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Nurmi T, Hakonen M, Bourguignon M, Piitulainen H. Proprioceptive response strength in the primary sensorimotor cortex is invariant to the range of finger movement. Neuroimage 2023; 269:119937. [PMID: 36791896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioception is the sense of body position and movement that relies on afference from the proprioceptors in muscles and joints. Proprioceptive responses in the primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex can be elicited by stimulating the proprioceptors using evoked (passive) limb movements. In magnetoencephalography (MEG), proprioceptive processing can be quantified by recording the movement evoked fields (MEFs) and movement-induced beta power modulations or by computing corticokinematic coherence (CKC) between the limb kinematics and cortical activity. We examined whether cortical proprioceptive processing quantified with MEF peak strength, relative beta suppression and rebound power and CKC strength is affected by the movement range of the finger. MEG activity was measured from 16 right-handed healthy volunteers while movements were applied to their right-index finger metacarpophalangeal joint with an actuator. Movements were either intermittent, every 3000 ± 250 ms, to estimate MEF or continuous, at 3 Hz, to estimate CKC. In both cases, 4 different ranges of motion of the stimuli were investigated: 15, 18, 22 and 26 mm for MEF and 6, 7, 9 and 13 mm for CKC. MEF amplitude, relative beta suppression and rebound as well as peak CKC strength at the movement frequency were compared between the movement ranges in the source space. Inter-individual variation was also compared between the MEF and CKC strengths. As expected, MEF and CKC responses peaked at the contralateral SM1 cortex. MEF peak, beta suppression and rebound and CKC strengths were similar across all movement ranges. Furthermore, CKC strength showed a lower degree of inter-individual variation compared with MEF strength. Our result of absent modulation by movement range in cortical responses to passive movements of the finger indicates that variability in movement range should not hinder comparability between different studies or participants. Furthermore, our data indicates that CKC is less prone to inter-individual variability than MEFs, and thus more advantageous in what pertains to statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Nurmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.
| | - Maria Hakonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Mathieu Bourguignon
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium; Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium; BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian 20009, Spain
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland; Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
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Correia JP, Vaz JR, Domingos C, Freitas SR. From thinking fast to moving fast: motor control of fast limb movements in healthy individuals. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:919-950. [PMID: 35675832 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to produce high movement speeds is a crucial factor in human motor performance, from the skilled athlete to someone avoiding a fall. Despite this relevance, there remains a lack of both an integrative brain-to-behavior analysis of these movements and applied studies linking the known dependence on open-loop, central control mechanisms of these movements to their real-world implications, whether in the sports, performance arts, or occupational setting. In this review, we cover factors associated with the planning and performance of fast limb movements, from the generation of the motor command in the brain to the observed motor output. At each level (supraspinal, peripheral, and motor output), the influencing factors are presented and the changes brought by training and fatigue are discussed. The existing evidence of more applied studies relevant to practical aspects of human performance is also discussed. Inconsistencies in the existing literature both in the definitions and findings are highlighted, along with suggestions for further studies on the topic of fast limb movement control. The current heterogeneity in what is considered a fast movement and in experimental protocols makes it difficult to compare findings in the existing literature. We identified the role of the cerebellum in movement prediction and of surround inhibition in motor slowing, as well as the effects of fatigue and training on central motor control, as possible avenues for further research, especially in performance-driven populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Correia
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Christophe Domingos
- CIEQV, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares nº 110, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Hakonen M, Nurmi T, Vallinoja J, Jaatela J, Piitulainen H. More comprehensive proprioceptive stimulation of the hand amplifies its cortical processing. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:568-581. [PMID: 35858122 PMCID: PMC9423773 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00485.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticokinematic coherence (CKC) quantifies the phase coupling between limb kinematics and cortical neurophysiological signals reflecting proprioceptive feedback to the primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex. We studied whether the CKC strength or cortical source location differs between proprioceptive stimulation (i.e., actuator-evoked movements) of right-hand digits (index, middle, ring, and little). Twenty-one volunteers participated in magnetoencephalography measurements during which three conditions were tested: 1) simultaneous stimulation of all four fingers at the same frequency, 2) stimulation of each finger separately at the same frequency, and 3) simultaneous stimulation of the fingers at finger-specific frequencies. CKC was computed between MEG responses and accelerations of the fingers recorded with three-axis accelerometers. CKC was stronger (P < 0.003) for the simultaneous (0.52 ± 0.02) than separate (0.45 ± 0.02) stimulation at the same frequency. Furthermore, CKC was weaker (P < 0.03) for the simultaneous stimulation at the finger-specific frequencies (0.38 ± 0.02) than for the separate stimulation. CKC source locations of the fingers were concentrated in the hand region of the SM1 cortex and did not follow consistent finger-specific somatotopic order. Our results indicate that proprioceptive afference from the fingers is processed in partly overlapping cortical neuronal circuits, which was demonstrated by the modulation of the finger-specific CKC strengths due to proprioceptive afference arising from simultaneous stimulation of the other fingers of the same hand as well as overlapping cortical source locations. Finally, comprehensive simultaneous proprioceptive stimulation of the hand would optimize functional cortical mapping to pinpoint the hand region, e.g., prior brain surgery.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Corticokinematic coherence (CKC) can be used to study cortical proprioceptive processing and localize proprioceptive hand representation. Our results indicate that proprioceptive stimulation delivered simultaneously at the same frequency to fingers (D2-D4) maximizes CKC strength allowing robust and fast localization of the human hand region in the sensorimotor cortex using MEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hakonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timo Nurmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jaakko Vallinoja
