Italy
| | - Carlotta Fossataro
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Torino, Torino 10124, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cassisi
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma 43125, Italy; University of Parma, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Parma 43124,Italy
| | - Pietro Avanzini
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Parma 43125, Italy
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19
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Vittersø AD, Halicka M, Buckingham G, Proulx MJ, Bultitude JH. The sensorimotor theory of pathological pain revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104735. [PMID: 35705110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Harris (1999) proposed that pain can arise in the absence of tissue damage because changes in the cortical representation of the painful body part lead to incongruences between motor intention and sensory feedback. This idea, subsequently termed the sensorimotor theory of pain, has formed the basis for novel treatments for pathological pain. Here we review the evidence that people with pathological pain have changes to processes contributing to sensorimotor function: motor function, sensory feedback, cognitive representations of the body and its surrounding space, multisensory processing, and sensorimotor integration. Changes to sensorimotor processing are most evident in the form of motor deficits, sensory changes, and body representations distortions, and for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), fibromyalgia, and low back pain. Many sensorimotor changes are related to cortical processing, pain, and other clinical characteristics. However, there is very limited evidence that changes in sensorimotor processing actually lead to pain. We therefore propose that the theory is more appropriate for understanding why pain persists rather than how it arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel D Vittersø
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Monika Halicka
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Buckingham
- Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Centre for Real and Virtual Environments Augmentation Labs, Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Janet H Bultitude
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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20
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Buetler KA, Penalver-Andres J, Özen Ö, Ferriroli L, Müri RM, Cazzoli D, Marchal-Crespo L. “Tricking the Brain” Using Immersive Virtual Reality: Modifying the Self-Perception Over Embodied Avatar Influences Motor Cortical Excitability and Action Initiation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:787487. [PMID: 35221950 PMCID: PMC8863605 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.787487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To offer engaging neurorehabilitation training to neurologic patients, motor tasks are often visualized in virtual reality (VR). Recently introduced head-mounted displays (HMDs) allow to realistically mimic the body of the user from a first-person perspective (i.e., avatar) in a highly immersive VR environment. In this immersive environment, users may embody avatars with different body characteristics. Importantly, body characteristics impact how people perform actions. Therefore, alternating body perceptions using immersive VR may be a powerful tool to promote motor activity in neurologic patients. However, the ability of the brain to adapt motor commands based on a perceived modified reality has not yet been fully explored. To fill this gap, we “tricked the brain” using immersive VR and investigated if multisensory feedback modulating the physical properties of an embodied avatar influences motor brain networks and control. Ten healthy participants were immersed in a virtual environment using an HMD, where they saw an avatar from first-person perspective. We slowly transformed the surface of the avatar (i.e., the “skin material”) from human to stone. We enforced this visual change by repetitively touching the real arm of the participant and the arm of the avatar with a (virtual) hammer, while progressively replacing the sound of the hammer against skin with stone hitting sound via loudspeaker. We applied single-pulse transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS) to evaluate changes in motor cortical excitability associated with the illusion. Further, to investigate if the “stone illusion” affected motor control, participants performed a reaching task with the human and stone avatar. Questionnaires assessed the subjectively reported strength of embodiment and illusion. Our results show that participants experienced the “stone arm illusion.” Particularly, they rated their arm as heavier, colder, stiffer, and more insensitive when immersed with the stone than human avatar, without the illusion affecting their experienced feeling of body ownership. Further, the reported illusion strength was associated with enhanced motor cortical excitability and faster movement initiations, indicating that participants may have physically mirrored and compensated for the embodied body characteristics of the stone avatar. Together, immersive VR has the potential to influence motor brain networks by subtly modifying the perception of reality, opening new perspectives for the motor recovery of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A. Buetler
- Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Karin A. Buetler,
| | - Joaquin Penalver-Andres
- Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Psychosomatic Medicine, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Özhan Özen
- Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Ferriroli
- Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M. Müri
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dario Cazzoli
- Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital of Bern (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Neurocenter, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Marchal-Crespo
- Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cognitive Robotics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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21
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Bellard A, Urgesi C, Cazzato V. Self-body recognition and attitudes towards body image in younger and older women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2022; 25:107-119. [PMID: 34331575 PMCID: PMC8784361 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that ageing causes dramatic changes in bodily appearance, little is known about how self-body recognition changes across life span. Here, we investigated whether older, compared to younger women, differed in the ability of recognising their own than other women's body parts and whether this effect was associated to negative body image dispositions. Twenty-eight young (Mage: 25.93 years, SDage = 4.74) and 25 middle-aged (Mage: 54.36 years, SDage = 4.54) women completed an implicit task consisting of visual matching of self and others' body parts and an explicit self-other body discrimination task. Stimuli comprised of images of body parts of the participant and of other age- and BMI-matched models, which were presented in the original size or modified to look rounder or thinner. Measures of adiposity (i.e. BMI), body image concerns and appearance-related worries for specific body parts and for the whole body were also collected. Whilst both groups showed a self-body advantage in the implicit, but not in the explicit task, the advantage was notably bigger for the younger group. However, the implicit self-advantage was higher in those middle-aged women that displayed more body image concerns and worries for specific body parts. Furthermore, the two groups were comparably less able in recognising their body parts when presented thinner as compared to rounder or in their actual size. Overall, these findings open the possibility that, as women age, their implicit self-recognition abilities may decline in association with more negative body image dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Bellard
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- grid.5390.f0000 0001 2113 062XLaboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Language and Literature, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy ,Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Pasian di Prato, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Cazzato
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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22
