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Zhang X, Guan M, Yi W, Li X, Ding X, He Y, Han W, Wang Z, Tang Q, Liao B, Shen J, Han X, Bai D. Smart Response Biomaterials for Pain Management. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401555. [PMID: 39039990 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The intricate nature of pain classification and mechanism constantly affects the recovery of diseases and the well-being of patients. Key medical challenges persist in devising effective pain management strategies. Therefore, a comprehensive review of relevant methods and research advancements in pain management is conducted. This overview covers the main categorization of pain and its developmental mechanism, followed by a review of pertinent research and techniques for managing pain. These techniques include commonly prescribed medications, invasive procedures, and noninvasive physical therapy methods used in rehabilitation medicine. Additionally, for the first time, a systematic summary of the utilization of responsive biomaterials in pain management is provided, encompassing their response to physical stimuli such as ultrasound, magnetic fields, electric fields, light, and temperature, as well as changes in the physiological environment like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pH. Even though the application of responsive biomaterials in pain management remains limited and at a fundamental level, recent years have seen the examination and debate of relevant research findings. These profound discussions aim to provide trends and directions for future research in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Mengtong Guan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Yi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Xinhe Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Wang Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
| | - Jieliang Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 402760, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dingqun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Guzzi G, Della Torre A, Bruni A, Lavano A, Bosco V, Garofalo E, La Torre D, Longhini F. Anatomo-physiological basis and applied techniques of electrical neuromodulation in chronic pain. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2024; 4:29. [PMID: 38698460 PMCID: PMC11064427 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-024-00167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain, a complex and debilitating condition, poses a significant challenge to both patients and healthcare providers worldwide. Conventional pharmacological interventions often prove inadequate in delivering satisfactory relief while carrying the risks of addiction and adverse reactions. In recent years, electric neuromodulation emerged as a promising alternative in chronic pain management. This method entails the precise administration of electrical stimulation to specific nerves or regions within the central nervous system to regulate pain signals. Through mechanisms that include the alteration of neural activity and the release of endogenous pain-relieving substances, electric neuromodulation can effectively alleviate pain and improve patients' quality of life. Several modalities of electric neuromodulation, with a different grade of invasiveness, provide tailored strategies to tackle various forms and origins of chronic pain. Through an exploration of the anatomical and physiological pathways of chronic pain, encompassing neurotransmitter involvement, this narrative review offers insights into electrical therapies' mechanisms of action, clinical utility, and future perspectives in chronic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Guzzi
- Neurosurgery Department, "R. Dulbecco" Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Attilio Della Torre
- Neurosurgery Department, "R. Dulbecco" Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, "R. Dulbecco" Univesity Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Angelo Lavano
- Neurosurgery Department, "R. Dulbecco" Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Bosco
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, "R. Dulbecco" Univesity Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Eugenio Garofalo
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, "R. Dulbecco" Univesity Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Domenico La Torre
- Neurosurgery Department, "R. Dulbecco" Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, "R. Dulbecco" Univesity Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
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Badawe HM, Harouz JP, Raad P, Abu K, Freije A, Ghali K, Abou-Kheir W, Khraiche ML. Experimental and Computational Analysis of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Thermal Ablation in Breast Cancer Cells: Monolayers vs. Spheroids. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1274. [PMID: 38610952 PMCID: PMC11010989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive therapeutic modality that uses precise acoustic energy to ablate cancerous tissues through coagulative necrosis. In this context, we investigate the efficacy of HIFU ablation in two distinct cellular configurations, namely 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids of epithelial breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB 231 and MCF7). The primary objective is to compare the response of these two in vitro models to HIFU while measuring their ablation percentages and temperature elevation levels. HIFU was systematically applied to the cell cultures, varying ultrasound intensity and duty cycle during different sonication sessions. The results indicate that the degree of ablation is highly influenced by the duty cycle, with higher duty cycles resulting in greater ablation percentages, while sonication duration has a minimal impact. Numerical simulations validate experimental observations, highlighting a significant disparity in the response of 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids to HIFU treatment. Specifically, tumor spheroids require lower temperature elevations for effective ablation, and their ablation percentage significantly increases with elevated duty cycles. This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of acoustic energy conversion within the biological system during HIFU treatment for 2D versus 3D ablation targets, holding potential implications for refining and personalizing breast cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. Badawe
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (H.M.B.); (K.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Jean Paul Harouz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (J.P.H.); (K.G.)
| | - Petra Raad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (J.P.H.); (K.G.)
| | - Kareem Abu
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (H.M.B.); (K.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Anthony Freije
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (H.M.B.); (K.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Kamel Ghali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (J.P.H.); (K.G.)
