1
|
Akgül Ö, Fide E, Özel F, Alptekin K, Bora E, Akdede BB, Yener G. Early and late contingent negative variation (CNV) reflect different aspects of deficits in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2875-2889. [PMID: 38658367 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal reward processing and psychomotor slowing are well-known in schizophrenia (SZ). As a slow frontocentral potential, contingent negative variation (CNV) is associated with anticipatory attention, motivation and motor planning. The present study aims to evaluate the early and late amplitude and latencies of CNV in patients with SZ compared to healthy controls during a reward processing task and to show its association with clinical symptoms. We recruited 21 patients with SZ and 22 healthy controls to compare early and late CNV amplitude and latency values during a Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) Task between groups. Patients' symptom severity, levels of negative symptoms and depressive symptoms were assessed. Clinical features of the patients were further examined for their relation with CNV components. In conclusion, we found decreased early CNV amplitudes in SZ during the reward condition. They also displayed diminished and shortened late CNV responses for incentive cues, specifically at the central location. Furthermore, early CNV amplitudes exhibited a significant correlation with positive symptoms. Both CNV latencies were linked with medication dosage and the behavioural outcomes of the MID task. We revealed that early and late CNV exhibit different functions in neurophysiology and correspond to various facets of the deficits observed in patients. Our findings also emphasized that slow cortical potentials are indicative of deficient motivational processes as well as impaired reaction preparation in SZ. To gain a deeper understanding of the cognitive and motor impairments associated with psychosis, future studies must compare the effects of CNV in the early and late phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Akgül
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Fide
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Fatih Özel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Binnur Akdede
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Görsev Yener
- Department of Neurosciences, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Brain Dynamics Multidisciplinary Research Center, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sznabel D, Land R, Kopp B, Kral A. The relation between implicit statistical learning and proactivity as revealed by EEG. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15787. [PMID: 37737452 PMCID: PMC10516964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental events often occur on a probabilistic basis but can sometimes be predicted based on specific cues and thus approached proactively. Incidental statistical learning enables the acquisition of knowledge about probabilistic cue-target contingencies. However, the neural mechanisms of statistical learning about contingencies (SLC), the required conditions for successful learning, and the role of implicit processes in the resultant proactive behavior are still debated. We examined changes in behavior and cortical activity during an SLC task in which subjects responded to visual targets. Unbeknown to them, there were three types of target cues associated with high-, low-, and zero target probabilities. About half of the subjects spontaneously gained explicit knowledge about the contingencies (contingency-aware group), and only they showed evidence of proactivity: shortened response times to predictable targets and enhanced event-related brain responses (cue-evoked P300 and contingent negative variation, CNV) to high probability cues. The behavioral and brain responses were strictly associated on a single-trial basis. Source reconstruction of the brain responses revealed activation of fronto-parietal brain regions associated with cognitive control, particularly the anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. We also found neural correlates of SLC in the contingency-unaware group, but these were restricted to post-target latencies and visual association areas. Our results document a qualitative difference between explicit and implicit learning processes and suggest that in certain conditions, proactivity may require explicit knowledge about contingencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Sznabel
- Department of Experimental Otology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Land
- Department of Experimental Otology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrej Kral
- Department of Experimental Otology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Hearing4all", Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mismatch Negativity and Stimulus-Preceding Negativity in Paradigms of Increasing Auditory Complexity: A Possible Role in Predictive Coding. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23030346. [PMID: 33804068 PMCID: PMC7999243 DOI: 10.3390/e23030346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) has been considered a preattentive index of auditory processing and/or a signature of prediction error computation. This study tries to demonstrate the presence of an MMN to deviant trials included in complex auditory stimuli sequences, and its possible relationship to predictive coding. Additionally, the transfer of information between trials is expected to be represented by stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), which would possibly fit the predictive coding framework. To accomplish these objectives, the EEG of 31 subjects was recorded during an auditory paradigm in which trials composed of stimulus sequences with increasing or decreasing frequencies were intermingled with deviant trials presenting an unexpected ending. Our results showed the presence of an MMN in response to deviant trials. An SPN appeared during the intertrial interval and its amplitude was reduced in response to deviant trials. The presence of an MMN in complex sequences of sounds and the generation of an SPN component, with different amplitudes in deviant and standard trials, would support the predictive coding framework.