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Mora L, Committeri G, Ciavarro M, Cocchini G. Selective effects of a brain tumor on the metric representation of the hand: a pre- versus post-surgery comparison. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3183-3192. [PMID: 36260096 PMCID: PMC9678987 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Body representation disorders are complex, varied, striking, and very disabling in most cases. Deficits of body representation have been described after lesions to multimodal and sensorimotor cortical areas. A few studies have reported the effects of tumors on the representation of the body, but little is known about the changes after tumor resection. Moreover, the impact of brain lesions on the hand size representation has been investigated in few clinical cases. Hands are of special importance, as no other body part has the ability for movement and interaction with the environment that the hands have, and we use them for a multitude of daily activities. Studies with clinical population can add further knowledge into the way hands are represented. Here, we report a single case study of a patient (AM) who was an expert bodybuilder and underwent a surgery to remove a glioblastoma in the left posterior prefrontal and precentral cortex at the level of the hand's motor region. Pre- (20 days) and post- (4 months) surgery assessment did not show any motor or cognitive impairments. A hand localization task was used, before and after surgery (12 months), to measure possible changes of the metric representation of his right hand. Results showed a post-surgery modulation of the typically distorted hand representation, with an overall accuracy improvement, especially on width dimension. These findings support the direct involvement of sensorimotor areas in the implicit representation of the body size and its relevance on defining specific size representation dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mora
- grid.15874.3f0000 0001 2191 6040Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, SE14 6NW UK
| | - Giorgia Committeri
- grid.412451.70000 0001 2181 4941Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University “G. d’Annunzio”, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Ciavarro
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Gianna Cocchini
- grid.15874.3f0000 0001 2191 6040Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, SE14 6NW UK
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23
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Body size estimation in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3417-3429. [PMID: 34536083 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research about body size estimation in obesity reported heterogeneous results. This might be related to the fact that the tasks adopted explored different body representations. Classifying the previous studies according to the specific body representation probed (i.e. implicit, explicit or both) might clarify discordant findings. A systematic review and meta-analysis of research articles assessing body size estimation in individuals affected by obesity compared with healthy weight individuals were performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Additional records were identified by reference lists inspection. The last search was run in May 2021. Two independent authors performed data extraction according to predefined criteria. Both groups either overestimated or underestimated the implicit body representation depending on the task used and the body part considered. Conversely, the explicit representation of the body was mainly overestimated by both individuals with obesity and healthy weight. In tasks relying on both these representations, overestimation and underestimation were reported in both groups, possibly depending on the degree of which each procedure relied on the explicit and/or implicit representation of the body. According to the meta-analysis, individuals with obesity tended to be significantly less accurate in body size estimations than participants with healthy weight. We confirmed that heterogeneous findings in body size estimation in obesity are related to the adoption of different tasks, which likely involve different body representations. We discussed the role of body dissatisfaction and altered somatosensation in the lower accuracy observed in obesity.
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24
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Applying a novel visual-to-touch sensory substitution for studying tactile reference frames. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10636. [PMID: 34017027 PMCID: PMC8137949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceiving the spatial location and physical dimensions of touched objects is crucial for goal-directed actions. To achieve this, our brain transforms skin-based coordinates into a reference frame by integrating visual and posture information. In the current study, we examine the role of posture in mapping tactile sensations to a visual image. We developed a new visual-to-touch sensory substitution device that transforms images into a sequence of vibrations on the arm. 52 blindfolded participants performed spatial recognition tasks in three different arm postures and had to switch postures between trial blocks. As participants were not told which side of the device is down and which is up, they could choose how to map its vertical axis in their responses. Contrary to previous findings, we show that new proprioceptive inputs can be overridden in mapping tactile sensations. We discuss the results within the context of the spatial task and the various sensory contributions to the process.
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25
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Reinersmann A, Skinner IW, Lücke T, Massy-Westropp N, Rudolf H, Moseley GL, Stanton TR. Intact tactile anisotropy despite altered hand perception in complex regional pain syndrome: rethinking the role of the primary sensory cortex in tactile and perceptual dysfunction. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11156. [PMID: 33986983 PMCID: PMC8101475 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is characterised by pain, autonomic, sensory and motor abnormalities. It is associated with changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1 representation), reductions in tactile sensitivity (tested by two-point discrimination), and alterations in perceived hand size or shape (hand perception). The frequent co-occurrence of these three phenomena has led to the assumption that S1 changes underlie tactile sensitivity and perceptual disturbances. However, studies underpinning such a presumed relationship use tactile sensitivity paradigms that involve the processing of both non-spatial and spatial cues. Here, we used a task that evaluates anisotropy (i.e., orientation-dependency; a feature of peripheral and S1 representation) to interrogate spatial processing of tactile input in CRPS and its relation to hand perception. People with upper limb CRPS (n = 14) and controls with (n = 15) or without pain (n = 19) judged tactile distances between stimuli-pairs applied across and along the back of either hand to provide measures of tactile anisotropy. Hand perception was evaluated using a visual scaling task and questionnaires. Data were analysed with generalised estimating equations. Contrary to our hypotheses, tactile anisotropy was bilaterally preserved in CRPS, and the magnitude of anisotropic perception bias was comparable between groups. Hand perception was distorted in CRPS but not related to the magnitude of anisotropy or bias. Our results suggest against impairments in spatial processing of tactile input, and by implication S1 representation, as the cause of distorted hand perception in CRPS. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of somatosensory dysfunction and distorted hand perception in CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Reinersmann
- Neuropediatric Department, Children's University Hospital St. Josef, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian W Skinner
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Neuropediatric Department, Children's University Hospital St. Josef, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Nicola Massy-Westropp
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Henrik Rudolf
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Is Right Angular Gyrus Involved in the Metric Component of the Mental Body Representation in Touch and Vision? A tDCS Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11030284. [PMID: 33668964 PMCID: PMC7996561 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have found in the sense of touch a good sensory modality by which to study body representation. Here, we address the “metric component of body representation”, a specific function developed to process the discrimination of tactile distances on the body. The literature suggests the involvement of the right angular gyrus (rAG) in processing the tactile metricity on the body. The question of this study is the following: is the rAG also responsible for the visual metric component of body representation? We used tDCS (anodal and sham) in 20 subjects who were administered an on-body distance discrimination task with both tactile and visual stimuli. They were also asked to perform the same task in a near-body condition. The results allow us to confirm the role of rAG in the estimation of tactile distances. Further, we also showed that rAG might be involved in the discrimination of distances on the body not only in tactile but also in visual modality. Finally, based on the significant effects of anodal stimulation even in a near-body visual discrimination task, we proposed a higher-order function of the AG in terms of a supramodal comparator of quantities.