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Massoud L. Khraiche
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (H.M.B.); (K.A.); (A.F.)
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Tu Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang H, Bi Y, Yue L, Hu L. Pain-preferential thalamocortical neural dynamics across species. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:149-163. [PMID: 37813996 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Searching for pain-preferential neural activity is essential for understanding and managing pain. Here, we investigated the preferential role of thalamocortical neural dynamics in encoding pain using human neuroimaging and rat electrophysiology across three studies. In study 1, we found that painful stimuli preferentially activated the medial-dorsal (MD) thalamic nucleus and its functional connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and insula in two human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets (n = 399 and n = 25). In study 2, human fMRI and electroencephalography fusion analyses (n = 220) revealed that pain-preferential MD responses were identified 89-295 ms after painful stimuli. In study 3, rat electrophysiology further showed that painful stimuli preferentially activated MD neurons and MD-ACC connectivity. These converging cross-species findings provided evidence for pain-preferential thalamocortical neural dynamics, which could guide future pain evaluation and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lupeng Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Motzkin JC, Kanungo I, D’Esposito M, Shirvalkar P. Network targets for therapeutic brain stimulation: towards personalized therapy for pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1156108. [PMID: 37363755 PMCID: PMC10286871 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1156108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision neuromodulation of central brain circuits is a promising emerging therapeutic modality for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Reliably identifying in whom, where, and in what context to provide brain stimulation for optimal pain relief are fundamental challenges limiting the widespread implementation of central neuromodulation treatments for chronic pain. Current approaches to brain stimulation target empirically derived regions of interest to the disorder or targets with strong connections to these regions. However, complex, multidimensional experiences like chronic pain are more closely linked to patterns of coordinated activity across distributed large-scale functional networks. Recent advances in precision network neuroscience indicate that these networks are highly variable in their neuroanatomical organization across individuals. Here we review accumulating evidence that variable central representations of pain will likely pose a major barrier to implementation of population-derived analgesic brain stimulation targets. We propose network-level estimates as a more valid, robust, and reliable way to stratify personalized candidate regions. Finally, we review key background, methods, and implications for developing network topology-informed brain stimulation targets for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Motzkin
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia and Perioperative Care (Pain Management), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ishan Kanungo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark D’Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Prasad Shirvalkar
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia and Perioperative Care (Pain Management), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Brenner B, Ericson T, Kohan L. Advances in Non-Invasive Neuromodulation. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:709-717. [PMID: 36074256 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pain medicine is rapidly expanding. The gap in treatment for patients with chronic pain in between traditional conservative therapy and major invasive surgery is closing. Neuromodulation is one therapeutic area that has continued to show promise for treatment of chronic pain. Our aim is to review updates in non-invasive neuromodulation (NIN) techniques as an adjunct for various chronic pain conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Overall, the literature suggests that NIN techniques such as tCDS, TMS, TENS, tVNS, and HIFUS/LIFUS have utility in treating various types of chronic pain and have a promising future. There is a better understanding of the mechanistic basis for pain relief from NIN, as well as refinement in technology improving NIN therapy success. Future studies will need to focus on continuing to refine protocols for optimal benefit from NIN as well as implementing larger RCTs to improve the quality of data being generated in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tyler Ericson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lynn Kohan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Pain Management Center, Fontaine Research Park, Third Floor, 545 Ray C Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Bao J, Tangney T, Pilitsis JG. Focused Ultrasound for Chronic Pain. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2022; 33:331-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kovalenko E, Makhnovich E, Osinovskaya N, Bogolepova A. Focused ultrasound as a non-invasive method with therapeutic potential in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:38-45. