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Tang C, Zhu Y, Laziyan Y, Yang C, He C, Zuo Z. Long-term exposure to cyprodinil causes abnormal zebrafish aggressive and antipredator behavior through the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:106002. [PMID: 34717145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyprodinil, one of the main pyrimidinamine fungicides, has been used to control fungal diseases in plants and vegetables worldwide. Previous studies have investigated the influences of cyprodinil on the developmental and reproductive toxicity of fish. However, it remains unknown whether it affects fish behaviors and the underlying mechanisms. In our current study, zebrafish, an ideal model animal for behavioral studies, were exposed to cyprodinil from fertilization to 240 days postfertilization at 0.1 μg/L (environmentally relevant concentration) and 1, 10 μg/L. Firstly, we observed that aggressive behavior of zebrafish was significantly enhanced after exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L cyprodinil and antipredator behavior was decreased after exposure. Cyprodinil exposure altered the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels, which regulate cortisol homeostasis and were significantly reduced in all exposure groups (0.1-10 μg/L). In addition, most of the key genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal gland axis, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone and melanocortin 2 receptor, were downregulated significantly in all exposure groups, which was consistent with the hormone levels. In addition, in the hypothalamus, the number of apoptotic cells increased in a dose-dependent manner in the cyprodinil exposure groups. Moreover, these changes were potentially responsible for the increased aggression of zebrafish during the mirror-like aggressive test and for the reduced antipredator behavior during the predator avoidance test. Overall, the data provided herein further our understanding of cyprodinil toxicity and can be used to assess the ecological effects of cyprodinil on the induction of abnormal behaviors at the environmental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yibimu Laziyan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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2
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Yang L, Zhou M, Li L, Luo P, Fan W, Xu J, Chen Q, Pan F, Lei P, Zheng C, Jin Y. Characteristics of mental health implications and plasma metabolomics in patients recently recovered from COVID-19. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:307. [PMID: 34021116 PMCID: PMC8138845 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the associations between cerebral white matter (WM) alterations, mental health status, and metabolism in recovered COVID-19 patients. We included 28 recovered COVID-19 patients and 27 healthy controls between April 2020 and June 2020. Demographic data, the mental health scores, diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) data, and plasma metabolomics were collected and compared between the two groups. Tract-based spatial statistics and graph theory approaches were used for DTI data analysis. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of the plasma was performed. Correlation analyses were performed between these characteristics. Recovered COVID-19 patients showed decreased fractional anisotropy, increased mean diffusivity and radial diffusivity values in widespread brain regions, and significantly lower global efficiency, longer shortest path length, and less nodal local efficiency in superior occipital gyrus (all, P < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). Our results also demonstrated significantly different plasma metabolic profiling in recovered COVID-19 patients even at 3 months after their hospital discharge, which was mainly related to purine pathways, amino acids, lipids, and amine metabolism. Certain regions with cerebral WM alterations in the recovered patients showed significant correlations with different metabolites and the mental health scores. We observed multiple alterations in both WM integrity and plasma metabolomics that may explain the deteriorated mental health of recovered COVID-19 patients. These findings may provide potential biomarkers for the mental health evaluation for the recovered COVID-19 patients and potential targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenliang Fan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Health Checkup Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 430022, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, 430022, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Wang J, Li Y, Lai K, Zhong Q, Demin KA, Kalueff AV, Song C. High-glucose/high-cholesterol diet in zebrafish evokes diabetic and affective pathogenesis: The role of peripheral and central inflammation, microglia and apoptosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 96:109752. [PMID: 31446160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and metabolic deficits contribute to the etiology of human affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently emerged as a powerful new model organism in CNS disease modeling. Here, we exposed zebrafish to 2% glucose and 10% cholesterol for 19 days to experimentally induce type 2 diabetes (DM) and to assess stress responses, microglia, inflammation and apoptosis. We analyzed zebrafish anxiety-like behavior in the novel tank and light-dark box (Days 15-16) tests, as well as examined their biochemical and genomic biomarkers (Day 19). Confirming DM-like state in zebrafish, we found higher whole-body glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein levels and glucagon mRNA expression, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels. DM zebrafish also showed anxiety-like behavior, elevated whole-body cortisol and cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4, as well as higher brain mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, CD11b (a microglial biomarker), pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α (but not IL-1β or anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10), GFAP (an astrocytal biomarker), neurotrophin BDNF, its receptors p75 and TrkB, as well as apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 (but not BCl-2) genes. Collectively, this supports the overlapping nature of DM-related affective pathogenesis and emphasizes the role of peripheral and central inflammation and apoptosis in DM-related affective and neuroendocrine deficits in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Wang
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - YanJun Li
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ke Lai
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - QiMei Zhong
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.
