Comparison of two surgical techniques for carotid endarterectomy: conventional and eversion

Does the eversion technique have a lower early postoperative stroke rate than the conventional technique in carotid endarterectomy?

A best evidence topic has been constructed using a described protocol. The three-part question addressed was: In carotid surgery, Does the eversion technique (ECEA) has an early postoperative lower stroke rate, As compared to conventional carotid endarterectomy (CCEA)? The outcome assessed was the stroke rate in the early potoperative period (30 days) in the two techniques. The best evidence confirmed that there is no statistically significant difference between ECEA and CCEA regarding the early postoperative stroke incidence.

•

Eversion technique and conventional endarterectomy are the main surgical endarterectomy techniques in carotid artery disease.

•

There is no difference between the Eversion and conventional endarterectomy techniques in early postoperative stroke rates.

•

Lack of randomised controlled trials that compare the two techniques.

Long Term Restenosis Rate After Carotid Endarterectomy: Comparison of Three Surgical Techniques and Intra-Operative Shunt Use

OBJECTIVE

Closure of the artery during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) can be done with or without a patch, or performed with the eversion technique, while the use of intra-operative shunts is optional. The influence of these techniques on subsequent restenosis is uncertain. Long term carotid restenosis rates and risk of future ipsilateral stroke with these techniques were compared.

METHODS

Patients who underwent CEA in the International Carotid Stenting Study were divided into patch angioplasty, primary closure, or eversion endarterectomy. Intra-operative shunt use was reported. Carotid duplex ultrasound was performed at each follow up. Primary outcomes were restenosis of ≥ 50% and ≥ 70%, and ipsilateral stroke after the procedure to the end of follow up.

RESULTS

In total, 790 CEA patients had restenosis data at one and five years. Altogether, 511 (64.7%) had patch angioplasty, 232 (29.4%) primary closure, and 47 (5.9%) eversion endarterectomy. The cumulative incidence of ≥ 50% restenosis at one year was 18.9%, 26.1%, and 17.7%, respectively, and at five years it was 25.9%, 37.2%, and 30.0%, respectively. There was no difference in risk between the eversion and patch angioplasty group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45 - 1.81; p = .77). Primary closure had a higher risk of restenosis than patch angioplasty (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06 - 1.98; p = .019). The cumulative incidence of ≥ 70% restenosis did not differ between primary closure and patch angioplasty (12.1% vs. 7.1%, HR 1.59, 95% CI 0.88 - 2.89; p = .12) or between patch angioplasty and eversion endarterectomy (4.7%, HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.06 - 3.35; p = .44). There was no effect of shunt use on the cumulative incidence of restenosis. Post-procedural ipsilateral stroke was not more common in either of the surgical techniques or shunt use.

CONCLUSION

Restenosis was more common after primary closure than conventionally with a patch closure. Shunt use had no effect on restenosis. Patch closure is the treatment of choice to avoid restenosis.

[Meta-analysis of the results of eversion carotid endarterectomy and endarterectomy with patch plasty]

AIM

The study was aimed at comparing the results of eversion carotid endarterectomy and carotid endarterectomy with patch plasty in the immediate and remote postoperative periods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature was retrieved by means of electronic databases, with the dates of publications ranging from 1970 to 2019. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria we selected the literature making it possible to carry out a meta-analysis in the immediate and remote postoperative periods. The results were obtained with the help of the Stata 14 software package. Eventually, we retrieved and analysed a total of 2139 articles. Of these, ten were included into the study and contained 3568 patients subjected to 3672 operations (eversion carotid endarterectomy - 1718 and carotid endarterectomy with a patch - 1954). The results of the meta-analysis were as follows: the mean time of carotid artery cross-clamping for eversion carotid endarterectomy was shorter than that for carotid endarterectomy with a patch (4.1±2.9 min); the frequency of using intraoperative temporary bypass in eversion carotid endarterectomy turned out to be significantly less compared with carotid endarterectomy with patch plasty - 13.5% (91/672) and 62.0% (492/793), OR=0.183, 95% CI: 0.136-0.254, p<0.001; the incidence rate of ischaemic stroke in the immediate and remote postoperative periods was significantly lower after eversion carotid endarterectomy than that after carotid endarterectomy with patch plasty - OR=0.452, 95% CI: 0258-0.792, p=0.005 and OR=0.300, 95% CI; 0.155-0.579, p=0.000. The development of restenosis in the immediate and remote postoperative periods was observed less often for eversion carotid endarterectomy compared with carotid endarterectomy with patch plasty - OR=0.604, 95% CI: 0.422-0.864, p=0.006.

CONCLUSION

Eversion carotid endarterectomy was associated with shorter time of carotid artery cross-clamping, lower frequency of intraoperative temporary bypass, lower number of cases of ischaemic stroke in the immediate and remote postoperative periods, as well as those of restenosis in the long-term postoperative period.

Comparison of Results Classical and Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy

INTRODUCTION

Atherosclerosis blood vessels, be it on extra-cranial or intra-cranial circulation, the most common cause of incidents such as cerebro-vascular insult (ICV). Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a preventive operation to reduce the risk of stroke and it can be performed by eversion carotid endarterectomy (E-CEA) or a classical carotid endarterectomy (C-CEA). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the used techniques in basic perioperative results and the incidence of postoperative complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

It was retrospective-prospective study that involved 173 patients, with carotid stenosis, who underwent CEA, in the period of time December 2013 till December 2016. Subjects were divided into two groups in respect of technique: 90 patients were treated with E-CEA and 83 patients were treated with C-CEA.

RESULTS

Between two groups revealed a significant difference in favor of the patients from group E-CEA in the length of the surgery (92.56 ± 29.11 min. vs. 104.04 ± 18.01 min., P = 0.000), the time of clamping the carotid arteries (11.83 ± 1.81 min. vs. 23.69 ± 5:39 min., p = 0.000), the amount of post-operative drainage (25.33 ± 24.67 ml. vs. 36.14 ± 14:32 ml., p = 0.001), time spent in the intensive care unit (± 25.43 vs. 13:51 hours 34.54 ± 35.81 hours, p = 0.000), and the length of stay (4.60 ± 0.90 days vs. 5:42 ± 1.80 days, p = 0.001). In the patients of the group E-CEA, fewer number of individual postoperative complications without statistical significance: ICV (2.2% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.351), cardiac arrhythmia (2.2% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.351), transitory ischaemic attack (TIA) and cognitive disorder (2.2% vs. 7.2%, p = 0.117), mortality (1.1% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.954); and the total number of postoperative complications was significantly less in the same patients (7.77% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

The results of this study clearly indicate that operating techniques affects the specified monitored outcomes of vascular treatment of carotid arteries in favor of E-CEA technique. It would be ideally that the conclusions of this study contribute to broader use of E-CEA in treatment of carotid stenosis.