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Kwok SC, Xu X, Duan W, Wang X, Tang Y, Allé MC, Berna F. Autobiographical and episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia: A narrative review and proposed agenda for research. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 83:101956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Fusaro M, Lisi MP, Tieri G, Aglioti SM. Heterosexual, gay, and lesbian people's reactivity to virtual caresses on their embodied avatars' taboo zones. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2221. [PMID: 33500486 PMCID: PMC7838160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Embodying an artificial agent through immersive virtual reality (IVR) may lead to feeling vicariously somatosensory stimuli on one's body which are in fact never delivered. To explore whether vicarious touch in IVR reflects the basic individual and social features of real-life interpersonal interactions we tested heterosexual men/women and gay men/lesbian women reacting subjectively and physiologically to the observation of a gender-matched virtual body being touched on intimate taboo zones (like genitalia) by male and female avatars. All participants rated as most erogenous caresses on their embodied avatar taboo zones. Crucially, heterosexual men/women and gay men/lesbian women rated as most erogenous taboo touches delivered by their opposite and same gender avatar, respectively. Skin conductance was maximal when taboo touches were delivered by female avatars. Our study shows that IVR may trigger realistic experiences and ultimately allow the direct exploration of sensitive societal and individual issues that can otherwise be explored only through imagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fusaro
- Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma & CLNS@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo P Lisi
- Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma & CLNS@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Tieri
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Virtual Reality Lab, University of Rome Unitelma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Sapienza, Università degli Studi di Roma & CLNS@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
- Social Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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29
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Sorrentino G, Franza M, Zuber C, Blanke O, Serino A, Bassolino M. How ageing shapes body and space representations: A comparison study between healthy young and older adults. Cortex 2020; 136:56-76. [PMID: 33460913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To efficiently interact with the external world, the brain needs to represent the size of the involved body parts - body representations (BR) - and the space around the body in which the interactions with the environment take place - peripersonal space representation (PPS). BR and PPS are both highly flexible, being updated by the continuous flow of sensorimotor signals between the brain and the body, as observed for example after tool-use or immobilization. The progressive decline of sensorimotor abilities typically described in ageing could thus influence BR and PPS representations in the older adults. To explore this hypothesis, we compared BR and PPS in healthy young and older participants. By focusing on the upper limb, we adapted tasks previously used to evaluate BR and PPS plasticity, i.e., the body-landmarks localization task and audio-tactile interaction task, together with a new task targeting explicit BR (avatar adjustment task, AAT). Results show significantly higher distortions in the older rather than young participants in the perceived metric characteristic of the upper limbs. We found significant modifications in the implicit BR of the global shape (length and width) of both upper limbs, together with an underestimation in the arm length. Similar effects were also observed in the AAT task. Finally, both young and older adults showed equivalent multisensory facilitation in the space close to the hand, suggesting an intact PPS representation. Together, these findings demonstrated significant alterations of implicit and explicit BR in the older participants, probably associated with a less efficient contribution of bodily information typically subjected to age-related decline, whereas the comparable PPS representation in both groups could be supported by preserved multisensory abilities in older participants. These results provide novel empirical insight on how multiple representations of the body in space, subserving actions and perception, are shaped by the normal course of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Sorrentino
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Franza
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Zuber
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland; Master of Science, University of Applied Sciences of Western, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Michela Bassolino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, School of Life Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland; School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland.
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30
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Bahmad S, Miller LE, Pham MT, Moreau R, Salemme R, Koun E, Farnè A, Roy AC. Online proprioception feeds plasticity of arm representation following tool-use in healthy aging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17275. [PMID: 33057121 PMCID: PMC7560613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following tool-use, the kinematics of free-hand movements are altered. This modified kinematic pattern has been taken as a behavioral hallmark of the modification induced by tool-use on the effector representation. Proprioceptive inputs appear central in updating the estimated effector state. Here we questioned whether online proprioceptive modality that is accessed in real time, or offline, memory-based, proprioception is responsible for this update. Since normal aging affects offline proprioception only, we examined a group of 60 year-old adults for proprioceptive acuity and movement's kinematics when grasping an object before and after tool-use. As a control, participants performed the same movements with a weight-equivalent to the tool-weight-attached to their wrist. Despite hampered offline proprioceptive acuity, 60 year-old participants exhibited the typical kinematic signature of tool incorporation: Namely, the latency of transport components peaks was longer and their amplitude reduced after tool-use. Instead, we observed no kinematic modifications in the control condition. In addition, online proprioception acuity correlated with tool incorporation, as indexed by the amount of kinematics changes observed after tool-use. Altogether, these findings point to the prominent role played by online proprioception in updating the body estimate for the motor control of tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Bahmad
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France. .,Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon, France. .,, 16 Avenue du Doyen Jean Lépine, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Luke E Miller
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Minh Tu Pham
- Laboratoire Ampère, CNRS UMR5005, INSA Lyon, Univ Lyon, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Richard Moreau
- Laboratoire Ampère, CNRS UMR5005, INSA Lyon, Univ Lyon, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Romeo Salemme
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Koun
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alice C Roy
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France.,Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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31
