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Huang Y, Liu Y, Hu Q, Zhang Q. Impaired Reactive Control But Preserved Proactive Control in Hyperactive Children. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241261536. [PMID: 38915201 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241261536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the manifestation of cognitive control deficit of children with different levels of hyperactivity, an "at risk" dimension for ADHD. METHOD A group of children with high hyperactivity (N = 40) and another group of children with low levels of hyperactivity (N = 38) performed a modified stop-signal anticipation task, a revised Go/NoGo task, and the AX-continuous performance test (AX-CPT). RESULTS Children with higher levels of hyperactivity displayed: (1) significantly prolonged stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in the modified stop-signal anticipation task; (2) no notable differences in commission errors in the revised Go/NoGo task; (3) increased reaction time (RT) in stop-signal task and Go/NoGo task with increased probabilities of stop or NoGo signal; and (4) positive proactive behavioral index scores in AX-CPT. CONCLUSION The results suggested that children with heightened hyperactivity exhibited impaired reactive control, especially for responses already underway, but preserved proactive control. Further studies concerning these children are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifan Liu
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Hu
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Zumbach-Basu J, Rademacher A, Koglin U, Bender D, Lösel F. Longitudinal relations of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions with hyperactivity/inattention and aggression/delinquency. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y. [PMID: 38898109 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is the aim of this study to analyze the longitudinal relationship between premature birth and low birth weight and the reciprocal influence between hyperactive/inattentive behavior and aggressive/delinquent behavior problems in children from early to late childhood. METHODS This study contains data from the German Erlangen-Nuremberg Development and Prevention Study. It applies prospective longitudinal path analyses on data obtained from postnatal pediatric assessments as well as later psychosocial behavior assessments by teachers and parents on N = 667 children, out of which n = 83 children (12.44%) were born preterm/small for gestational age. RESULTS The results show direct effects of birth complications at the beginning of preschool on hyperactivity/inattentiveness (teacher rating: ß = 0.28; p = 0.017; parent rating: ß = 0.32; p = 0.005), but not on aggression/delinquency (teacher rating: ß = 0.002; p = 0.427; parent rating: ß = 0.12; p = 0.324). Reciprocal effects between aggression/delinquency and hyperactivity/inattentiveness were stable at the end of elementary school, but not at the end of preschool across informants. CONCLUSION Our results support a differentiated view on the potential development of behavior problems after birth complications and the demand for early prevention measures. IMPACT STATEMENT Our results extend to the existing body of research by providing insight into the longitudinal effects of prematurity and fetal growth restrictions on hyperactive and aggressive/delinquent behavioral problems throughout a rather long period of development in childhood. The results show direct effects of birth complications on the development of hyperactivity for boys, but not for girls across informants. No direct effects of birth complications on aggression/delinquency are found. Our findings speak against too simple views on behavioral consequences of birth complications and thus can relieve too anxious parents, however close monitoring of the behavioral development of respective children is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zumbach-Basu
- Department of Forensic Psychology, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Germany, Am Koellnischen Park 2, 10179, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Rademacher
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Ute Koglin
- I. School of Education and Social Science, Department of Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Psychology in Special Needs Education and Rehabilitation, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Doris Bender
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bismarckstr. 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lösel
- Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University & Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Sidgwick Avenue Cambridge CB3 9DA & Bismarckstr, 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Voronin I, Ouellet‐Morin I, Petitclerc A, Morneau‐Vaillancourt G, Brendgen M, Dione G, Vitaro F, Boivin M. Intergenerational transmission of genetic risk for hyperactivity and inattention. Direct genetic transmission or genetic nurture? JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12222. [PMID: 38827976 PMCID: PMC11143957 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperactivity and inattention, the symptoms of ADHD, are marked by high levels of heritability and intergenerational transmission. Two distinct pathways of genetic intergenerational transmission are distinguished: direct genetic transmission when parental genetic variants are passed to the child's genome and genetic nurture when the parental genetic background contributes to the child's outcomes through rearing environment. This study assessed genetic contributions to hyperactivity and inattention in childhood through these transmission pathways. Methods The sample included 415 families from the Quebec Newborn Twin Study. Twins' hyperactivity and inattention were assessed in early childhood by parents and in primary school by teachers. The polygenic scores for ADHD (ADHD-PGS) and educational attainment (EA-PGS) were computed from twins' and parents' genotypes. A model of intergenerational transmission was developed to estimate (1) the contributions of parents' and children's PGS to the twins' ADHD symptoms and (2) whether these variances were explained by genetic transmission and/or genetic nurture. Results ADHD-PGS explained up to 1.6% of the variance of hyperactivity and inattention in early childhood and primary school. EA-PGS predicted ADHD symptoms at both ages, explaining up to 1.6% of the variance in early childhood and up to 5.5% in primary school. Genetic transmission was the only significant transmission pathway of both PGS. The genetic nurture channeled through EA-PGS explained up to 3.2% of the variance of inattention in primary school but this association was non-significant. Conclusions Genetic propensities to ADHD and education predicted ADHD symptoms in childhood, especially in primary school. Its intergenerational transmission was driven primarily by genetic variants passed to the child, rather than by environmentally mediated parental genetic effects. The model developed in this study can be leveraged in future research to investigate genetic transmission and genetic nurture while accounting for parental assortative mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Voronin
- École de psychologieUniversité LavalQuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Isabelle Ouellet‐Morin
- School of CriminologyUniversity of MontrealThe Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute and the Research Group on Child MaladjustmentMontréalQuebecCanada
| | | | - Geneviève Morneau‐Vaillancourt
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Département de PsychologieUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Ginette Dione
- École de psychologieUniversité LavalQuébecQuebecCanada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- École de PsychoéducationUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Michel Boivin
- École de psychologieUniversité LavalQuébecQuebecCanada
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Kirk HE, Richmond S, Gaunson T, Bennett M, Herschtal A, Bellgrove M, Cornish K. A 5-week Digital Intervention to Reduce Attention Problems in Children With ADHD: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241256269. [PMID: 38804292 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241256269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence suggests digital interventions may provide neurocognitive benefits for children with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a digital attention intervention in children with ADHD. METHOD In this double-blind randomized controlled trial 55 children with ADHD (5-9 years) were allocated to the intervention (N = 28) or control program (N = 27). Both programs were delivered via touchscreen tablets at home 5 days a week for 5 weeks. The primary outcome was change in the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) Attention Comparison Score (ACS) from pre- to post-intervention. RESULTS Participants who received the intervention had significantly greater improvements in the TOVA ACS from pre- to post-intervention than those in the control (p < .044). No intervention effects were observed on secondary outcomes assessing executive functioning, ADHD symptoms, or functional impairment. CONCLUSION Collectively these findings provide insufficient evidence for the implementation of digital attention interventions for children with ADHD.
