Bilbao A, Cippitelli A, Martín AB, Granado N, Ortiz O, Bezard E, Chen JF, Navarro M, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Moratalla R. Absence of quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome in adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;
185:160-8. [PMID:
16470403 DOI:
10.1007/s00213-005-0284-0]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE
Caffeine and other methylxanthines induce behavioral activation and anxiety responses in mice via antagonist action at A2A adenosine receptors. When combined with the opioid antagonist naloxone, methylxanthines produce a characteristic quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome (QMWS) in opiate-naive animals.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to establish the role of A2A receptors in the quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome induced by co-administration of caffeine and naloxone and in the behavioral effects of caffeine.
METHODS
We have used A2A receptor knockout (A(2A)R(-/-)) mice in comparison with their wild-type and heterozygous littermates to measure locomotor activity in the open field and withdrawal symptoms induced by caffeine and naloxone. Naïve wild-type and knockout mice were also examined for enkephalin and dynorphin mRNA expression by in situ hybridization and for mu-opiate receptor by ligand binding autoradiography to check for possible opiate receptor changes induced by A2A receptor inactivation.
RESULTS
Caffeine increases locomotion and anxiety in wild-type animals, but it has no psychomotor effects in A(2A)R(-/-) mice. Co-administration of caffeine (20 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg) resulted in a severe quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome in wild-type mice that was almost completely abolished in A(2A)R(-/-) mice. Heterozygous animals exhibited a 40% reduction in withdrawal symptoms, suggesting that there is no genetic/developmental compensation for the inactivation of one of the A(2A)R alleles. A(2A)R(-/-) and wild-type mice have similar levels of striatal mu-opioid receptors, thus the effect is not due to altered opioid receptor expression.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate that A2A receptors are required for the induction of quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome by co-administration of caffeine and naloxone and implicate striatal A2A receptors and mu-opiate receptors in tonic inhibition of motor activity in the striatum.
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