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Risso G, Martoni RM, Erzegovesi S, Bellodi L, Baud-Bovy G. Visuo-tactile shape perception in women with Anorexia Nervosa and healthy women with and without body concerns. Neuropsychologia 2020; 149:107635. [PMID: 33058922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of Anorexia Nervosa is body image disturbances, the study of which has focused mainly on visual and attitudinal aspects, did not always contain homogeneous groups of patients, and/or did not evaluate body shape concerns of the control group. In this study, we used psychophysical methods to investigate the visual, tactile and bimodal perception of elliptical shapes in a group of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) restricting type and two groups of healthy participants, which differed from each other by the presence of concerns about their own bodies. We used an experimental paradigm designed to test the hypothesis that the perceptual deficits in AN reflect an impairment in multisensory integration. The results showed that the discrimination thresholds of AN patients are larger than those of the two control groups. While all participants overestimated the width of the ellipses, this distortion was more pronounced in AN patients and, to a lesser extent, healthy women concerned about their bodies. All groups integrated visual and tactile information similarly in the bimodal conditions, which does not support the multi-modal integration impairment hypothesis. We interpret these results within an integrated model of perceptual deficits of Anorexia Nervosa based on a model of somatosensation that posits a link between object tactile perception and Mental Body Representations. Finally, we found that the participants' perceptual abilities were correlated with their clinical scores. This result should encourage further studies that aim at evaluating the potential of perceptual indexes as a tool to support clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Risso
- DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; RBCS, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - L Bellodi
- Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Università San Raffaele Vita Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - G Baud-Bovy
- RBCS, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Università San Raffaele Vita Salute, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Galigani M, Castellani N, Donno B, Franza M, Zuber C, Allet L, Garbarini F, Bassolino M. Effect of tool-use observation on metric body representation and peripersonal space. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107622. [PMID: 32905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, we constantly act and interact with objects and with others' people through our body. To properly perform actions, the representations of the dimension of body-parts (metric body representation, BR) and of the space surrounding the body (peripersonal space, PPS) need to be constantly updated. Previous evidence has shown that BR and PPS representation are highly flexible, being modulated by sensorimotor experiences, such as the active use of tools to reach objects in the far space. In this study, we investigate whether the observation of another person using a tool to interact with objects located in the far space is sufficient to influence the plasticity of BR and PPS representation in a similar way to active tool-use. With this aim, two groups of young healthy participants were asked to perform 20 min trainings based on the active use of a tool to retrieve far cubes (active tool-use) and on the first-person observation of an experimenter doing the same tool-use training (observational tool-use). Behavioural tasks adapted from literature were used to evaluate the effects of the active and observational tool-use on BR (body-landmarks localization task-group 1), and PPS (audio-tactile interaction task - group 2). Results show that after active tool-use, participants perceived the length of their arm as longer than at baseline, while no significant differences appear after observation. Similarly, significant modifications in PPS representation, with comparable multisensory facilitation on tactile responses due to near and far sounds, were seen only after active tool-use, while this did not occur after observation. Together these results suggest that a mere observational training could not be sufficient to significantly modulate BR or PPS. The dissociation found in the active and observational tool-use points out differences between action execution and action observation, by suggesting a fundamental role of the motor planning, the motor intention, and the related sensorimotor feedback in driving BR and PPS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galigani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Castellani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Donno
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Franza
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland
| | - C Zuber
- University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - L Allet
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Garbarini
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Bassolino
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland.
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33
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Matiz A, Guzzon D, Crescentini C, Paschetto A, Fabbro F. The role of self body brushing vs mindfulness meditation on interoceptive awareness: A non-randomized pilot study on healthy participants with possible implications for body image disturbances. Eur J Integr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Casetta L, Rizzi L, Passarelli M, Arcara G, Perrella R. Italian Validation of the Touch Avoidance Measure and the Touch Avoidance Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1673. [PMID: 32793052 PMCID: PMC7390897 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social touch is essential in relationships and well-being, but the unique personal experience of touch is not assessed and taken into account in health and social care services. The pleasantness of gentle stroking is influenced by gender, toucher genre, toucher familiarity, culture, and age. Moreover, pleasantness is influenced by touch avoidance, the attitude toward interpersonal touch. The aim of this article is to present the translation, adaptation, and validation in Italian of two scales to measure touch avoidance. For translation and validation, we selected the most used scale, the Touch Avoidance Measure (TAM) and a more recent scale, the Touch Avoidance Questionnaire (TAQ). Confirmatory factor analyses reported good model fit for the TAM [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.947, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.940, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.065] and excellent model fit for the TAQ (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0.950, RMSEA = 0.058). Internal consistency was high for all subscales, except the TAQ "Stranger" subscale. One-month test-retest reliability ranged from 0.67 to 0.90 for each subscale. Lastly, convergent validity between the TAM and TAQ was also found to be high. We conclude that the TAM and TAQ can be used to assess touch avoidance with Italian samples. The instrument can be used to support healthcare professionals and to assess attitudes toward touch in individuals with interpersonal difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casetta
- Associazione Centro di Psicologia e Psicoterapia Funzionale, Istitituto S.I.F., Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Rizzi
- Associazione Centro di Psicologia e Psicoterapia Funzionale, Istitituto S.I.F., Padua, Italy
| | - Marcello Passarelli
- Institute of Educational Technology, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Perrella
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