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kóbor A, Kardos Z, Horváth K, Janacsek K, Takács Á, Csépe V, Nemeth D. Implicit anticipation of probabilistic regularities: Larger CNV emerges for unpredictable events. Neuropsychologia 2021; 156:107826. [PMID: 33716039 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anticipation of upcoming events plays a crucial role in automatic behaviors. It is, however, still unclear whether the event-related brain potential (ERP) markers of anticipation could track the implicit acquisition of probabilistic regularities that can be considered as building blocks of automatic behaviors. Therefore, in a four-choice reaction time (RT) task performed by young adults (N = 36), the contingent negative variation (CNV) as an ERP marker of anticipation was measured from the onset of a cue stimulus until the presentation of a target stimulus. Due to the probability structure of the task, target stimuli were either predictable or unpredictable, but this was unknown to participants. The cue did not contain predictive information on the upcoming target. Results showed that the CNV amplitude during response preparation was larger before the unpredictable than before the predictable target stimuli. In addition, although RTs increased, the P3 amplitude decreased for the unpredictable as compared with the predictable target stimuli, possibly due to the stronger response preparation that preceded stimulus presentation. These results suggest that enhanced attentional resources are allocated to the implicit anticipation and processing of unpredictable events. This might originate from the formation of internal models on the probabilistic regularities of the stimulus stream, which primarily facilitates the processing of predictable events. Overall, we provide ERP evidence that supports the role of implicit anticipation and predictive processes in the acquisition of probabilistic regularities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kóbor
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Kardos
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváth
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Centre of Thinking and Learning, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, 150 Dreadnought, SE10 9LS, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ádám Takács
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Modern Philology and Social Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary; Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 462, Neurocampus 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675, Bron, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Tommaso M, Betti V, Bocci T, Bolognini N, Di Russo F, Fattapposta F, Ferri R, Invitto S, Koch G, Miniussi C, Piccione F, Ragazzoni A, Sartucci F, Rossi S, Arcara G, Berchicci M, Bianco V, Delussi M, Gentile E, Giovannelli F, Mannarelli D, Marino M, Mussini E, Pauletti C, Pellicciari MC, Pisoni A, Raggi A, Valeriani M. Pearls and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part I. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2711-2735. [PMID: 32388645 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) are obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) or the magnetoencephalogram (MEG, event-related fields (ERF)), extracting the activity that is time-locked to an event. Despite the potential utility of ERP/ERF in cognitive domain, the clinical standardization of their use is presently undefined for most of procedures. The aim of the present review is to establish limits and reliability of ERP medical application, summarize main methodological issues, and present evidence of clinical application and future improvement. The present section of the review focuses on well-standardized ERP methods, including P300, Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), Mismatch Negativity (MMN), and N400, with a chapter dedicated to laser-evoked potentials (LEPs). One section is dedicated to proactive preparatory brain activity as the Bereitschaftspotential and the prefrontal negativity (BP and pN). The P300 and the MMN potentials have a limited but recognized role in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and consciousness disorders. LEPs have a well-documented usefulness in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain, with low application in clinical assessment of psychophysiological basis of pain. The other ERP components mentioned here, though largely applied in normal and pathological cases and well standardized, are still confined to the research field. CNV, BP, and pN deserve to be largely tested in movement disorders, just to explain possible functional changes in motor preparation circuits subtending different clinical pictures and responses to treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina de Tommaso
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE - Laboratory of Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processes, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.,Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Piccione
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Aldo Ragazzoni
- Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Fondazione PAS, Scandicci, Florence, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Section of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arcara
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianco
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Foundation), Rome, Italy.,Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Delussi
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gentile
- Applied Neurophysiology and Pain Unit-AnpLab-University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Giovannelli
- Section of Psychology - Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Elena Mussini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology & NeuroMi, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Raggi