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Julia Jaatela
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Harri Piitulainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
- Aalto NeuroImaging, Magnetoencephalography Core, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
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Marty B, Naeije G, Bourguignon M, Wens V, Jousmäki V, Lynch DR, Gaetz W, Goldman S, Hari R, Pandolfo M, De Tiège X. Evidence for genetically determined degeneration of proprioceptive tracts in Friedreich ataxia. Neurology 2019; 93:e116-e124. [PMID: 31197032 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess with magnetoencephalography the developmental vs progressive character of the impairment of spinocortical proprioceptive pathways in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). METHODS Neuromagnetic signals were recorded from 16 right-handed patients with FRDA (9 female patients, mean age 27 years, mean Scale for the Assessment and Rating Of ataxia [SARA] score 22.25) and matched healthy controls while they performed right finger movements either actively or passively. The coupling between movement kinematics (i.e., acceleration) and neuromagnetic signals was assessed by the use of coherence at sensor and source levels. Such coupling, that is, the corticokinematic coherence (CKC), specifically indexes proprioceptive afferent inputs to the contralateral primary sensorimotor (cSM1) cortex. Nonparametric permutations and Spearman rank correlation test were used for statistics. RESULTS In both groups of participants and movement conditions, significant coupling peaked at the cSM1 cortex. Coherence levels were 70% to 75% lower in patients with FRDA than in healthy controls in both movement conditions. In patients with FRDA, coherence levels correlated with genotype alteration (i.e., the size of GAA1 triplet expansion) and the age at symptom onset but not with disease duration or SARA score. CONCLUSION This study provides electrophysiologic evidence demonstrating that proprioceptive impairment in FRDA is mostly genetically determined and scarcely progressive after symptom onset. It also positions CKC as a reliable, robust, specific marker of proprioceptive impairment in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Marty
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gilles Naeije
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mathieu Bourguignon
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincent Wens
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Jousmäki
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David R Lynch
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - William Gaetz
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Serge Goldman
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier De Tiège
- From the Laboratoire de Cartographie Fonctionnelle du Cerveau (B.M., G.N., M.B., V.W., S.G., X.D.T.) and Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement (M.B.), ULB Neuroscience Institute, and Department of Neurology (G.N., M.P.) and Department of Functional Neuroimaging (V.W., X.D.T., S.G.), Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (M.B.), Donostia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (V.J.), School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (D.R.L., W.G.), PA; and Department of Art (R.H.), Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
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Marty B, Wens V, Bourguignon M, Naeije G, Goldman S, Jousmäki V, De Tiège X. Neuromagnetic Cerebellar Activity Entrains to the Kinematics of Executed Finger Movements. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 17:531-539. [PMID: 29725948 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This magnetoencephalography (MEG) study aims at characterizing the coupling between cerebellar activity and the kinematics of repetitive self-paced finger movements. Neuromagnetic signals were recorded in 11 right-handed healthy adults while they performed repetitive flexion-extensions of right-hand fingers at three different movement rates: slow (~ 1 Hz), medium (~ 2 Hz), and fast (~ 3 Hz). Right index finger acceleration was monitored with an accelerometer. Coherence analysis was used to index the coupling between right index finger acceleration and neuromagnetic signals. Dynamic imaging of coherent sources was used to locate coherent sources. Coupling directionality between primary sensorimotor (SM1), cerebellar, and accelerometer signals was assessed with renormalized partial directed coherence. Permutation-based statistics coupled with maximum statistic over the entire brain volume or restricted to the cerebellum were used. At all movement rates, maximum coherence peaked at SM1 cortex contralateral to finger movements at movement frequency (F0) and its first harmonic (F1). Significant (statistics restricted to the cerebellum) coherence consistently peaked at the right posterior lobe of the cerebellum at F0 with no influence of movement rate. Coupling between Acc and cerebellar signals was significantly stronger in the afferent than in the efferent direction with no effective contribution of cortico-cerebellar or cerebello-cortical pathways. This study demonstrates the existence of significant coupling between finger movement kinematics and neuromagnetic activity at the posterior cerebellar lobe ipsilateral to finger movement at F0. This coupling is mainly driven by spinocerebellar, presumably proprioceptive, afferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Marty
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - V Wens
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Bourguignon
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Laboratoire Cognition Langage et Développement, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Naeije
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S Goldman
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Jousmäki
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering and Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - X De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau, UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 route de Lennik, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, CUB Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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