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de Haan EH, Dijkerman HC. Somatosensation in the Brain: A Theoretical Re-evaluation and a New Model. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:529-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Progin P, Faivre N, Brooks A, Chang W, Mercier M, Schwabe L, Do KQ, Blanke O. Somatosensory-visual effects in visual biological motion perception. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234026. [PMID: 32525897 PMCID: PMC7289375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is dependent on the ability to extract information from human stimuli. Of those, patterns of biological motion (BM) and in particular walking patterns of other humans, are prime examples. Although most often tested in isolation, BM outside the laboratory is often associated with multisensory cues (i.e. we often hear and see someone walking) and there is evidence that vision-based judgments of BM stimuli are systematically influenced by motor signals. Furthermore, cross-modal visuo-tactile mechanisms have been shown to influence perception of bodily stimuli. Based on these observations, we here investigated if somatosensory inputs would affect visual BM perception. In two experiments, we asked healthy participants to perform a speed discrimination task on two point light walkers (PLW) presented one after the other. In the first experiment, we quantified somatosensory-visual interactions by presenting PLW together with tactile stimuli either on the participants' forearms or feet soles. In the second experiment, we assessed the specificity of these interactions by presenting tactile stimuli either synchronously or asynchronously with upright or inverted PLW. Our results confirm that somatosensory input in the form of tactile foot stimulation influences visual BM perception. When presented with a seen walker's footsteps, additional tactile cues enhanced sensitivity on a speed discrimination task, but only if the tactile stimuli were presented on the relevant body-part (under the feet) and when the tactile stimuli were presented synchronously with the seen footsteps of the PLW, whether upright or inverted. Based on these findings we discuss potential mechanisms of somatosensory-visual interactions in BM perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Progin
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Geneva, Switzerland
- CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anna Brooks
- Lifeline Research Foundation, Lifeline Australia, Deakin ACT, Australia
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia
| | - Wenwen Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Manuel Mercier
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Inserm (U1106), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Lars Schwabe
- Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain, Lufthansa Industry Solutions AS, Norderstedt, Germany
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) "SYNAPSY—The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases", Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Geneva, Switzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) "SYNAPSY—The Synaptic Bases of Mental Diseases", Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Perceptual Representation of Own Hand Size in Early Childhood and Adulthood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5378. [PMID: 32214160 PMCID: PMC7096435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand size perceptual distortions characterize adult human cognition. Notwithstanding the importance of uncovering how hand size representation develops in humans, studies in this field are still at a preliminary stage. Indeed, it is yet to be understood whether hand size distortions are present and reliable in early childhood and whether they differ from adults’ distortions, offering a more in-depth insight into the emergence and development of such representations. We addressed this issue by comparing 4- to 6- year-old children and adults’ representation of their own hand size, as assessed with a 2-forced choice visual perceptual task. To test participants’ ability to estimate their own hand size, children and adults judged whether pictures of their own hand, resized to appear smaller or bigger than their own hand, matched or not its actual dimension. Results show that children aged 4 to 6 years tend to underestimate their own hand size, while adults underestimate their own hand more weakly. This evidence suggests that body-parts perceptual distortions are already in place in early childhood, and thus represent a characteristic of the human body representation.
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Stone KD, Kornblad CAE, Engel MM, Dijkerman HC, Blom RM, Keizer A. An Investigation of Lower Limb Representations Underlying Vision, Touch, and Proprioception in Body Integrity Identity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32161554 PMCID: PMC7052367 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID) have a (non-psychotic) longstanding desire to amputate or paralyze one or more fully-functioning limbs, often the legs. This desire presumably arises from experiencing a mismatch between one's perceived mental image of the body and the physical structural and/or functional boundaries of the body itself. While neuroimaging studies suggest a disturbed body representation network in individuals with BIID, few behavioral studies have looked at the manifestation of this disrupted lower limb representations in this population. Specifically, people with BIID feel like they are overcomplete in their current body. Perhaps sensory input, processed normally on and about the limb, cannot communicate with a higher-order model of the leg in the brain (which might be underdeveloped). We asked individuals who desire paralysis or amputation of the lower legs (and a group of age- and sex-matched controls) to make explicit and implicit judgments about the size and shape of their legs while relying on vision, touch, and proprioception. We hypothesized that BIID participants would mis-estimate the size of their affected leg(s) more than the same leg of controls. Using a multiple single-case analysis, we found no global differences in lower limb representations between BIID participants and controls. Thus, while people with BIID feel that part of the body is foreign, they can still make normal sensory-guided implicit and explicit judgments about the limb. Moreover, these results suggest that BIID is not a body image disorder, per se, and that an examination of leg representation does not uncover the disturbed bodily experience that individuals with BIID have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla D. Stone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Clara A. E. Kornblad
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Manja M. Engel
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - H. Chris Dijkerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rianne M. Blom
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Keizer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Neuropsychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:4561831. [PMID: 32399082 PMCID: PMC7201816 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4561831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a poorly understood chronic pain condition of multifactorial origin. CRPS involves sensory, motor, and autonomic symptoms primarily affecting one extremity. Patients can also present with neuropsychological changes such as reduced attention to the CRPS-affected extremity, reminiscent of hemispatial neglect, yet in the absence of any brain lesions. However, this "neglect-like" framework is not sufficient to characterise the range of higher cognitive functions that can be altered in CRPS. This comprehensive literature review synthesises evidence of neuropsychological changes in CRPS in the context of potential central mechanisms of the disorder. The affected neuropsychological functions constitute three distinct but not independent groups: distorted body representation, deficits in lateralised spatial cognition, and impairment of non-spatially-lateralised higher cognitive functions. We suggest that many of these symptoms appear to be consistent with a broader disruption to parietal function beyond merely what could be considered "neglect-like." Moreover, the extent of neuropsychological symptoms might be related to the clinical signs of CRPS, and rehabilitation methods that target the neuropsychological changes can improve clinical outcomes in CRPS and other chronic pain conditions. Based on the limitations and gaps in the reviewed literature, we provide several suggestions to improve further research on neuropsychological changes in chronic pain.