- Unit of Neurology, G.B. Morgagni - L. Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Neurology Ward Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. .,Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gómez CM, Arjona A, Donnarumma F, Maisto D, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Pezzulo G. Tracking the Time Course of Bayesian Inference With Event-Related Potentials:A Study Using the Central Cue Posner Paradigm. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1424. [PMID: 31275215 PMCID: PMC6593096 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we asked whether the event-related potentials associated to cue and target stimuli of a Central Cue Posner Paradigm (CCPP) may encode key parameters of Bayesian inference – prior expectation and surprise – on a trial-by-trial basis. Thirty-two EEG channel were recorded in a sample of 19 young adult subjects while performing a CCPP, in which a cue indicated (validly or invalidly) the position of an incoming auditory target. Three different types of blocks with validities of 50%, 64%, and 88%, respectively, were presented. Estimates of prior expectation and surprise were obtained on a trial-by-trial basis from participants’ responses, using a computational model implementing Bayesian learning. These two values were correlated on a trial-by-trial basis with the EEG values in all the electrodes and time bins. Therefore, a Spearman correlation metrics of the relationship between Bayesian parameters and the EEG was obtained. We report that the surprise parameter was able to classify the different validity blocks. Furthermore, the prior expectation parameter showed a significant correlation with the EEG in the cue-target period, in which the Contingent Negative Variation develops. Finally, in the post-target period the surprise parameter showed a significant correlation in the latencies and electrodes in which different event-related potentials are induced. Our results suggest that Bayesian parameters are coded in the EEG signals; and namely, the CNV would be related to prior expectation, while the post-target components P2a, P2, P3a, P3b, and SW would be related to surprise. This study thus provides novel support to the idea that human electrophysiological neural activity may implement a (Bayesian) predictive processing scheme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Arjona
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Francesco Donnarumma
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Maisto
- Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arjona A, Rodríguez E, Morales M, Gómez CM. The influence of the global/local probability effect on the neural processing of cues and targets. A functional systems approach. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 134:52-61. [PMID: 30342061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Global and local probability effects were explored in a visuo-auditory version of the central cue Posner's paradigm through the analysis of the neural Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) generated in the interaction between validity sequence effects (local probability) and block validity effects (global probability). Four behavioral measures (response times, correct/incorrect anticipations, and incorrect responses), three pre-target ERPs (visual P1/N1 and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)), and six post-target ERPs (auditory N1, P2, Processing Negativity (PN), P3a, P3b and Late Slow Positivity (LSP)) were considered. Four types of trial-sequences (Valid-Valid, Invalid-Valid, Invalid-Invalid, Valid-Invalid) and three types of trial-blocks, with different validity/invalidity proportions (50%, 68%, and 86% of valid trials), were employed. Present data replicate previous reports on the validity sequence effects on ERPs (local probability): (i) higher CNV on trials preceded by valid trials; (ii) higher PN on valid trials preceded by invalid trials compared to valid trials preceded by valid trials; and (iii) higher P3a/P3b and LSP on invalid trials preceded by valid trials compared to invalid trials preceded by invalid trials. In summary, local probability showed more effects modulating the brain responses than global probability and/or their interaction. Among a number of other hypotheses, the functional systems theory would account for the ability of the previous trial to modify processing in the current trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arjona
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel Morales
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, C/Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sequence effects of the involuntary and the voluntary components of symbolic cueing. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:662-668. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
9
|
Gómez CM, Barriga-Paulino CI, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Rojas-Benjumea MÁ, Arjona A, Gómez-González J. The neurophysiology of working memory development: from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:261-282. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWorking memory (WM) is an important cognitive function that is necessary to perform our daily activities. The present review briefly describes the most accepted models underlying WM and the neural networks involved in its processing. The review focuses on how the neurophysiological mechanisms develop with age in the periods from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. Studies using behavioral, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological techniques showed the progress of WM throughout the development. The present review focuses on the neurophysiology of the basic processes underlying WM operations, as indicated by electroencephalogram-derived signals, in order to take advantage of the excellent time resolution of this technique. Children and adults use similar cerebral mechanisms and areas to encode, recognize, and keep the stimuli in memory and update the WM contents, although adults rely more on anterior sites. The possibility that a functional reorganization of WM brain processing occurs around the adolescent period is suggested, and would partly justify the high prevalence of the emergence of mental pathology in the adolescent period.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Accinni T, Carlone L, Frascarelli M, Lattanzi GM, Currà A, Fattapposta F. Attentional functioning in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome: insight from ERPs. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018. [PMID: 29520614 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), or DiGeorge syndrome (DG), is one of the most common genetic deletion syndromes. DG also carries a high risk for psychiatric disorders, with learning disabilities frequently being reported. Impairments in specific cognitive domains, such as executive functioning and attention, have also been described. The aim of this study was to investigate attentional functioning in a group of subjects with DG using ERPs, and in particular the P300 and CNV components. We studied ten patients with DG and ten healthy subjects that performed a P300 Novelty task and a CNV motor task. P3b amplitude was significantly lower in patients than in controls, while P3b latency was comparable in patients and controls. The P3a parameters were similar in both groups. All CNV amplitudes were significantly lower in DG patients than in controls. DG patients displayed slower reaction times in the CNV motor task than healthy subjects. These results point to a cognitive dysfunction related above all to executive attentional processing in DG patients. In particular, a specific difficulty emerged in selective attention and in the ability to orient and to sustain the anticipatory attention required for an executive motor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Accinni