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French B, Nalbant G, Wright H, Sayal K, Daley D, Groom MJ, Cassidy S, Hall CL. The impacts associated with having ADHD: an umbrella review. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1343314. [PMID: 38840946 PMCID: PMC11151783 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1343314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects up to 5% of the population and is characterised by symptoms of impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. These symptoms are significantly impairing and carry additional risks for children and adults with ADHD, including negative mental health (e.g. depression), physical health (e.g. obesity) and societal outcomes (e.g. imprisonment, divorce). Very few studies have attempted to synthesise these risks in one publication due to the breadth of evidence published on the adverse outcomes of ADHD. Methods An umbrella review was performed to identify reviews (systematic, meta-analysis and narrative) that investigate the risks arising from having ADHD. We conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings and conducted a quality review of the included publications. Results Upon searching five databases, 16,675 records were identified. Of these, 125 reviews met the criteria for inclusion. A narrative synthesis of these findings highlighted three key domains of risks associated with ADHD: mental health, physical health, social and lifestyle. Most reviews were of good and moderate quality. Discussion This review highlights the many risks associated with having ADHD, beyond its three key symptom domains and the impact of the condition on daily functioning. Registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO CRD42023404073).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine French
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gamze Nalbant
- Lifespan and Population Health Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Wright
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kapil Sayal
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Daley
- Nottingham Trent University (NTU) Psychology, School of Social Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine J. Groom
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cassidy
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L. Hall
- NIHR MindTech MedTech Cooperative, Nottingham National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Center (NIHR BRC), Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Turner D, Gregório Hertz P, Biedermann L, Barra S, Retz W. Paraphilic fantasies and behavior in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their association with hypersexuality. Int J Impot Res 2024:10.1038/s41443-024-00891-w. [PMID: 38637719 DOI: 10.1038/s41443-024-00891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has found some peculiarities in sexual functioning of adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using a set of questionnaires that had to be answered online, we assessed the prevalence of paraphilic fantasies and behaviors in a sample of 160 adults with ADHD in comparison to 75 adults without ADHD and evaluated the association between paraphilias and hypersexuality in the ADHD group. Both groups reported high rates of paraphilic fantasies and behaviors. ADHD individuals were more likely to report about very sexually arousing paraphilic fantasies (ADHD: 58.2% vs. non-ADHD: 40.5%; χ2 = 6.323, p = 0.01) and behaviors (ADHD: 44.9% vs. non-ADHD: 28.4%; χ2 = 5.774, p = 0.02). Furthermore, ADHD individuals reported on average about more very sexually arousing paraphilic behaviors compared to non-ADHD individuals (ADHD: M = 1.28, SD = 0.10 vs. non-ADHD: M = 0.81, SD = 0.09; T = 2.68, p < 0.01). Furthermore, in ADHD individuals both very sexually arousing paraphilic interests in masturbation fantasies (r(158) = 0.17, p = 0.03) and in sexual behaviors (r(158) =0.19, p = 0.02) showed a significant correlation with hypersexuality. In non-ADHD individuals no such significant correlation could be found. Altogether, it can be concluded that individuals with ADHD seem to be more prone to develop and act out paraphilic sexuality than those without ADHD, however, found differences were rather small. The results of the present study add to the current trend to depathologize paraphilic sexuality in the general as well as in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Laura Biedermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Medical Center Homburg, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Medical Center Homburg, Homburg, Germany
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Bonti E, Zerva IK, Koundourou C, Sofologi M. The High Rates of Comorbidity among Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Reconsidering the Clinical Utility of Distinct Diagnostic Categories. J Pers Med 2024; 14:300. [PMID: 38541042 PMCID: PMC10971064 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The boundaries between neurodevelopmental disorders are often indistinct, even among specialists. But do these boundaries exist, or do experts struggle to distinguish and categorize symptoms in order to arrive at a dominant diagnosis while comorbidity continually leaves questions about where each disorder ends and begins? What should be reconsidered? The introduction of the term 'spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders' could pave the way for a re-appraisal of the clinical continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aims to highlight the problems that emerge in the field of the differential diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders and propose a renegotiation of the distinctiveness criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Bonti
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “Papageorgiou” General Hospital, Pavlos Melas, 564 29 Agios Pavlos, Greece;
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Irini K. Zerva
- School of Education, Special Education Department, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- First Psychiatric Clinic, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christiana Koundourou
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sofologi
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus; (C.K.); (M.S.)
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Education School, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Ångström A, Andersson A, Garcia‐Argibay M, Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, D’Onofrio BM, Tuvblad C, Ghirardi L, Larsson H. Criminal convictions in males and females diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Swedish national registry study. JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12217. [PMID: 38486956 PMCID: PMC10933617 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face an elevated risk of criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. However, understanding this link involves considering sex differences, coexisting psychiatric conditions, and unmeasured familial factors. This study aimed to explore the connection between ADHD and criminal convictions (both violent and non-violent) in males and females, while also assessing the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and familial factors. Methods Using Swedish national registers, we identified individuals born between 1986 and 1997 (635,391 males and 600,548 females). ADHD was defined through clinical diagnosis and prescribed medications, while criminal convictions were determined based on Swedish lower court records. Unmeasured familial factors were accounted for using a sibling design approach. Results Findings revealed that individuals with ADHD had a notably higher absolute and relative risk of both violent and non-violent criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. While criminal convictions were more frequent among males with ADHD, females with ADHD exhibited higher relative risks (HR violent 10.50, non-violent 4.04) than their male counterparts (HR violent 6.03, non-violent 3.57). Additionally, lower socioeconomic status (SES) in individuals with ADHD was associated with increased relative risks for criminal convictions compared to individuals with ADHD who had higher SES. Adjusting for childhood and internalizing psychiatric disorders partially attenuated these associations, while substance use disorders (SUD) substantially attenuated them. SUD also contributed to an elevated absolute risk of criminal convictions in both male and female individuals with ADHD. Accounting for unmeasured shared familial factors slightly reduced the estimates, but the association between ADHD and criminal convictions persisted. Conclusion In conclusion, ADHD remains a potent independent risk factor for criminal convictions, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the importance of tailored crime prevention strategies and early interventions for individuals with ADHD, especially when comorbid SUD is present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneli Andersson
- School of Psychology, Law and Social WorkÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | | | - Zheng Chang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Brian M. D’Onofrio
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndianaUSA
| | - Catherine Tuvblad
- School of Psychology, Law and Social WorkÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura Ghirardi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- MediNeos Observational Research ‐ IQVIA, Data Management & StatisticsModenaItaly
| | - Henrik Larsson
- School of Medical SciencesÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
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Wang N, Wang H, Bai Y, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Gao X, Zhang Z, Yang L. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Difference of Gut Microbiota in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:872-879. [PMID: 38327077 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231225491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although ADHD is highly heritable, some environmental factors contribute to its development. Given the growing evidence that gut microbiota was involved in psychiatric disorders, we aimed to identify the characteristic composition of the gut microbiota in ADHD. METHODS We recruited 47 medication-naive children and adolescents with ADHD, and 60 healthy controls (HCs). We used shotgun metagenomics to measure the structure of the gut microbiota and analyzed the difference in bacterial taxa between ADHD and HCs. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the ADHD and HC groups in both alpha diversity indices (Simpson index, p = .025 and Shannon index, p = .049) and beta diversity indices (Euclidean distance, Bray-Curtis distance, and JSD distance, p < 2.2e-16). Nine representative species best explain the difference. CONCLUSION Patients with ADHD showed significant differences in the composition of the gut microbiota compared with HCs. These results may help identify potential biomarkers of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Yan'an Third People's Hospital, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Yan'an Third People's Hospital, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yilu Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuping Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Yan'an Third People's Hospital, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Yang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Wojciechowski T. Understanding the Impact of Deviant Peer Association on Dual Systems Model Development: Testing the Moderating Role of ADHD. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:96-103. [PMID: 37983371 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Recent research has indicated that deviant peers may play a role in cognitive development. This is particularly the case for the dual systems model, a key framework for understanding engagement in antisocial behavior during adolescence and emerging adulthood. However, limited research has examined how preexisting mental health concerns may moderate these relationships. This study used the Pathways to Desistance data to examine attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a moderator of the relationships between deviant peer association and dual systems model constructs. Generalized estimating equations were used to test these relationships. Results indicated that deviant peer association and the presence of ADHD both predicted increased sensation-seeking and lower impulse control. ADHD significantly moderated the relationship between deviant peer association and impulse control, indicating a weaker impact of deviant peer association on impulse control among participants with ADHD. No significant interaction was observed for the relationship between deviant peer association and sensation-seeking.