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Geri T, Viceconti A, Minacci M, Testa M, Rossettini G. Manual therapy: Exploiting the role of human touch. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019; 44:102044. [PMID: 31358458 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physiotherapy approach to musculoskeletal pain is currently pointing more towards a hands-off management of patients by education and exercise therapy. However, hands-on techniques still represent a core element of musculoskeletal physiotherapy practice appreciated by patients and widely taught in educational program and clinical professional development training. PURPOSE This professional issue explain why hands-on techniques may be considered a specific form of touch and outlines the importance of having a deep and wider understanding of their action mechanisms. Three aspects of the human touch, namely analgesic, affective and somatoperceptual are considered in light of the current literature. IMPLICATIONS The view of hands-on techniques as a specific form of human touch implies a change of perspective. Primarily, manual therapy techniques are based on the physical properties of the delivered stimulus (requiring knowledge of anatomy, biomechanics and neurophysiology) as well as on the emotional properties that emerge from the sympathetic contact established with the patient. Secondarily, the manual therapists should develop relationship and communicative skills allowing this kind of touch to emerge. Thirdly, accordingly with this new perspective, the study of the multifaceted mechanisms of action of hands-on techniques requires a multidisciplinary team of researchers including specialists apparently far from the clinical field. Finally, the recognition of the therapeutic value of touch as one of the most qualifying professional acts of physiotherapists is needed and guarantees patients of its best evidence-based delivering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Geri
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona. Via Magliotto, 2, 17100, Savona (SV), Italy.
| | - Antonello Viceconti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona. Via Magliotto, 2, 17100, Savona (SV), Italy
| | - Marco Minacci
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona. Via Magliotto, 2, 17100, Savona (SV), Italy
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona. Via Magliotto, 2, 17100, Savona (SV), Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Campus of Savona. Via Magliotto, 2, 17100, Savona (SV), Italy
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41
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Matamala-Gomez M, Donegan T, Bottiroli S, Sandrini G, Sanchez-Vives MV, Tassorelli C. Immersive Virtual Reality and Virtual Embodiment for Pain Relief. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:279. [PMID: 31551731 PMCID: PMC6736618 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant body of experimental evidence has demonstrated that it is possible to induce the illusion of ownership of a fake limb or even an entire fake body using multisensory correlations. Recently, immersive virtual reality has allowed users to experience the same sensations of ownership over a virtual body inside an immersive virtual environment, which in turn allows virtual reality users to have the feeling of being "embodied" in a virtual body. Using such virtual embodiment to manipulate body perception is starting to be extensively investigated and may have clinical implications for conditions that involve altered body image such as chronic pain. Here, we review experimental and clinical studies that have explored the manipulation of an embodied virtual body in immersive virtual reality for both experimental and clinical pain relief. We discuss the current state of the art, as well as the challenges faced by, and ideas for, future research. Finally, we explore the potentialities of using an embodied virtual body in immersive virtual reality in the field of neurorehabilitation, specifically in the field of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matamala-Gomez
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tony Donegan
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Bottiroli
- Faculty of Law, Giustino Fortunato University, Benevento, Italy
- Headache Science Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sandrini
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Cognició, Desenvolupament i Psicologia de l’Educació, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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42
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Giurgola S, Pisoni A, Maravita A, Vallar G, Bolognini N. Somatosensory cortical representation of the body size. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:3534-3547. [PMID: 31056809 PMCID: PMC6865590 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the size of our own body parts is essential for accurately moving in space and efficiently interact with objects. A distorted perceptual representation of the body size often represents a core diagnostic criterion for some psychopathological conditions. The metric representation of the body was shown to depend on somatosensory afferences: local deafferentation indeed causes a perceptual distortion of the size of the anesthetized body part. A specular effect can be induced by altering the cortical map of body parts in the primary somatosensory cortex. Indeed, the present study demonstrates, in healthy adult participants, that repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the somatosensory cortical map of the hand in both hemispheres causes a perceptual distortion (i.e., an overestimation) of the size of the participants' own hand (Experiments 1-3), which does not involve other body parts (i.e., the foot, Experiment 2). Instead, the stimulation of the inferior parietal lobule of both hemispheres does not affect the perception of the own body size (Experiment 4). These results highlight the role of the primary somatosensory cortex in the building up and updating of the metric of body parts: somatosensory cortical activity not only shapes our somatosensation, it also affects how we perceive the dimension of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giurgola
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryPh.D. Program in Neuroscience, University of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Angelo Maravita
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoLaboratory of NeuropsychologyMilanItaly
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI)University of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoLaboratory of NeuropsychologyMilanItaly
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43
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Filippetti ML, Crucianelli L. If I were a grown-up: Children's response to the rubber hand illusion with different hand sizes. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 185:191-205. [PMID: 31174012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During childhood, children's bodies undergo rapid physical growth, which may affect their ability to accurately perceive their own bodies as well as the external environment. Concurrently, multisensory processes underlying bodily self-consciousness gradually develop. However, little is known of the relation between changes in body size and corresponding update in bodily self-consciousness. In this study, 6- to 8-year-old children experienced the "rubber hand illusion" while watching a regular (child-like) or larger (adult-like) rubber hand being touched either synchronously or asynchronously with their own real hand. We measured proprioceptive drift and subjective ownership as well as changes in weight estimation of objects. Synchronous versus asynchronous visuotactile stroking with both the regular and larger hands caused a change in subjective body ownership but did not make a difference in perceived hand location and weight estimation of objects having the same size but different weight. Intriguingly, simply viewing the regular hand led to greater proprioceptive drift and to overestimation of the objects' weight relative to the larger hand. In addition, weight estimation was also influenced by hand size after visuotactile stroking. These results demonstrate that visuotactile information modulates the intrinsic properties of body representation in terms of size in children and further corroborate previous findings suggesting late developing optimal calibration of visual and proprioceptive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Filippetti