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Trait anxiety on effort allocation to monetary incentives: a behavioral and high-density EEG study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:174. [PMID: 31300637 PMCID: PMC6626005 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trait anxiety is an important phenotype in the prediction of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders. While the role of trait anxiety in mental effort and cognitive impairment is well documented, much less is known about its influence on motivated behaviors and physical effort. Here, we investigated trait anxiety-related differences in behavioral and neural responses in an effort-related monetary incentive delay task. Participants prompted with different incentive levels could exert handgrip responses to earn monetary rewards while a 256-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Participants' performance was linearly dependent on incentive level, with higher stakes prompting better accuracy and higher grip force. Importantly, we found a striking association between trait anxiety and incentive-related grip force; effort exertion was related to incentive level only in high-anxious individuals. In analyses of neural efficiency associated with effort preparation involving Contingent-negative variation (CNV), we found that the CNV amplitude was sensitive to monetary incentive levels. Source imaging analyses of CNV indicated increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) for the highest incentive level. Importantly, we found a significant interaction between trait anxiety and incentive level on CNV modulation at the interval ranging from -2610 to -2510 ms, with greater CNV responses to the lower monetary incentive sizes in high anxiety. Subsequent mediation analyses supported a mediation of the ACC activation on the association between trait anxiety and incentive-selective grip force. Our study reveals a role for ACC in trait anxiety-related differences on incentive processing, when rewards are dependent on effortful performance.
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Yang L, Qiu T, Yao X, Jiang L, Wei S, Pei P, Wang Z, Bai J, Liu X, Yang G, Liu S, Sun X. Taurine protects against arsenic trioxide-induced insulin resistance via ROS-Autophagy pathway in skeletal muscle. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Strasser A, Xin L, Gruetter R, Sandi C. Nucleus accumbens neurochemistry in human anxiety: A 7 T 1H-MRS study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:365-375. [PMID: 30600114 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in anxiety provide a differential predisposition to develop neuropsychiatric disorders. The neurochemical underpinnings of anxiety remain elusive, particularly in deep structures, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) whose involvement in anxiety is being increasingly recognized. We examined the associations between the neurochemical profile of human NAc metabolites involved in neural excitation and inhibition and inter-individual variation in temperamental and situational anxiety. Twenty-seven healthy 20-30 years-old human males were phenotyped with questionnaires for state and trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), social anxiety (Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale), negative mood (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) and fatigue (Mental and Physical State Energy and Fatigue Scales, SEF). Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) at 7 Tesla (7T), we measured metabolite levels for glutamate, glutamine, GABA and taurine in the NAc. Salivary cortisol was also measured. Strikingly, trait anxiety was negatively associated with NAc taurine content. Perceived situational stress was negatively associated with NAc GABA, while positively with the Glu/GABA ratio. No correlation was observed between NAc taurine or GABA and other phenotypic variables examined (i.e., state anxiety, social anxiety, negative mood, or cortisol), except for a negative correlation between taurine and state physical fatigue. This first 7T study of NAc neurochemistry shows relevant metabolite associations with individual variation in anxiety traits and situational stress and state anxiety measurements. The novel identified association between NAc taurine levels and trait anxiety may pave the way for clinical studies aimed at identifying new treatments for anxiety and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Strasser
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
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Zhan C, Liu W, Hegazy AM, Zhang T, Kawan A, Zhang X. Explorations of the optimal method for isolating oocytes from zebrafish (
Danio rerio
) ovary. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 330:417-426. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
| | - Wanjing Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
| | - Abeer M. Hegazy
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring “CLEQM,” National Water Research Center “NWRC”Cairo Egypt
| | - Tongzhou Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