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Baggio S, Billieux J, Dirkzwager A, Iglesias K, Moschetti K, Perroud N, Schneider M, Vernaz N, Wolff H, Heller P. Protocol of a monocentric, double-blind, randomized, superiority, controlled trial evaluating the effect of in-prison OROS-methylphenidate vs. placebo treatment in detained people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (BATIR). Trials 2024; 25:23. [PMID: 38178233 PMCID: PMC10765778 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by difficulty paying attention, poor impulse control, and hyperactive behavior. It is associated with several adverse health and social outcomes and leads to an increased risk of criminality and recidivism. Worldwide, ADHD is thus highly prevalent in prisons. However, ADHD treatment has been neglected in such environments. Stimulant medications such as osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) are first-line treatments in the general population, but they are under-prescribed in prisons due to concerns about abuse, even though such claims are not empirically supported. This project aims to compare the efficacy of a 3-month in-prison OROS-MPH vs. placebo treatment on the severity of core ADHD symptoms and relevant in- and post-prison outcomes. METHODS This study is a phase III, double-blinded, randomized, superiority, controlled trial of OROS-MPH vs. placebo. After randomization, the participants will receive 3 months of treatment with OROS-MPH or placebo (1:1 ratio) while incarcerated. Upon release, all participants will be offered the treatment (OROS-MPH) for 1 year but will remain blinded to their initial study group. The study will be conducted at the Division of Prison Health, Geneva, Switzerland, among incarcerated men (n = 150). Measures will include (1) investigator-rated ADHD symptoms, (2) acute events collected by the medical and prison teams, (3) assessment of the risk of recidivism, (4) medication side effects, (5) medication adherence, (6) study retention, (7) health care/prison costs, and (8) 1-year recidivism. Analyses will include bivariable and multivariable modeling (e.g., regression models, mixed-effects models, survival analyses) and an economic evaluation (cost-benefit analysis). DISCUSSION We expect that early identification and treatment of ADHD in prison will be an important public health opportunity and a cost-effective approach that is likely to reduce the vulnerability of incarcerated individuals and promote pathways out of criminal involvement. The study will also promote standards of care for people with ADHD in prison and provide recommendations for continuity of care after release. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05842330 . Registered on June 5, 2023. Kofam.ch SNCTP000005388. Registered on July 17, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Baggio
- Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Population Health (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anja Dirkzwager
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katia Iglesias
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karine Moschetti
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nader Perroud
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marie Schneider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Medication adherence and Interprofessionality lab, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vernaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heller
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Carr HR, Hall JE, Brandt VC. Adolescent delinquency following co-occurring childhood head injuries and conduct problem symptoms: findings from a UK longitudinal birth cohort. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02335-0. [PMID: 38153523 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Childhood conduct problems and head injuries share a bidirectional association, but how this affects the risk of adolescent delinquency is unknown. Due to their similar underlying mechanisms (i.e. increased impulsivity), this study aims to identify whether their co-occurrence increases the risk of adolescent delinquency. Data was obtained from 11,272 children at age 14 and 10,244 at age 17 years enrolled in the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Conduct problem symptoms (via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and head injuries were parent reported from ages 3 to 14 years. Delinquency was self-reported at ages 14 and 17 including substance use, criminality, and antisocial behaviour. Incident rate ratios (IRR) were estimated for delinquency at ages 14 and 17 by childhood conduct problem and head injury status. Co-occurring head injuries and high conduct problem symptoms presented the greatest risk for overall delinquency and substance use at age 14 compared to those with the presence of one or neither (IRRs from 1.20 to 1.60). At age 17, conduct problems (with or without co-occurring head injuries) presented the greatest risk for overall delinquency, substance use, and antisocial behaviour. There was no evidence for an increased risk of delinquency at ages 14 or 17 following a head injury only. Whilst these findings suggest childhood head injuries alone do not increase the risk of adolescent delinquency, when co-occurring alongside high conduct problem symptoms there is a heightened earlier risk. These results provide further insight into adolescent delinquency and the outcomes of co-occurring childhood head injury and conduct problem symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Carr
- School of Psychology, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield Campus, Building 44, Southampton, SO17 1PS, UK.
| | - James E Hall
- Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Valerie C Brandt
- School of Psychology, Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield Campus, Building 44, Southampton, SO17 1PS, UK
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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13
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López-Pinar C, Selaskowski B, Braun N, Fornés-Ferrer V, Euscher R, Matthies S, Jans T, van Elst LT, Jacob C, Huss M, Sobanski E, Retz W, Roesler M, Retz-Junginger P, Alm B, Kis B, Abdel-Hamid M, Colla M, Berger M, Lux S, Philipsen A. Exploring the efficacy of dialectical behaviour therapy and methylphenidate on emotional comorbid symptoms in adults with attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder: Results of the COMPAS multicentre randomised controlled trial. Psychiatry Res 2023; 330:115610. [PMID: 37992514 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the efficacy of dialectical behaviour group therapy (GPT) vs. individual clinical management (CM) and methylphenidate (MPH) vs. placebo (PLB) on emotional symptoms in adults with ADHD. This longitudinal multicentre RCT compared four groups (GPT+MPH, GPT+PLB, CM+MPH, and CM+PLB) over five assessment periods, from baseline to week 130. Emotional symptomatology was assessed using SCL-90-R subscales. Of the 433 randomised participants, 371 remained for final analysis. At week 13, the GPT+MPH group showed smaller reductions in anxiety symptoms than the CM groups, but the differences disappeared at subsequent assessments. Improvements in emotional symptom were significantly predicted by reductions in core ADHD symptoms in all groups except the GPT+MPH group. The unexpected lack of between-group differences may be explained by a "floor effect", different intervention settings (group vs. individual), and psychotherapy type. Multiple regression analyses suggest a more specific effect of combined interventions (GPT+MPH). Implications for clinical practice are discussed. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN54096201 (Current Controlled Trials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Pinar
- Department of Psychobiology and Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Psychology, European University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Niclas Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rebekka Euscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jans
- Centre of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medius Hospital of Kirchheim, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Michael Huss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany; Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Roesler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Barbara Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, St. Elisabeth Hospital Niederwenigern, Contilia Group, Hattingen, Germany; LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mona Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Colla
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silke Lux
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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van der Vorst E, Kuin NC, van Koppen V, Harte JM. Psychopathology and history of mental healthcare among male detainees transferred to a facility for managing otherwise uncontrollable in-prison violence: An exploratory study. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:428-440. [PMID: 37864291 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-prison violence by detainees is a problem worldwide, but despite evidence of a much higher prevalence of a range of psychiatric disorders than in the general population, little is known about psychopathology among violent detainees. AIMS Our aim was to explore the psychopathology and mental healthcare history of Dutch detainees who were transferred to the highly restrictive facility for uncontrollably violent detainees following severe in-prison violence. METHODS Anonymised data for all 253 male detainees incarcerated at any time between January 2016 and January 2020 in the specialist national facility for those seriously violent while in prison-'the Violence Facility'-were obtained from the Dutch Ministry of Justice together with similarly recorded data for a matched comparison group of 253 detainees admitted to an in-prison psychiatric facility-'the Psychiatric Facility'. RESULTS There was no record of any psychiatric assessment for 29% of the Violence Facility men. Almost all of the detainees who had been assessed were classified with at least one disorder. Compared to detainees in the Psychiatric Facility, Violence Facility men were more likely to be diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, behavioural and personality disorders; Psychiatric Facility men were more likely to be diagnosed with psychosis or substance use disorder. Most men in both groups had previously used mental health services. CONCLUSIONS This first study of detainees in the Dutch in-prison facility for violent detainees raises questions about whether the extent of violence among these men may have masked mental healthcare needs and leads to questions about potential benefits from establishing more systematic mental health assessments for them, and a need for more specialist services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niki C Kuin
- Penitentiary Institution Vught, Vught, The Netherlands
- Pieter Baan Centre, Almere, Netherlands
| | - Vere van Koppen
- Department of Criminology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M Harte
- Department of Criminology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Anns F, D’Souza S, MacCormick C, Mirfin-Veitch B, Clasby B, Hughes N, Forster W, Tuisaula E, Bowden N. Risk of Criminal Justice System Interactions in Young Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From a National Birth Cohort. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1332-1342. [PMID: 37254493 PMCID: PMC10498656 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231177469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine criminal justice system (CJS) interactions and pathways through the justice system for young adults with ADHD compared to young adults without ADHD. METHOD Nationwide 3-year birth cohort study using linked health and CJS data. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to examine associations between ADHD and police proceedings, court charges, court convictions, and incarcerations. RESULTS Young adults with ADHD were significantly more likely to interact with the CJS including police proceedings (hazard ratio [HR], 2.1 95% CI [2.0, 2.2]) court charges (HR, 2.2 95% CI [2.1, 2.3]), court convictions (HR, 2.3 95% CI [2.2, 2.4]), and incarceration (HR, 4.8 95% CI [4.3, 5.4]). CONCLUSIONS Young adults with ADHD are overrepresented at all stages of the CJS. Results highlight the importance of early identification and responsivity to ADHD within the CJS and suggest that the NZ justice system may require changes to both areas to ensure that young individuals with ADHD receive equitable access to, and treatment within, the CJS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie D’Souza
- University of Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Betony Clasby
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
- University of Sheffield, UK
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Eden Tuisaula
- Donald Beasley Institute, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Bowden
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, New Zealand