- Centre for Brain Science, Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Laura Crucianelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Vittersø AD, Halicka M, Buckingham G, Proulx MJ, Bultitude JH. Experimentally induced pain does not influence updating of peripersonal space and body representations following tool-use. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210045. [PMID: 31095562 PMCID: PMC6522125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Representations of the body and peripersonal space can be distorted for people with some chronic pain conditions. Experimental pain induction can give rise to similar, but transient distortions in healthy individuals. However, spatial and bodily representations are dynamic, and constantly update as we interact with objects in our environment. It is unclear whether induced pain disrupts the mechanisms involved in updating these representations. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of induced pain on the updating of peripersonal space and body representations during and following tool-use. We compared performance under three conditions (pain, active placebo, neutral) on a visuotactile crossmodal congruency task and a tactile distance judgement task to measure updating of peripersonal space and body representations, respectively. Consistent with previous findings, the difference in crossmodal interference from visual distractors in the same compared to opposite visual field to the tactile target was less when tools were crossed than uncrossed. This suggests an extension of peripersonal space to incorporate the tips of the tools. Also consistent with previous findings, estimates of the felt tactile distance judgements decreased after active tool-use. In contrast to our predictions, however, we found no evidence that pain interfered with performance on either task when compared to the control conditions. Our findings suggest that the updating of peripersonal space and body representations is not disrupted by induced pain. That is, experiencing acute pain does not give rise to distorted representations of the body and peripersonal space that can be present in people with chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel D Vittersø
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Halicka
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Buckingham
- Department of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Proulx
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Centre for Real and Virtual Environments Augmentation Labs, Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Janet H Bultitude
- Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Manson GA, Tremblay L, Lebar N, de Grosbois J, Mouchnino L, Blouin J. Auditory cues for somatosensory targets invoke visuomotor transformations: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215518. [PMID: 31048853 PMCID: PMC6497427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to goal-directed actions, somatosensory target positions can be localized using either an exteroceptive or an interoceptive body representation. The goal of the present study was to investigate if the body representation selected to plan reaches to somatosensory targets is influenced by the sensory modality of the cue indicating the target’s location. In the first experiment, participants reached to somatosensory targets prompted by either an auditory or a vibrotactile cue. As a baseline condition, participants also performed reaches to visual targets prompted by an auditory cue. Gaze-dependent reaching errors were measured to determine the contribution of the exteroceptive representation to motor planning processes. The results showed that reaches to both auditory-cued somatosensory targets and auditory-cued visual targets exhibited larger gaze-dependent reaching errors than reaches to vibrotactile-cued somatosensory targets. Thus, an exteroceptive body representation was likely used to plan reaches to auditory-cued somatosensory targets but not to vibrotactile-cued somatosensory targets. The second experiment examined the influence of using an exteroceptive body representation to plan movements to somatosensory targets on pre-movement neural activations. Cortical responses to a task-irrelevant visual flash were measured as participants planned movements to either auditory-cued somatosensory or auditory-cued visual targets. Larger responses (i.e., visual-evoked potentials) were found when participants planned movements to somatosensory vs. visual targets, and source analyses revealed that these activities were localized to the left occipital and left posterior parietal areas. These results suggest that visual and visuomotor processing networks were more engaged when using the exteroceptive body representation to plan movements to somatosensory targets, than when planning movements to external visual targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerome A. Manson
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Luc Tremblay
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Lebar
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
| | - John de Grosbois
- University of Toronto, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean Blouin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LNC FR 3C, Marseille, France
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Bréchet L, Mange R, Herbelin B, Theillaud Q, Gauthier B, Serino A, Blanke O. First-person view of one's body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197763. [PMID: 30845269 PMCID: PMC6405051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memories (EMs) are recollections of contextually rich and personally relevant past events. EM has been linked to the sense of self, allowing one to mentally travel back in subjective time and re-experience past events. However, the sense of self has recently been linked to online multisensory processing and bodily self-consciousness (BSC). It is currently unknown whether EM depends on BSC mechanisms. Here, we used a new immersive virtual reality (VR) system that maintained the perceptual richness of life episodes and fully controlled the experimental stimuli during encoding and retrieval, including the participant’s body. Our data reveal a classical EM finding, which shows that memory for complex real-life like scenes decays over time. However, here we also report a novel finding that delayed retrieval performance can be enhanced when participants view their body as part of the virtual scene during encoding. This body effect was not observed when no virtual body or a moving control object was shown, thereby linking the sense of self, and BSC in particular, to EMs. The present VR methodology and the present behavioral findings will enable to study key aspects of EM in healthy participants and may be especially beneficial for the restoration of self-relevant memories in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bréchet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robin Mange
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Herbelin
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Theillaud
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Gauthier
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Scarpina F, Cau N, Cimolin V, Galli M, Priano L, Mauro A. Defective Tool Embodiment in Body Representation of Individuals Affected by Parkinson's Disease: A Preliminary Study. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2489. [PMID: 30666219 PMCID: PMC6330277 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
When efficiently used for action, tools become part of the body, with effect on the spatial-temporal movement parameters and body size perception. Until now, no previous investigation has been reported about tool embodiment in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is a neurological disease characterized by several sensory and motor symptoms affecting body and action. We enrolled 14 individuals affected by PD and 18 healthy individuals as controls. We studied the spatial-temporal parameters on self-paced free pointing movement task, via an optoelectronic system, before and after a short training in which a 27-cm long rod was used to point toward a far target. Moreover, we investigated changes in estimation of arm length through the Tactile Estimation Task. After the tool-use training, controls showed changes in spatial-temporal parameters: they were slower to perform movements and reported a higher value of deceleration than the baseline. However, such a difference did not emerge in the PD individuals. In the Tactile Discrimination Task, no difference emerged before and after the tool-use training in both groups. Our results were suggestive of possible difficulties of the tool embodiment process in PD. We discussed our results in relation to aberrant multisensory integration as well as in terms of the effect of PD sensory and motor symptoms on body schema plasticity. The present study points at a novel way to conceive PD sensory motor signs and symptoms in terms of their effect on individuals’ body representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Nicola Cau