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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van Gool R, Tucker-Bartley A, Yang E, Todd N, Guenther F, Goodlett B, Al-Hertani W, Bodamer OA, Upadhyay J. Targeting neurological abnormalities in lysosomal storage diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:495-509. [PMID: 34844772 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities and corresponding neurological and psychiatric symptoms are frequently observed in lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The genetic background of individual LSDs is indeed unique to each illness. However, resulting defective lysosomal function within the CNS can transition normal cellular processes (i.e., autophagy) into aberrant mechanisms, facilitating overlapping downstream consequences including neurocircuitry dysfunction, neurodegeneration as well as sensory, motor, cognitive, and psychological symptoms. Here, the neurological and biobehavioral phenotypes of major classes of LSDs are discussed alongside therapeutic strategies in development that aim to tackle neuropathology among other disease elements. Finally, focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening is proposed to enhance therapeutic delivery thereby overcoming the key hurdle of central distribution of disease modifying therapies in LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel van Gool
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Tucker-Bartley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Yang
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Todd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Guenther
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodlett
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walla Al-Hertani
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olaf A Bodamer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaymin Upadhyay
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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Clennell B, Steward TGJ, Elley M, Shin E, Weston M, Drinkwater BW, Whitcomb DJ. Transient ultrasound stimulation has lasting effects on neuronal excitability. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:217-225. [PMID: 33444809 PMCID: PMC7973721 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial ultrasound stimulation can acutely modulate brain activity, but the lasting effects on neurons are unknown. Objective To assess the excitability profile of neurons in the hours following transient ultrasound stimulation. Methods Primary rat cortical neurons were stimulated with a 40 s, 200 kHz pulsed ultrasound stimulation or sham-stimulation. Intrinsic firing properties were investigated through whole-cell patch-clamp recording by evoking action potentials in response to somatic current injection. Recordings were taken at set timepoints following ultrasound stimulation: 0–2 h, 6–8 h, 12–14 h and 24–26 h. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess synaptic ultrastructure at the same timepoints. Results In the 0–2 h window, neurons stimulated with ultrasound displayed an increase in the mean frequency of evoked action potentials of 32% above control cell levels (p = 0.023). After 4–6 h this increase was measured as 44% (p = 0.0043). By 12–14 h this effect was eliminated and remained absent 24–26 h post-stimulation. These changes to action potential firing occurred in conjunction with statistically significant differences between control and ultrasound-stimulated neurons in action potential half-width, depolarisation rate, and repolarisation rate, that were similarly eliminated by 24 h following stimulation. These effects occurred in the absence of alterations to intrinsic membrane properties or synaptic ultrastructure. Conclusion We report that stimulating neurons with 40 s of ultrasound enhances their excitability for up to 8 h in conjunction with modifications to action potential kinetics. This occurs in the absence of major ultrastructural change or modification of intrinsic membrane properties. These results can inform the application of transcranial ultrasound in experimental and therapeutic settings. 40 s of ultrasound stimulation enhances intrinsic excitability of cultured rat neurons. Enhanced excitability lasts for up to 8 h. Ultrasound has no effects on neuronal ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Clennell
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Tom G J Steward
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Meg Elley
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eunju Shin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Miles Weston
- TWI Technology Centre, Port Talbot, SA13 1SB, UK
| | | | - Daniel J Whitcomb
- Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK.
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Zibly Z, Averbuch S, Deogaonker M. Emerging Technologies and Indications of Neuromodulation and Increasing Role of Non Invasive Neuromodulation. Neurol India 2020; 68:S316-S321. [PMID: 33318368 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Altering the enormous complex connectivity and output of the central nervous system is one of the most fascinating development in medical technologies. It harbors the ability to treat and modulate different neurological disorders and diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and even help with drug delivery to treat unreachable areas of brain via opening of the blood brain barrier. Evolution of neuromodulation techniques has been significant in last few years. They have become less invasive and more focused. Newer neuromodulation techniques consist of invasive, minimally invasive and non-invasive technologies. The decision to use one of these technologies depends on the indication and the targeted area within the central or peripheral nervous system. In the last decade technological advances and the urge to minimize the surgical and the long term complications of hardware implantation, have pushed the neurosurgical community to increase the use of non-invasive neuromodulation technics. In this article, we will discuss the different emerging technologies in neuromodulation and the increasing role of non-invasive neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Zibly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Functional Neurosurgery Unit, The Focused Ultrasound Institute and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shay Averbuch
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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