- University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Solbakken LE, Bergvik S, Wynn R. Beliefs about mental health in incarcerated males: a qualitative interview study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1242756. [PMID: 37779608 PMCID: PMC10538968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1242756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Beliefs about mental health are shaped by the sociocultural context. Prisons have unique environmental and social features, and the prevalence of mental health problems in incarcerated populations is exceptionally high. These features make prisons especially interesting settings for exploring health beliefs. The aim of this study was to explore the conceptualizations of mental health and coping preferences in a prison environment. Methods Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen incarcerated males from three prisons in Northern Norway. The design draws on central elements from Grounded Theory. Results Mental health was perceived as distinct from mental illness by many of the participants. They coped with the prison environment by focusing on the things that gave them a sense of meaning and autonomy - this also formed their conceptualization of mental health. Furthermore, social interaction and activities were perceived as important to enhance and maintain mental well-being, however there were institutional barriers to using these coping strategies. The prison environment was integrated in the participants conceptualizations of mental health problems, and psychosocial stressors were emphasized in causal attributions. Biological and dispositional factors were less frequently mentioned. The participants preferred non-medical management for mental health problems and most displayed a reserved attitude towards psychotropic medications. The exception was attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, for which they held neurobiological causal beliefs, together with a corresponding preference for medication as treatment. Conclusion The main finding was a firm integration of the prison context in in the participants' beliefs about mental health. We theorize that fusion of prison conditions and mental health beliefs were brought on by the processes of prisonization, observing mental distress in peers and attempts to protect self-esteem by externalizing the causes for mental health problems. Access to activities, social time, and "someone to talk to" were perceived to be crucial for improving and preserving mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Elisabeth Solbakken
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Substance Use, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Bergvik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rolf Wynn
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Education, ICT and Learning, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway
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17
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Byrne C, Guenter D. Treatments for ADHD in adults in jails, prisons and correctional settings: a scoping review of the literature. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:36. [PMID: 37676388 PMCID: PMC10486076 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is prevalent at a higher rate in correctional settings than in the general population. Treatment of ADHD in this environment is challenging as stimulants, the most common treatment for ADHD, require cautious prescribing in the context of frequent substance use disorders (SUD) and diversion in the institutional setting. In addition, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches require significant staff resources. The aim of this scoping review is to map and summarize all literature addressing treatment of ADHD specifically in correctional settings, synthesize the evidence supporting various approaches, and highlight areas for future research. Due to the limited number of primary research studies addressing this question directly, we chose a scoping review methodology that would allow us to explore what kinds of studies and literature exist and include all types of articles directly related to our question. RESULTS Five-hundred sixty-five relevant articles were screened. Thirty-two articles were included in the final review. Eleven of the articles reported primary research. Five of these articles were based on three randomized controlled trials. Among randomized controlled trials on the effect of stimulants, inclusion criteria, outcome measures and effectiveness varied widely. Non-male and non-white populations were under-represented. Among review articles and recommendations opinion was inconsistent, with some recommending stimulants as first-line treatment and others recommending they be avoided altogether. The effect of non-stimulant medications was examined in 2 small studies. The only non-pharmacological treatment examined was dialectical behavior therapy, and only feasibility was reported. Four articles provided practice recommendations from consensus or expert opinion. Two of these recommended stimulants as first-line treatment, and two recommended stimulants as treatment of last resort. CONCLUSIONS We found a diverse but shallow literature addressing our research question. Primary research in the corrections setting is limited and varies in inclusion criteria, outcomes studied, and effectiveness. Recommendations on treatment are inconsistent. Future research should address methods of diagnosis, the role of non-stimulants, non-pharmacological interventions, non-male and non-white people who are incarcerated (PWAI), and effects of treatment method on patients, staff and other PWAI. Better research and guidance on treating ADHD has potential to improve health of PWAI, the institutional environment, and resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Byrne
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Dale Guenter
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 100 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada.
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Grimm O, Reif A. Understanding the complexities of comorbidity in adult ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105315. [PMID: 37442499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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19
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Privara M, Bob P. Sexual development in ADHD and internet pornography consumption. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1240222. [PMID: 37614646 PMCID: PMC10442643 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of sexual identity during adolescence is a major process of transition in individual life which in cases of ADHD specifically interacts with other ontogenetic, pathological and psychosocial conditions. According to recent findings growing consumption of internet pornography mainly in male ADHD population is closely related to compulsive sexual behavior and hypersexuality. Recent findings also indicate that consumption of internet pornography in ADHD individuals and other sexual activities may serve as a mood-altering "self-medication" which may help to cope with stressful events and decrease depression and anxiety. Taken together recent findings indicate that internet pornography consumption mainly in ADHD individuals is closely related to stressful experiences, anxiety, depression and identity problems in partnerships which significantly increase their vulnerability to the so-called "problematic pornography use" and other forms of addictive sexual behavior. From this developmental perspective "problematic pornography use" in ADHD individuals represents significant epidemiological problem which requires further research mainly with focus on clinical diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petr Bob
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry and UHSL, First Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Thompson KN, Agnew-Blais JC, Allegrini AG, Bryan BT, Danese A, Odgers CL, Matthews T, Arseneault L. Do Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Become Socially Isolated? Longitudinal Within-Person Associations in a Nationally Representative Cohort. JAACAP OPEN 2023; 1:12-23. [PMID: 37312759 PMCID: PMC10259183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study examined longitudinal associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and social isolation across childhood. The study tested the direction of this association across time, while accounting for preexisting characteristics, and assessed whether this association varied by ADHD presentation, informant, sex, and socioeconomic status. Method Participants included 2,232 children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. ADHD symptoms and social isolation were measured at ages 5, 7, 10, and 12. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to assess the directionality of the association across childhood. Results Children with increased ADHD symptoms were consistently at increased risk of becoming socially isolated later in childhood, over and above stable characteristics (β = .05-.08). These longitudinal associations were not bidirectional; isolated children were not at risk of worsening ADHD symptoms later on. Children with hyperactive ADHD presentation were more likely to become isolated, compared with inattentive presentation. This was evident in the school setting, as observed by teachers, but not by mothers at home. Conclusion The study findings highlight the importance of enhancing peer social support and inclusion for children with ADHD, particularly in school settings. This study adds explanatory value beyond traditional longitudinal methods, as the results represent how individual children change over time, relative to their own preexisting characteristics. Diversity & Inclusion Statement We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea G. Allegrini
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrea Danese
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- University of California Irvine, California, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Dayan H, Shoham R, Berger I, Khoury-Kassabri M, Pollak Y. Features of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and antisocial behaviour in a general population-based sample of adults. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2023; 33:172-184. [PMID: 37057691 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to be a risk factor for antisocial and delinquent behaviour, but there is still a lack of information on how features of ADHD relate to offending behaviour among adults not already defined by their offending. AIMS Our aim was to add to knowledge about relationships between ADHD and antisocial behaviour among adults in the general population by answering the following questions: (A) Does the level of self-reported ADHD features relate to criminal and non-criminal antisocial behaviour? (B) To what extent are self-ratings of ADHD features independent of socio-demographic features previously identified as predictors of antisocial behaviour? METHODS A sample of adults was originally recruited to study public response to the COVID-19 outbreak through an online panel to be representative of the Israeli population. Among other scales, the 2025 participants completed an ADHD self-report scale, an antisocial behaviour self-report scale and a socio-demographic questionnaire probing for age, gender, urbanity, place of birth, socioeconomic status (education and income), family status (being in a relationship and having children) and religiosity. RESULTS Higher mean totals for the inattention and hyperactivity ADHD scale scores were associated with higher mean antisocial behaviour scores. These relationships were only slightly affected by socio-demographic variables, including sex, age, education and income. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that not only may features of ADHD, even below a diagnostic threshold, constitute a risk factor for antisocial behaviour, but also that the self-rated levels of these problems covary. These findings are important for informing the early detection of risk of antisocial behaviour in the general population and its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Dayan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Itai Berger
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Assuta Ashdod University Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
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22
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Etterlid-Hägg V, Pauli M, Howner K. A Comparative Study of Prison Inmates With and Without ADHD: Which Neuropsychological and Self-Report Measures are Most Effective in Detecting ADHD Within Correctional Services? J Atten Disord 2023; 27:721-730. [PMID: 36927135 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231158764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we aimed to investigate the screening and diagnostic properties of various self-report instruments to identify measures which most effectively detect ADHD in a correctional sample. METHOD The sample consisted of 193 male high security prisoners in Sweden. We investigated if measures of ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, impulsivity, estimated IQ and working memory could differentiate participants with ADHD from those with ASPD or no diagnosis. RESULTS Participants with ADHD obtained significantly higher total scores on all included measures. Although we found that some of the measures were more efficient in differentiating ADHD, mean values were generally elevated in the sample. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate the importance of investigating psychometric properties in relevant samples to assure a measurement's usefulness in different contexts, in this case a correctional setting, where the high influence of unspecific behavioral indicators in these measurements might negatively affect their validity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Pauli
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Howner
- National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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[Forensic adolescent psychiatry: the care situation in Austria]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2023; 37:22-25. [PMID: 36422817 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-022-00442-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Austria there is a lack of registered experts in the field of forensic child and adolescent psychiatry. Their tasks include the assessment of young people in various legal issues, but there is also a lack of child and adolescent psychiatrists for treatment and care for mentally ill adolescents in prison. This lack means that child psychiatric questions are often answered by psychologists or adult psychiatrists.In the group of incarcerated young people, there is an increased proportion of mental illnesses. However, it is also known that young people with-primarily externalizing-mental illnesses also show a significantly increased risk of becoming delinquent. Specialized youth psychiatric treatment can also have a (relapse) preventive effect.To ascertain the exact requirement in Austria, the figures are lacking. These numbers should be collected urgently.Furthermore, a structured training for forensic child and adolescent psychiatrists should be expanded and a platform for exchange and supervision of child psychiatrists working in forensic topics would be desirable. If it is possible to cover the need in this area, the goal that children and adolescents are only examined by specially trained child and adolescent psychiatrists, can be achieved.