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Galli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Tosinvest Sanità Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Priano
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Divisione di Neurologia e Neuroriabilitazione, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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48
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Viceconti A, Camerone EM, Luzzi D, Pardini M, Ristori D, Gallace A, Testa M. Explicit and implicit experience of own's body in painful musculoskeletal disorders and rheumatic diseases: A scoping review protocol of available quantitative and qualitative evidence. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118820026. [PMID: 30574308 PMCID: PMC6299299 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118820026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our body experience is organized at twofold levels: perceptual and cognitive-emotional. These higher-order processes are clearly different from the primary sensory processing of somatic stimuli (somatosensation). However, most of the available studies have mainly investigated the mechanisms of somatosensation. Moreover, disturbances of our body experience have been documented in some pathological conditions of interest for rehabilitative interventions, but their clinical role and relevance is yet to be clarified. Because in this field we have limited knowledge on perceptual and cognitive body experience, there emerges a need to better clarify this matter. The aim of the present scoping review is to systematically map this topic and to examine the magnitude and the nature of the available evidences. Materials and Methods The scoping review will be performed following the six-stage methodology suggested by Arksey and O'Malley. Ten electronic databases will be investigated since their inception. The search strategy will be peer reviewed by PRESS 2015 Evidence-Based Checklist as a quality assurance step. All records retrieved will be screened by two independent reviewers. The Population, Concept, and Context method will be adopted for eligibility criteria and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses will be used for results reporting. Two reviewers with different background will perform the search process independently. One author will extract data, checked by a second reviewer checking the matching with the research questions and goals. Any disagreements will be solved by a third reviewer. Ethics and Dissemination Ethical approval is not required for scoping reviews. Dissemination will include submission to peer-reviewed journal and presentations in conferences in the area of rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Viceconti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Maria Camerone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Deborah Luzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ristori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Alberto Gallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
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Fossataro C, Bruno V, Gindri P, Garbarini F. Defending the Body Without Sensing the Body Position: Physiological Evidence in a Brain-Damaged Patient With a Proprioceptive Deficit. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2458. [PMID: 30564182 PMCID: PMC6288365 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to know where our body parts are located in space (proprioception) is fundamental for both successfully interacting with the external world and monitoring potential threats. In this case-control study, we investigated whether the absence of proprioceptive signals may affect physiological defensive responses. To this aim, a right brain-damaged patient with a left upper-limb proprioceptive deficit (P+ patient) and age-matched healthy controls, underwent the recording of the Hand-Blink Reflex (HBR). This defensive response, elicited by electrical stimulation of the median nerve and recorded from the orbicularis oculi, is modulated by the hand position: it is enhanced when the threatened hand is near to the face, inside the defensive peripersonal-space (DPPS). According to the classical neuropsychological perspective, we used P+ patient as a model to investigate the role of proprioception in HBR modulation, by manipulating the congruity/incongruity between the intended and actual positions of the stimulated hand. P+ patient, with his eyes closed, had to voluntarily place his left hand either far from or near to his face and to relieve the arm's weight over a supporting device. Then, in congruent conditions, the hand was stimulated in the actual (intended) position. In incongruent conditions, the patient's hand was moved by the examiner from the intended to the opposite (not-intended) position and then stimulated. We observed an inverse response pattern between congruent and incongruent conditions. In congruent conditions, P+ patient showed an HBR enhancement in near compared to far position, comparable to that found in healthy controls. This suggests that, even in absence of proprioceptive and visual information, the HBR modulation was still present. Conversely, in incongruent conditions, P+ patient showed a greater HBR magnitude for far position (when the hand was actually far, but the patient intended it to be near) than for near position (when the hand was actually near, but the patient intended it to be far). This result suggests that proprioceptive signals are not necessary for HBR modulation to occur. It relies more on the intended than on the actual position of the hand. The role of motor intention and planning in shaping the DPPS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Fossataro
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Bruno
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gindri
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- San Camillo Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Garbarini
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- San Camillo Hospital of Turin, Turin, Italy
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50
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Katsuyama N, Kikuchi-Tachi E, Usui N, Yoshizawa H, Saito A, Taira M. Effect of Visual Information on Active Touch During Mirror Visual Feedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:424. [PMID: 30405378 PMCID: PMC6200852 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that observation of a dummy or mirror-reflected hand being stroked or moving at the same time as the hidden hand evokes a feeling that the dummy hand is one’s own, such as the rubber hand illusion (RHI) and mirror visual feedback (MVF). Under these conditions, participants also report sensing the tactile stimulation applied to the fake hands, suggesting that tactile perception is modulated by visual information during the RHI and MVF. Previous studies have utilized passive stimulation conditions; however, active touch is more common in real-world settings. Therefore, we investigated whether active touch is also modulated by visual information during an MVF scenario. Twenty-three participants (13 men and 10 women; mean age ± SD: 21.6 ± 2.0 years) were required to touch a polyurethane pad with both hands synchronously, and estimate the hardness of the pad while observing the mirror reflection. When participants observed the mirror reflection of the other hand pushing a softer or harder pad, perceived hardness estimates were significantly biased toward softer or harder, respectively, even though the physical hardness of the pad remained constant. Furthermore, perceived hardness exhibited a strong correlation with finger displacement of the mirrored, but not hidden, hand. The modulatory effects on perceived hardness diminished when participants touched the pad with both hands asynchronously or with their eyes closed. Moreover, participants experienced ownership of the mirrored hand when they touched the pad with both hands synchronously but not asynchronously. These results indicate that hardness estimates were modulated by observation of the mirrored hand during synchronous touch conditions. The present study demonstrates that, similar to passive touch, active touch is also modulated by visual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Katsuyama
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Kikuchi-Tachi
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Usui
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshizawa
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Saito
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Taira
- Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research (CBIR), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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