| | - Atufa Kawan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond AquacultureWuhan China
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Heidari R, Jamshidzadeh A, Ghanbarinejad V, Ommati MM, Niknahad H. Taurine supplementation abates cirrhosis-associated locomotor dysfunction. Clin Exp Hepatol 2018; 4:72-82. [PMID: 29904723 PMCID: PMC6000746 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2018.75956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia is a clinical complication associated with liver cirrhosis. The brain is the target organ for ammonia toxicity. Ammonia-induced brain injury is related to oxidative stress, locomotor activity dysfunction, and cognitive deficit, which could lead to permanent brain injury, coma and death if not appropriately managed. There is no promising pharmacological intervention against cirrhosis-associated brain injury. Taurine (TAU) is one of the most abundant amino acids in the human body. Several physiological and pharmacological roles have been attributed to TAU. TAU may act as an antioxidant and is an excellent neuroprotective agent. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TAU supplementation on cirrhosis-associated locomotor activity disturbances and oxidative stress in the brain. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats underwent bile duct ligation (BDL) surgery, and plasma and brain ammonia level, plasma biochemical parameters, and rats' locomotor function were monitored. Furthermore, brain tissue markers of oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS It was found that plasma and brain ammonia was increased, and markers of liver injury were significantly elevated in the cirrhotic group. Impaired locomotor activity was also evident in BDL rats. Moreover, an increase in brain tissue markers of oxidative stress was detected in the brain of cirrhotic animals. It was found that TAU supplementation (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, gavage) alleviated brain tissue markers of oxidative stress and improved animals' locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that TAU is a potential protective agent against cirrhosis-associated brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghanbarinejad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Taurine Protects from Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:583-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Guzzetti S, Calzari L, Buccarello L, Cesari V, Toschi I, Cattaldo S, Mauro A, Pregnolato F, Mazzola SM, Russo S. Taurine Administration Recovers Motor and Learning Deficits in an Angelman Syndrome Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041088. [PMID: 29621152 PMCID: PMC5979575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS, MIM 105830) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1:10–20,000 children. Patients show moderate to severe intellectual disability, ataxia and absence of speech. Studies on both post-mortem AS human brains and mouse models revealed dysfunctions in the extra synaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors implicated in the pathogenesis. Taurine is a free intracellular sulfur-containing amino acid, abundant in brain, considered an inhibiting neurotransmitter with neuroprotective properties. As taurine acts as an agonist of GABA-A receptors, we aimed at investigating whether it might ameliorate AS symptoms. Since mice weaning, we orally administered 1 g/kg/day taurine in water to Ube3a-deficient mice. To test the improvement of motor and cognitive skills, Rotarod, Novel Object Recognition and Open Field tests were assayed at 7, 14, 21 and 30 weeks, while biochemical tests and amino acid dosages were carried out, respectively, by Western-blot and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on frozen whole brains. Treatment of Ube3am−/p+ mice with taurine significantly improved motor and learning skills and restored the levels of the post-synaptic PSD-95 and pERK1/2-ERK1/2 ratio to wild type values. No side effects of taurine were observed. Our study indicates taurine administration as a potential therapy to ameliorate motor deficits and learning difficulties in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guzzetti
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luciano Calzari
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milano, Italy.
| | - Lucia Buccarello
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentina Cesari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivan Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Cattaldo
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurobiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy.
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 28824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy.
- Department of Neurosciences, Università di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pregnolato
- Experimental Laboratory of Immunological and Rheumatologic Researches, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Silvia Russo
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, 20145 Milano, Italy.
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