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24
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Sesso G, Masi G. Pharmacological strategies for the management of the antisocial personality disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:181-194. [PMID: 36787887 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2181159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antisocial personality disorder (AsPD) is a pervasive pattern of violation of others' rights, related to the concept of psychopathy. AsPD is stable over time from adolescence, with evidence of conduct disorder (CD) before 15 years. DSM-5 included a specifier 'with limited prosocial emotions' (LPE), which characterizes adolescents with higher developmental vulnerability to develop AsPD. Despite being relatively frequent with considerable societal impact, AsPD is a difficult-to-treat condition with high comorbidity rates and poor evidence for effective pharmacological interventions. AREAS COVERED We conducted a narrative review and searched PubMed up to September 2022. We included RCTs and naturalistic studies evaluating pharmacological interventions on AsPD in adults, including those with comorbid substance use disorder or psychopathic traits. Evidence in youths with CD, callous-unemotional (CU) traits and aggression were also reviewed, exploring the role of CU traits as moderators of response. EXPERT OPINION Psychosocial interventions are the first option, with possible improvement of CU traits, beyond behavioral and affective symptoms, particularly if implemented early during development. Limited information, based on low-quality studies, supports the pharmacological options. Second-generation antipsychotics, lithium, anti-epileptic drugs, and stimulants are first-line medications, according to different target symptoms. Developmental pathways including ADHD suggest a specific role of psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Sesso
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, Molecular Mind Lab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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Müller M, Turner D, Barra S, Rösler M, Retz W. ADHD and associated psychopathology in older adults in a German community sample. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:313-323. [PMID: 36617378 PMCID: PMC10033550 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still a neglected disorder in older adults. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence and symptomatology of ADHD and associated psychopathology in adults aged 40-80 years in a German community sample. We examined 539 participants in two age groups: (1) 40-59 years old (n = 256) and (2) 60-80 years old (n = 283). To assess ADHD in both childhood and adulthood as well as current psychopathological impairments, we used self-report instruments and corresponding observer reports. We examined group differences between age groups and between ADHD and non-ADHD groups. The prevalence of ADHD in the total sample was 2.6% with no significant differences between the two age groups (40-59 years: 3.1% vs. 60-80 years: 2.1%). Although differences emerged in impulsivity/emotional lability and self-concept problems, overall ADHD symptom ratings did not differ between the age groups. The ADHD group showed more psychopathological peculiarities compared to individuals without ADHD with medium-to-large effect sizes. Self-reports and observer reports showed good concordance in the assessment of ADHD and comorbid psychopathological symptoms. Regarding current ADHD symptomatology, in 92.1%, self-report was corroborated by observer's information. Our findings underline that ADHD symptoms are relevant across the lifespan. Augmenting self-reports with observer reports could increase the assessment quality of ADHD. For successful treatment, clinicians should also focus on additional psychopathological impairments and comorbidities in older adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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ADHD Follow-Up in Adulthood among Subjects Treated for the Disorder in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service from 1995 to 2015. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020338. [PMID: 36837537 PMCID: PMC9966311 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity and can persist in adulthood. The aim of this study is to deepen knowledge about adult ADHD follow-up. Materials and Methods: This observational study consists of one retrospective part aimed at collecting records of children and adolescents treated for ADHD in the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) from 1995 to 2015 and, successively, at identifying their adult follow-up in Adult Mental Health Service (AMHS); the second part consists of ADHD scale administration, Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2-0) and Adult Self Rating Scale (ASRSv1.1), for the subjects currently being treated at AMHS who agreed to participate in the study. Results: We observed that among the 55 patients treated at CAMHS between 1995 and 2015 for ADHD and subsequently at the AMHS, none presented a diagnosis of ADHD; instead, they were treated for Intellectual Dysfunction (33%), Borderline Personality Disorder (15%) and Anxiety Disorders (9%), and two individuals were also diagnosed with comorbid substance/alcohol abuse (4%). Of the 55 patients, only 25 (45%) were treated at AMHS during the study period. Though we asked for their informed consent to administer the questionnaires, we were able to test only seven patients. The ASRS-V1.1 score showed that 43% of patients reported symptoms of ADHD persistence in adulthood. For DIVA 2.0, 57% of individuals reported scores indicating the persistence of the ADHD inattention component, and 43% the persistence of both ADHD dimensions. Conclusions: ADHD cannot be considered a disorder confined to childhood/adolescence but instead is a chronic and complex condition that can persist into adulthood. The very small size of our final sample may account for both the high ADHD dropout rate over the long follow-up period and the difficult transition from child to adult health care in ADHD treatment. Our investigation suggests the need for specific training in the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD and the implementation of transition protocols between minor and adult services to improve long-term treatments.
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Tcherni-Buzzeo M. Increased Prescribing of Psychotropic Drugs or School-Based Services for Children with Disabilities? Associations of These Self-control-Boosting Strategies with Juvenile Violence at the State Level. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2023; 9:1-35. [PMID: 36789240 PMCID: PMC9910267 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-023-00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing rates at which psychotropic drugs have been prescribed to children and adolescents in the USA in the last three decades (since the early 1990s) have prompted questions about whether this trend is associated with the "great American crime decline." Medicalization can be considered one of the strategies to remedy children's neuropsychological deficits and improve their self-control. Another possible remedy is school-based services for children with learning disabilities, mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004. Using state-level panel data analyses for years 1990-2014 (with the main focus on 2000-2014 outcomes), the current study estimates associations between these two developmental self-control remedies-medicalization and school-based services-and minor, moderate, and severe types of juvenile violence, while controlling for relevant covariates (both time-varying and time-invariant). The results of mixed-effects linear regression analyses accounting for powerful time trends show a strong association between increases in school-based services for children with learning disabilities and declines in all types of juvenile violence. Another strong and consistent finding that emerges in the analyses is the link between reductions in child poverty at the state level and decreases in juvenile violence, both contemporaneously and over time. Psychotropic drug prescribing to children (measured using Supplemental Security Income rolls of children with mental health conditions) exhibits inconsistent or insignificant effects. The findings of this study have substantial theoretical and policy implications and indicate the importance of strengthening school-based services for children with disabilities and reducing child poverty as essential violence prevention tools.
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Tamburello A, Penn J, Negron-Muñoz R, Kaliebe K. Prescribing Psychotropic Medications for Justice-Involved Juveniles. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2023; 29:94-108. [PMID: 36637811 DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.09.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are exceedingly common in justice-involved youth. Relevant justice systems are varied, evolving, complex, and underserved. The intent of this article is to highlight the research and best practices related to managing the psychiatric disorders of justice-involved youths with a particular focus on pharmacotherapy. We review relevant features of the justice system and related case law, how prescribing for these individuals varies from both community settings and for incarcerated adults, effective assessment and medication selection, informed consent, management of nonadherence and medication diversion, and applied evidence for specific psychiatric problems common in these patients. Psychiatrists caring for justice-involved youth will benefit from tools, like this article, for training and orientation to provide timely and effective treatment services and consultation in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tamburello
- University Correctional Health Care Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Psychiatry, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Penn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Correctional Managed Care Mental Health Services, Conroe, Texas, USA
| | - Rosa Negron-Muñoz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kristopher Kaliebe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Widmer A, Havewala M, Bowker JC, Rubin KH. Secure Attachment Relationships With Mothers, But Not Fathers, Moderate the Relation Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms and Delinquency in Adolescents. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:46-56. [PMID: 36039532 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether secure parent-adolescent attachment relationships moderate the longitudinal relation between 9th grade (G9) ADHD symptoms and 12th grade (G12) delinquency within a community sample of adolescents. METHOD Participants included 335 9th graders, of whom 203 students completed measures again in 12th grade. Mothers reported on their adolescents' ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviors, and adolescents completed measures of their own delinquency and their perceptions of their parent-child attachment relationships. RESULTS G9 ADHD symptoms predicted increases in G12 delinquent behaviors. Moderation effects were also found such that G9 ADHD symptoms predicted G12 delinquency for only those youth who had moderate or low levels of secure maternal attachment. Paternal secure attachment did not moderate the effects of G9 ADHD symptoms on G12 delinquency. CONCLUSION Findings underscore the importance of secure maternal attachment relationships in the development of delinquency among adolescents with ADHD symptoms.