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carlone
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Frascarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Lattanzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Study of the Antisaccade Performance and Contingent Negative Variation Characteristics in First-Episode and Chronic Schizophrenia Patients. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 20:E55. [PMID: 29072157 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study tested whether the antisaccade (AS) performance and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) measures differed between the first-episode and chronic patients to provide the evidence of PFC progressive functional deterioration. Subjects included 15 first-episode and 20 chronic schizophrenic patients (with the duration of illness more than 5 years), and 21 control subjects. The first-episode and chronic patients had significantly elevated error percent (p < .05, effect size 1.10 and p < .001, effect size 1.25), increased AS latencies (p < .01, effect size 1.18 and p < .001, effect size 1.69), and increased latencies variability (p < .01, effect size 1.52 and p < .001, effect size 1.37) compared to controls. Chronic patients had marginally significant increase of the response latency (p = .086, effect size .78) and latency variability (p < .099, effect size .63) compared to first-episode ones. Results of CNV analysis revealed that chronic patients only exhibited robustly declined frontal CNV amplitude at Fz (p < .05, effect size .70), F3 (p < .05, effect size .88), and F4 (p < .05, effect size .71) sites compared to controls. The obtained results might be related to specific changes in prefrontal cortex function over the course of schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
12
|
Arjona Valladares A, Gómez González J, Gómez CM. Event related potentials changes associated with the processing of auditory valid and invalid targets as a function of previous trial validity in a Posner’s paradigm. Neurosci Res 2017; 115:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Fields C, Glazebrook JF. Disrupted development and imbalanced function in the global neuronal workspace: a positive-feedback mechanism for the emergence of ASD in early infancy. Cogn Neurodyn 2016; 11:1-21. [PMID: 28174609 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-016-9419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly being conceptualized as a spectrum disorder of connectome development. We review evidence suggesting that ASD is characterized by a positive feedback loop that amplifies small functional variations in early-developing sensory-processing pathways into structural and functional imbalances in the global neuronal workspace. Using vision as an example, we discuss how early functional variants in visual processing may be feedback-amplified to produce variant object categories and disrupted top-down expectations, atypically large expectation-to-perception mismatches, problems re-identifying individual people and objects, socially inappropriate, generally aversive emotional responses and disrupted sensory-motor coordination. Viewing ASD in terms of feedback amplification of small functional variants allows a number of recent models of ASD to be integrated with neuroanatomical, neurofunctional and genetic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James F Glazebrook
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL 61920 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen Q, Liang X, Peng X, Liu Y, Lei Y, Li H. The modulation of causal contexts in motion processes judgment as revealed by P2 and P3. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:141-154. [PMID: 27836625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The evoked response potential (ERP) procedure was used to investigate the representation of motion processes in different causal contexts, such as the collision of two squares or the repulsion of two magnets with like poles facing. Participants were required to judge whether each movement was plausible according to the causal context depicted by the cover story. Three main differences after the movement of the second object were found. First, the amplitudes at 70-170ms (N1) and 170-370ms (P2) elicited by a no-contact condition were more negative than a contact condition in the square context, whereas larger N1 and more positive amplitudes at 370-670ms were elicited by a no-contact condition in the magnet context. Second, larger P2 and more positive amplitudes at 370-670ms were elicited by inconsistent direction relative to consistent condition in the square context, whereas smaller N1 and more positive amplitudes at 370-670ms were elicited by inconsistent direction in the magnet context. Finally, larger P2 and more negative amplitudes at 370-470ms were elicited by plausible conditions relative to implausible conditions in a square context, whereas larger N1 and more positive amplitudes at 370-670ms were elicited by plausible conditions in the magnet context. These results suggested that the conceptual knowledge with different causal contexts have distinct effects on the judgment of objects interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Chen
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China; China Center for Special Economic Zone Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xiuling Liang
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Xiaozhe Peng
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116829, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Research Centre for Brain Function and Psychological Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cue validity probability influences neural processing of targets. Biol Psychol 2016; 119:171-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
16
|