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Wu J, Li P, Luo H, Lu Y. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by ADHD Patients: A Systematic Review. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1833-1845. [PMID: 35880494 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and its different used types, characteristics of the studied cohorts, the reasoning for CAM use, and possible predictive factors for its use amongst ADHD patients. METHOD The Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus were searched from inception to 10 February 2022. All of the original papers published in English which report data on CAM use by patients with ADHD were included. RESULTS Twelve original researches including 4,447 patients were included. The prevalence of CAM use varied from 7.5% to 67.6%. The most-reported CAM modalities were dietary modifications and natural products. Moreover, higher parental education should be considered as a predictive factor for CAM use. CONCLUSION CAM use by ADHD patients seems to be prevalent. Healthcare providers should be trained about the most commonly used CAM therapies and their possible adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ping Li
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Lu
- Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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The Link between ADHD Symptoms and Antisocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of the Protective Factor Sense of Coherence. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101336. [PMID: 36291270 PMCID: PMC9599088 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have established the link between ADHD and antisocial behavior, one of the most serious functional impairments caused by the disorder. However, research on protective factors that mitigate this link is still lacking. The Salutogenic Model of Health offers the “Sense of Coherence” (SOC), establishing that individuals who see their lives as logical, meaningful, and manageable are more resistant to various risk factors and diseases. The present study examines for the first time whether SOC is also a protective factor against different ADHD-related types of antisocial behaviors (severe/mild violent behavior, verbal violence, property crimes, public disorder, and drug abuse). A total of 3180 participants aged 15−50 completed online questionnaires assessing the level of ADHD symptoms, antisocial behaviors, and SOC. Structural equation modeling was applied to examine the research hypothesis. An interaction between ADHD symptoms and SOC was found in predicting each type of antisocial behavior (beta = −0.06−−0.17, p < 0.01). The link between ADHD symptoms and antisocial behavior was significantly weaker for high than low SOC participants, regardless of age group. The current study found that people with high SOC are protected against the effect of ADHD symptoms on one of the most serious functional impairments, antisocial behavior. These findings suggest that SOC is a protective factor from the adverse effects of ADHD symptoms, justifying further prospective and intervention studies.
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Zhang N, Gao M, Yu J, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhou C, Liu L, Sun T, Liao X, Wang J. Understanding the association between adverse childhood experiences and subsequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e32748. [PMID: 36068993 PMCID: PMC9575611 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, which may be related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Our study aims to explore the association between ACEs and subsequent ADHD, and analyze the potential moderators. METHODS Literature search was conducted by a combined computer-assisted and manual method. Studies were included if they had reported the association between ACEs and subsequent ADHD. Overall estimates of odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regressions and further stratified analyses were conducted to examine potential moderator variables. RESULTS Totals of 70 studies involving nearly 4 million participants from among 6,452 unique articles were included. In the primary analyses, ACEs were found to be associated with subsequent ADHD (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.54-1.83), and the negative effects of different forms of ACEs for ADHD were nonequivalent. Such as lived in the stepfamily, been adopted or fostered, and experienced sexual abuse were more deleterious than others. It was found that individuals who had experienced multiple ACEs or who are female were more vulnerable to ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide critical evidence for understanding the association between ACEs and ADHD. ACEs could increase the susceptibility of ADHD, especially for individuals who ever experienced multiple ACEs and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Man Gao
- Institute of Information on Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Congxiao Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjia Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liao
- Center of Evidence Based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Potential Targets and Action Mechanism of Gastrodin in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Bioinformatics and Network Pharmacology Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3607053. [PMID: 36133787 PMCID: PMC9484880 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3607053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Gastrodin is a main medicinal component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata), presenting the potential for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the underlying targets and action mechanisms of the treatment have not been identified. Methods The gastrodin-related microarray dataset GSE85871 was obtained from the GEO database and analyzed by GEO2R to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, the targets of gastrodin were supplemented by the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM), PubChem, STITCH, and SwissTargetPrediction databases. ADHD-associated genes were collected from six available disease databases (i.e., TTD, DrugBank, OMIM, PharmGKB, GAD, and KEGG DISEASE). The potential targets of gastrodin during ADHD treatment were obtained by mapping gastrodin-related targets with ADHD genes, and their protein–protein interaction (PPI) relationship was constructed by the STRING database. The GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the ClueGO plug-in in the Cytoscape software and DAVID database, respectively. Finally, the binding affinity between gastrodin and important targets was verified by molecular docking. Results A total of 460 gastrodin-related DEGs were identified from GSE85871, and 124 known gastrodin targets were supplemented from 4 databases, including ETCM. A total of 440 genes were collected from the above 6 disease databases, and 267 ADHD-relevant genes were obtained after duplicate removal. Through mapping the 584 gastrodin targets to the 267 ADHD genes, 16 potential therapeutic targets were obtained, among which the important ones were DRD2, DRD4, CHRNA3, CYP1A1, TNF, IL6, and KCNJ3. The enrichment analysis results indicated that 16 potential targets were involved in 25 biological processes (e.g., dopamine (DA) transport) and 22 molecular functions (e.g., postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity), which were mainly localized at excitatory synapses. The neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cholinergic synapse, and dopaminergic synapse might be the core pathways of gastrodin in ADHD treatment. Through molecular docking, it was preliminarily verified that gastrodin showed good binding activity to seven important targets and formed stable binding conformations. Conclusions Gastrodin might exert an anti-ADHD effect by upgrading the dopaminergic system and central cholinergic system, inhibiting the inflammatory response and GIRK channel, and exerting a synergistic effect with other drugs on ADHD. For this reason, gastrodin should be considered a multitarget drug for ADHD treatment.
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Richmond S, Kirk H, Gaunson T, Bennett M, Bellgrove MA, Cornish K. Digital cognitive training in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055385. [PMID: 35710251 PMCID: PMC9207754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders and is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning. Children with ADHD are developmentally vulnerable, with the disorder linked to emotional regulation difficulties, behavioural disturbances, as well as academic challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that children with ADHD may benefit from cognitive training interventions, including those focused on attention. This study aims to assess the immediate and long-term efficacy of an attention training intervention in children with ADHD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a preregistered, parallel, double blind, randomised controlled trial. Participants will comprise 104 children with a diagnosis of ADHD aged 5-8 years 11 months. Participants will be randomly allocated to either an adaptive, digital game-based (1) attention training programme (intervention) or (2) a numeracy programme (control). Both programmes will be delivered on a touchscreen tablet, and children will complete five 20 min sessions per week for a 5-week period at home (25 sessions in total). Assessments of the primary outcome (ie, attention and inhibitory control) and secondary outcomes (ie, selective attention, interference control, sustained attention, inhibition, behavioural attention, impairment in everyday functioning, working memory and executive functioning) will occur at preintervention, immediately postintervention and at 3-month follow-up. Multivariate linear regression will be employed to examine primary and secondary outcomes. The data analyst will be blinded to group membership. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from the Monash University HREC (20495). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, media outlets, the internet and various community/stakeholder activities. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12620000964910, UTN U1111-1250-2620.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Richmond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hannah Kirk
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tori Gaunson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meg Bennett
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Cornish
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Hertz PG, Turner D, Barra S, Biedermann L, Retz-Junginger P, Schöttle D, Retz W. Sexuality in Adults With ADHD: Results of an Online Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:868278. [PMID: 35651826 PMCID: PMC9148957 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a secure sexual identity is a major developmental goal of an individual's transition from childhood to adolescence and the years that follow. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, but also with emotional dysregulation, oppositional behaviors, or disorganization appearing early in life, can affect several areas of an individual's personal and social development, including sexual health. Yet, the scientific knowledge about the relationship between ADHD and sexual functioning is still scarce. Using an anonymous online survey, we compared different sexual behaviors including risky sexual behaviors, hypersexual behaviors, and sexual dysfunctions between 206 individuals with (n = 139) and without (n = 76) ADHD. Individuals with ADHD reported significantly more hypersexual behaviors than non-ADHD individuals, whereas no differences were found concerning risky sexual behaviors or sexual dysfunctions. In women with ADHD, hypersexual behaviors, sexual risk-taking as well as sexual dysfunctions were closely related to symptoms of emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and oppositional symptoms. In men with ADHD, the associations between ADHD symptomatology and the sexuality-related measures were less clear, however, signs of emotional dysregulation seemed to be relevant as well. Since individuals with ADHD seem to be at an increased risk of some peculiarities in sexual behavior, sexuality-related issues should be routinely addressed during clinical consultations to provide more holistic treatment in order to enhance individual well-being and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gregório Hertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Laura Biedermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schöttle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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Pollak Y, Shoham R, Dayan H, Gabrieli-Seri O, Berger I. Symptoms of ADHD Predict Lower Adaptation to the COVID-19 Outbreak: Financial Decline, Low Adherence to Preventive Measures, Psychological Distress, and Illness-Related Negative Perceptions. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:735-746. [PMID: 34184907 PMCID: PMC8785291 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211027934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 outbreak created numerous multidimensional stressors, to which people show different levels of vulnerability. The current paper examines whether symptoms of ADHD are associated with poorer adaptation. METHOD After the first quarantine in Israel, 2,055 adults participated in an online survey. Participants completed scales probing adaptation indicators: financial status, adherence to preventive measures, mental health, and COVID-19 related perceptions. Background measures, including the level of symptoms of ADHD, were collected. RESULTS Adaptation indicators negatively correlated with the level of symptoms of ADHD. Financial decline explained a small portion of the link between ADHD and decreased mental health. Background risk-taking, anti-social, and pro-social behavior partially explained the link between ADHD and non-adherence to preventive measures. COVID-19 related perceptions also partially explained that link. CONCLUSION This study suggests that people with ADHD are more vulnerable to the challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic and therefore deserve special attention and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Pollak
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel,Yehuda Pollak, The Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel.
| | | | - Haym Dayan
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Itai Berger
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel,Assuta Ashdod University Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
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Wang LJ, Huang YH, Chou WJ, Lee SY, Chang HY, Chen CC, Chao HR. Interrelationships among growth hormone, thyroid function, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the susceptibility to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022:10.1007/s00787-021-01886-4. [PMID: 35119524 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal growth hormones and thyroid function may be linked to pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Phthalates and bisphenol-A (BPA), two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may affect the human endocrine system. In this study, we aimed to perform a comprehensive investigation of whether growth hormone, thyroid function, and EDCs exhibited differential levels between ADHD patients and healthy controls. In total, 144 children with ADHD and 70 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Their endocrine systems were evaluated using the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and Free T4. The urinary levels of EDCs, including monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and BPA, were also examined. Patients with ADHD had lower IGF-1 levels than healthy controls (p = 0.003), but we observed no significant difference in IGFBP-3, TSH, T3, T4, or Free T4. Compared to the control group, patients with ADHD demonstrated higher MEHP levels (p = 0.043), MnBP (p = 0.033), and MBzP (p = 0.040). Furthermore, MEHP levels (p < 0.001) and BPA levels (p = 0.041) were negatively correlated with IGF-1 levels, while IGF-1 levels were negatively correlated with principal components consisting of ADHD clinical symptoms and neuropsychological performance variables. We suggest that MEHP exposure may be associated with decreased serum levels of IGF-1 and increased risk of ADHD. The mechanism underlying this association may be important for protecting children from environmental chemicals that adversely affect neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hua Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.,Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.,Emerging Compounds Research Center, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 80708, Taiwan
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Barra S, Aebi M, d’Huart D, Schmeck K, Schmid M, Boonmann C. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Personality, and Crime: Distinct Associations among a High-Risk Sample of Institutionalized Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1227. [PMID: 35162246 PMCID: PMC8835310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and personality-related disturbances among delinquent juveniles, associations among ACEs, youth personality, and juvenile crime involvement are still unclear. High-risk samples of institutionalized youth are in specific need of a comprehensive assessment of ACEs and personality features in order to broaden the current knowledge on the occurrence and persistence of juvenile crime and to derive implications for prevention and intervention. We examined a heterogeneous high-risk sample of 342 adolescents (35.1% females, 64.9% males) aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.74, SD = 1.61 years) living in child-welfare or juvenile justice institutions regarding cumulative ACEs, psychopathic traits, temperament, and clinical personality disorder ratings, and criminal involvement before and up to 10 years after assessment. We found considerable rates of ACEs, although cumulative ACEs did not predict future crime. Latent Profile Analysis based on dimensional measures of psychopathy, temperament, and personality disorders derived six distinct personality profiles, which were differently related to ACEs, personality disturbances, clinical psychopathology, and future delinquency. A socially difficult personality profile was associated with increased risk of future crime, whereas avoidant personality traits appeared protective. Findings indicate that the role of ACEs in the prediction of juvenile delinquency is still not sufficiently clear and that relying on single personality traits alone is insufficient in the explanation of juvenile crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Kirrberger Str. 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Aebi
- Research & Development, Corrections and Rehabilitation, Department of Justice and Home Affairs, Hohlstrasse 552, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Neumuensterallee 3, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Delfine d’Huart
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Klaus Schmeck
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Marc Schmid
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Cyril Boonmann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; Delfine.d' (D.d.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (C.B.)
- Department of Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospitals, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Gregório Hertz P, Müller M, Barra S, Turner D, Rettenberger M, Retz W. The predictive and incremental validity of ADHD beyond the VRAG-R in a high-risk sample of young offenders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1469-1479. [PMID: 34860261 PMCID: PMC9653327 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The VRAG-R is a well-established actuarial risk-assessment instrument, which was originally developed for assessing violent recidivism risk in adult male offenders. Whether or not the VRAG-R can also predict violent recidivism in young offenders is unclear so far. In the emergence of juvenile offending, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to be of major importance suggesting that it could be relevant for risk assessment as well. Thus, we examined the predictive accuracy of the VRAG-R in a high-risk sample of N = 106 (M = 18.3 years, SD = 1.8) young offenders and assessed the incremental predictive validity of ADHD symptomatology beyond the VRAG-R. Within a mean follow-up time of M = 13 years (SD = 1.2), n = 65 (62.5%) young offenders recidivated with a violent offense. We found large effect sizes for the prediction of violent and general recidivism and re-incarcerations using the VRAG-R sum scores. Current ADHD symptomatology added incremental predictive validity beyond the VRAG-R sum scores concerning the prediction of general recidivism but not of violent recidivism. The results supported the use of the VRAG-R for predicting violent recidivism in young offenders. Because ADHD symptomatology improves the predictive performance of the VRAG-R regarding general recidivism, we argue that addressing ADHD symptoms more intensively in the juvenile justice system is of particular importance concerning a successful long-term risk management in adolescents and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gregório Hertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marcus Müller
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Hospital, Homburg, Saarland Germany
| | - Daniel Turner
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Rettenberger
- Centre for Criminology, Kriminologische Zentralstelle-KrimZ, Wiesbaden, Germany ,grid.5802.f0000 0001 1941 7111Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany ,Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, University Hospital, Homburg, Saarland Germany
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Barra S, Turner D, Retz-Junginger P, Hertz PG, Rösler M, Retz W. Mental Health in Young Detainees Predicts Perpetration of and Desistance From Serious, Violent and Chronic Offending. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:893460. [PMID: 35782447 PMCID: PMC9240463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.893460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental health problems are common among young offenders but their role in predicting criminal recidivism is still not clear. Early identification and treatment of young offenders at risk of serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) offending is of major importance to increase their chances to develop into a healthy and non-criminal future and protect society from further crime. In the present study, we assessed mental health among 106 young offenders while incarcerated and analyzed their criminal careers up to 15 years after release. We found high rates of mental health issues, especially externalizing problems, but also concerning illegal substance and alcohol use patterns as well as personality disorders. Rule-breaking behavior and internalizing problems were negatively related to incarceration time until study assessment, but withdrawal and internalizing problems were positively associated with remaining time to release. Whereas, SVC status before assessment and after release were not statistically dependent, mental health issues predicted perpetration of and desistance from SVC offending after release. Alarming alcohol use appeared to be of specific importance in this regard. Findings indicate that young offenders at risk of future SVC offending may benefit from mental health treatment with specific focus on problematic alcohol consumption to prevent ongoing crime perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Barra
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Turner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Petra Retz-Junginger
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Priscilla Gregorio Hertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Rösler
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Retz
- Institute for Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Ji Y, Choi TY, Lee J, Yoon S, Won GH, Jeong H, Kang SW, Kim JW. Characteristics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Subtypes in Children Classified Using Quantitative Electroencephalography. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2725-2736. [PMID: 36437880 PMCID: PMC9697401 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s386774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to investigate the characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS There were 69 subjects (42 with ADHD and 27 neurotypical (NT)) in this study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant for psychiatric diagnostic evaluation. We measured the absolute and relative power in 19 channels and analyzed QEEG using the following frequency ranges: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha 1 (8-10 Hz), alpha 2 (10-12 Hz), beta 1 (12-15 Hz), beta 2 (15-20 Hz), beta 3 (20-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). Group analyses and EEG noise preprocessing were conducted using iSyncBrain, a cloud-based, artificial intelligence EEG analysis platform. Analysis of covariance adjusted for IQ, age, and sex was used. RESULTS QEEG analysis revealed three ADHD subtypes, characterized by (A) elevated relative fast alpha and beta power, (B) elevated absolute slow frequency (delta and theta power), or (C) elevated absolute and relative beta power. A significant difference was found in the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) among the four groups (df=3, F=8.004, p<0.001); group C had the highest score (25.31±11.16), followed by group A (21.67±13.18). The score of group B (12.64±7.84) was similar to that of the NT group (11.07±6.12) and did not reach the cut-off point of the K-ARS. In the Wender-Utah Rating Scale (WURS), group B score (55.82±23.17) was significantly higher than the NT group score (42.81±13.26). CONCLUSION These results indicate that children with ADHD do not constitute a neurophysiologically homogenous group. Children with QEEG subtype B (elevated slow frequency) may be difficult to distinguish from normal children using the K-ARS, which is the most common screening tool for ADHD. Moreover, parents of children with this subtype may be less sensitive to observing ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonmi Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hui Won