Li K, Liu YJ, Qu F, Fu X. Neural activity associated with attention orienting triggered by implied action cues. Brain Res 2016; 1642:353-363. [PMID: 27067186 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatial attention can be directed by the actions of others. We used ERPs method to investigate the neural underpins associated with attention orienting which is induced by implied body action. Participants performed a standard non-predictive cuing task, in which a directional implied action (throwing and running) or non-action (standing) cue was randomly presented and then followed by a target to the left or right of the central cue, despite cue direction. The cue-triggered ERPs results demonstrated that implied action cues, rather than the non-action cue, could shift the observers' spatial attention as demonstrated by the robust anterior directing attention negativity (ADAN) effects in throwing and running cues. Further, earlier N1 (100-170ms) and P2 (170-260ms) waveform differences occurred between implied action and non-action cues over posterior electrodes. The P2 component might reflect implied motion signal perception of implied action cues, and this implied motion perception might play an important role in facilitating the attentional shifts induced by implied action cues. Target-triggered ERPs data (mainly P3a component) indicated that implied action cues (throwing and running) speeded and enhanced the responses to valid targets compared to invalid targets. Furthermore, P3a might imply that implied action orienting may share similar mechanisms of action with voluntary attention, especially at the novel stimuli processing decision-level. These results further support previous behavioral findings that implied body actions direct spatial attention and extend our understanding about the nature of the attentional shifts that are elicited by implied action cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jin Liu
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangbing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Increased anticipatory contingent negative variation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychol 2016; 117:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
18
|
Heath M, Hassall CD, MacLean S, Krigolson OE. Event-related brain potentials during the visuomotor mental rotation task: The contingent negative variation scales to angle of rotation. Neuroscience 2015; 311:153-65. [PMID: 26477986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual judgments about the angular disparity of a character from its standard upright (i.e., mental rotation task) result in a concurrent increase in reaction time (RT) and modulation of the amplitude of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP). It has therefore been proposed that the P300 represents the neural processes associated with a visual rotation. In turn, the visuomotor mental rotation (VMR) task requires reaching to a location that deviates from a target by a predetermined angle. Although the VMR task exhibits a linear increase in RT with increasing oblique angles of rotation, work has not examined whether the task is supported via a visual rotation analogous to its mental rotation task counterpart. This represents a notable issue because seminal work involving non-human primates has ascribed VMR performance to the motor-related rotation of directionally tuned neurons in the primary motor cortex. Here we examined the concurrent behavioral and ERP characteristics of a standard reaching task and VMR tasks of 35°, 70°, and 105° of rotation. Results showed that the P300 amplitude was larger for the standard compared to each VMR task--an effect independent of the angle of rotation. In turn, the amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV)--an ERP related to cognitive and visuomotor integration for movement preparation--was systematically modulated with angle of rotation. Thus, we propose that the CNV represents an ERP correlate related to the cognitive and/or visuomotor transformation demands of increasing the angular separation between a stimulus and a movement goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - C D Hassall
- Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - S MacLean
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - O E Krigolson
- Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
HajiHosseini A, Holroyd CB. Sensitivity of frontal beta oscillations to reward valence but not probability. Neurosci Lett 2015; 602:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Qian Q, Wang F, Feng Y, Song M. Spatial organisation between targets and cues affects the sequence effect of symbolic cueing. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1048249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
The Role of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Phasic Alertness: Evidence from a Contingent Negative Variation and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:410785. [PMID: 26090234 PMCID: PMC4458283 DOI: 10.1155/2015/410785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phasic alertness represents the ability to increase response readiness to a target following an external warning stimulus. Specific networks in the frontal and parietal regions appear to be involved in the alert state. In this study, we examined the role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the attentional processing of a stimulus using a cued double-choice reaction time task. The evaluation of these processes was conducted by means of Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), in particular by using the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), and repetitive 1-Hz Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). Transient virtual inhibition of the right DLPFC induced by real 1-Hz rTMS stimulation led to a significant decrease in total CNV and W1-CNV areas if compared with the basal and post-sham rTMS conditions. Reaction times (RTs) did not decrease after inhibitory rTMS, but they did improve after sham stimulation. These results suggest that the right DLPFC plays a crucial role in the genesis and maintenance of the alerting state and learning processes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The pFC enables the essential human capacities for predicting future events and preadapting to them. These capacities rest on both the structure and dynamics of the human pFC. Structurally, pFC, together with posterior association cortex, is at the highest hierarchical level of cortical organization, harboring neural networks that represent complex goal-directed actions. Dynamically, pFC is at the highest level of the perception-action cycle, the circular processing loop through the cortex that interfaces the organism with the environment in the pursuit of goals. In its predictive and preadaptive roles, pFC supports cognitive functions that are critical for the temporal organization of future behavior, including planning, attentional set, working memory, decision-making, and error monitoring. These functions have a common future perspective and are dynamically intertwined in goal-directed action. They all utilize the same neural infrastructure: a vast array of widely distributed, overlapping, and interactive cortical networks of personal memory and semantic knowledge, named cognits, which are formed by synaptic reinforcement in learning and memory acquisition. From this cortex-wide reservoir of memory and knowledge, pFC generates purposeful, goal-directed actions that are preadapted to predicted future events.