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung Wan Kang
- iMediSync Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG, Seoul National University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Khodaverdi Z, Moreau D, Garber CE. Is there an effective dose of aerobic exercise associated with better executive function in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Child Neuropsychol 2021; 28:569-596. [PMID: 34711134 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1992378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in children, and it's linked to a higher risk of academic failure, interpersonal issues, mental illness, and criminality. Despite several of the comparative and detailed reviews on the effects of ADHD interventions on core symptoms, there is no data summarizing the effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on executive functions (EFs). Therefore, this study aimed to systematically review and determine the relationship between AE (acute and chronic) dosage and EFs (attention, inhibition, set-shifting, and working memory) in youth with ADHD. The consideration of how AE dosage impacts aspects of EFs has not been investigated in detail previously. The study adhered to PRISMA guideline. Sixdatabases were searched without any date restrictions, up to February 2021, for articles relating to AE interventions to influence EFs in youth with ADHD≤18 years old. Quality assessment of the reviewed papers was addressed. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Improvements in all aspects of EFs were reported after children with ADHD engaged in acute AE lasting 20-30 minutes with at least moderate intensity (65% ≤ 80% HRmax).Furthermore, chronic exercise that lasts at least 45 minutes and in the range of moderate tohigh intensity (i.e., 60% ≤ 75% HRmax), 3 days/week for 6-12, elicits additional benefits in inhibition and set-shifting.Different dosage of AE might differently influence aspects of EFs; however, this finding rests on preliminary evidence at this stage and thus should be treated with caution.It is necessary to establish suitable interventions with regard to the dosage of AE types to improve EFs in young people with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Khodaverdi
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carol Ewing Garber
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Kawaoka N, Ohashi K, Fukuhara S, Miyachi T, Asai T, Imaeda M, Saitoh S. Impact of School Closures due to COVID-19 on Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Japan. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:2149-2155. [PMID: 34081298 PMCID: PMC8172360 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In March 2020, many schools were closed to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in Japan, and it is predicted that many children, especially those with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), will be affected emotionally and behaviorally. Here, we examined the impact of school closures due to COVID-19 on school-aged children with NDDs using the Child Behavior Checklist. Totally, data on 121 children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and/or intellectual disorder were analyzed and it was found that externalizing and aggressive behavior increased in all NDDs, regardless of the type of diagnosis. A clear prospect is important for children with NDDs children to lead a stable life, and more generous supports for children with NDDs and their families are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kawaoka
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Ohashi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Satomi Fukuhara
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Taishi Miyachi
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoko Asai
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Imaeda
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Anker E, Ginsberg Y, Heir T. Prevalence of criminal convictions in Norwegian adult ADHD outpatients and associations with ADHD symptom severity and emotional dysregulation. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:226. [PMID: 33941124 PMCID: PMC8091664 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with antisocial behaviour. Several studies have shown high rates of ADHD among prisoners. However, the prevalence of crime among individuals with ADHD is less known. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of lifetime criminal conviction (CC) in a clinical sample of adults with ADHD, and the associations with the severity of ADHD and emotional dysregulation (ED). METHODS Patients were admitted to a private psychiatric outpatient clinic in Oslo between 2014 and 2018. Of the 656 patients diagnosed with ADHD, 629 (95.9%) agreed to participate in the study. CC was determined based on self-reporting of the lifetime history of criminal behaviour. ADHD was diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria, and ADHD severity was measured using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). ED was assessed by the eight-item version of Barkley's Current Behaviour Scale - Self-Report (CBS-SR). RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported CC in this clinical sample was 11.7% among women and 24.5% among men. CC was associated with hyperactive-impulsive severity (p < 0.001) and ED (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of self-reported lifetime criminal conviction was high for both genders. CC was associated with symptom severity of hyperactivity-impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. The findings suggest the need for greater research efforts on the avoidance of criminal activity in people with ADHD and targeted intervention for ADHD treatment and CC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Anker
- Oslo ADHD Clinic, Kirkeveien 64B, 0366, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ylva Ginsberg
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trond Heir
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Pauli M, Ölund Alonso H, Liljeberg J, Gustavsson P, Howner K. Investigating the Validity Evidence of the Swedish TriPM in High Security Prisoners Using the PCL-R and NEO-FFI. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:704516. [PMID: 34867508 PMCID: PMC8640174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.704516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The triarchic model of psychopathy was developed to bridge opposing descriptions of psychopathy by separating the core construct in three domains; boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) operationalizes the model through a 58-item self-report questionnaire. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Swedish translation by investigating intercorrelations and associations to expert-rated psychopathy, general personality and psychopathy-related traits in male high-security prisoners (n = 191). Psychopathy rated with TriPM and the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) demonstrated expected convergence, as did empathy and impulsivity measures. The Disinhibition and Meanness scales were highly correlated, indicating that the scales might not be adequately differentiated. Nevertheless, the divergent association patterns to other important variables, particularly neuroticism and empathy, also points to meaningful differences. However, the lack of association between Disinhibition and Boldness may put into question if these domains are related at all, especially since there was a lack of similarity in the association patterns with other clinical variables. The influence of antisocial behavior in the TriPM operationalization might amplify the similarities of the Meanness and Disinhibition scales, while diluting the associations between Meanness and Boldness. In conclusion, the Swedish TriPM is effective in measuring the domains of triarchic model in forensic settings, even though a revision of the scales might improve the psychometric properties of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Pauli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannibal Ölund Alonso
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Care Stockholm, Stockholm Healthcare Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Liljeberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Gustavsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Howner
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang H, Yang B, Peng G, Zhang L, Fang D. Effects of the DRD4 -521 C/T SNP on Local Neural Activity and Functional Connectivity in Children With ADHD. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:785464. [PMID: 35069289 PMCID: PMC8772420 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.785464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) -521 C/T single-nucleotide polymorphism on brain function among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to evaluate whether brain function is associated with behavioral performance among this demographic. Methods: Using regional homogeneity, fractional amplitude low-frequency fluctuation, and functional connectivity as measurement indices, we compared differences in resting-state brain function between 34 boys with ADHD in the TT homozygous group and 37 boys with ADHD in the C-allele carrier group. The Conners' Parent Rating Scale, the SNAP-IV Rating Scale, the Stroop Color Word Test, the go/no-go task, the n-back task, and the working memory index within the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition were selected as comparative indicators in order to test effects on behavioral performance. Results: We found that TT homozygotes had low behavioral performance as compared with C-allele carriers. The regional homogeneity for TT homozygotes decreased in the right middle occipital gyrus and increased in the right superior frontal gyrus as compared with C-allele carriers. In addition, the right middle occipital gyrus and the right superior frontal gyrus were used as the seeds of functional connectivity, and we found that the functional connectivity between the right middle occipital gyrus and the right cerebellum decreased, as did the functional connectivity between the right superior frontal gyrus and the angular gyrus. No statistically significant differences were observed in the respective brain regions when comparing the fractional amplitudes for low-frequency fluctuation between the two groups. Correlation analyses demonstrated that the fractional amplitude low-frequency fluctuation in the precentral gyrus for TT homozygotes were statistically significantly correlated with working memory. Conclusions: We found differing effects of DRD4 -521 C/T polymorphisms on brain function among boys with ADHD. These findings promote our understanding of the genetic basis for neurobiological differences observed among children with ADHD, but they must be confirmed in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Binrang Yang
- Centre for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Adolescent Gynecology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Centre for Child Care and Mental Health, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Diangang Fang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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