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pauletti C, Mannarelli D, Grippo A, Currà A, Locuratolo N, De Lucia MC, Fattapposta F. Phasic alertness in a cued double-choice reaction time task: A Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) study. Neurosci Lett 2014; 581:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
24
|
Updating of attentional and premotor allocation resources as function of previous trial outcome. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4526. [PMID: 24681570 PMCID: PMC3970123 DOI: 10.1038/srep04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural bases of the inter-trial validity/invalidity sequential effects in a visuo-auditory modified version of the Central Cue Posner's Paradigm (CCPP) are analyzed by means of Early Directing Attention Negativity (EDAN), Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) and Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP). ERPs results indicated an increase in CNV and LRP in trials preceded by valid trials compared to trials preceded by invalid trials. The CNV and LRP pattern would be highly related to the behavioral pattern of lower RTs and higher number of anticipations in trials preceded by valid with respect to trials preceded by invalid trials. This effect was not preceded by a modulation of the EDAN as a result of the previous trial condition. The results suggest that there is a trial-by-trial dynamic modulation of the attentional system as a function of the validity assigned to the cue, in which conditional probabilities between cue and target are continuously updated.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang E, Luo J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhong J, Li Q. Neural mechanisms of shifts of spatial attention induced by object words with spatial associations: an ERP study. Exp Brain Res 2013; 227:199-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
26
|
Zhu Y, Qian X, Yang Y, Leng Y. The influence of explicit conceptual knowledge on perception of physical motions: An ERP study. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:253-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Fedota JR, McDonald CG, Roberts DM, Parasuraman R. Contextual task difficulty modulates stimulus discrimination: electrophysiological evidence for interaction between sensory and executive processes. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1384-93. [PMID: 22906001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The occipital-temporal N1 component of the event-related potential (ERP) has previously been shown to index a stimulus discrimination process. However, the N1 has not consistently been shown to be sensitive to the difficulty of stimulus discrimination. Here, we manipulated the difficulty of stimulus discrimination by modulating the similarity between serially presented targets and nontargets. The same target stimulus was employed in both easy and difficult discrimination contexts, and these physically identical target stimuli elicited a larger N1 and smaller P3b in the difficult task context. Moreover, when targets were incorrectly categorized, N1 amplitude was diminished and a P3b was not elicited. These findings provide evidence that the N1 component reflects a sensory discrimination process that is modulated by executive control, and that this component can index discrimination errors when stimulus discrimination is difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Fedota
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The functional role of alternation advantage in the sequence effect of symbolic cueing with nonpredictive arrow cues. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 74:1430-6. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-012-0337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Trial-by-trial changes in a priori informational value of external cues and subjective expectancies in human auditory attention. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21033. [PMID: 21698164 PMCID: PMC3116879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preparatory activity based on a priori probabilities generated in previous trials and subjective expectancies would produce an attentional bias. However, preparation can be correct (valid) or incorrect (invalid) depending on the actual target stimulus. The alternation effect refers to the subjective expectancy that a target will not be repeated in the same position, causing RTs to increase if the target location is repeated. The present experiment, using the Posner's central cue paradigm, tries to demonstrate that not only the credibility of the cue, but also the expectancy about the next position of the target are changedin a trial by trial basis. Sequences of trials were analyzed. Results The results indicated an increase in RT benefits when sequences of two and three valid trials occurred. The analysis of errors indicated an increase in anticipatory behavior which grows as the number of valid trials is increased. On the other hand, there was also an RT benefit when a trial was preceded by trials in which the position of the target changed with respect to the current trial (alternation effect). Sequences of two alternations or two repetitions were faster than sequences of trials in which a pattern of repetition or alternation is broken. Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that in Posner's central cue paradigm, and with regard to the anticipatory activity, the credibility of the external cue and of the endogenously anticipated patterns of target location are constantly updated. The results suggest that Bayesian rules are operating in the generation of anticipatory activity as a function of the previous trial's outcome, but also on biases or prior beliefs like the “gambler fallacy”.
Collapse
|