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Zuo Z, Fan B, Zhang Z, Liang Y, Chi J, Li G. Interleukin-4 protects retinal ganglion cells and promotes axon regeneration. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:236. [PMID: 38650003 PMCID: PMC11034112 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preservation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the facilitation of axon regeneration are crucial considerations in the management of various vision-threatening disorders. Therefore, we investigate the efficacy of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a potential therapeutic agent, in promoting neuroprotection and axon regeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as identified through whole transcriptome sequencing in an in vitro axon growth model. METHODS A low concentration of staurosporine (STS) was employed to induce in vitro axon growth. Whole transcriptome sequencing was utilized to identify key target factors involved in the molecular mechanism underlying axon growth. The efficacy of recombinant IL-4 protein on promoting RGC axon growth was validated through in vitro experiments. The protective effect of recombinant IL-4 protein on somas of RGCs was assessed using RBPMS-specific immunofluorescent staining in mouse models with optic nerve crush (ONC) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) injury. The protective effect on RGC axons was evaluated by anterograde labeling of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), while the promotion of RGC axon regeneration was assessed through both anterograde labeling of CTB and immunofluorescent staining for growth associated protein-43 (GAP43). RESULTS Whole-transcriptome sequencing of staurosporine-treated 661 W cells revealed a significant upregulation in intracellular IL-4 transcription levels during the process of axon regeneration. In vitro experiments demonstrated that recombinant IL-4 protein effectively stimulated axon outgrowth. Subsequent immunostaining with RBPMS revealed a significantly higher survival rate of RGCs in the rIL-4 group compared to the vehicle group in both NMDA and ONC injury models. Axonal tracing with CTB confirmed that recombinant IL-4 protein preserved long-distance projection of RGC axons, and there was a notably higher number of surviving axons in the rIL-4 group compared to the vehicle group following NMDA-induced injury. Moreover, intravitreal delivery of recombinant IL-4 protein substantially facilitated RGC axon regeneration after ONC injury. CONCLUSION The recombinant IL-4 protein exhibits the potential to enhance the survival rate of RGCs, protect RGC axons against NMDA-induced injury, and facilitate axon regeneration following ONC. This study provides an experimental foundation for further investigation and development of therapeutic agents aimed at protecting the optic nerve and promoting axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China.
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Longfield SF, Mollazade M, Wallis TP, Gormal RS, Joensuu M, Wark JR, van Waardenberg AJ, Small C, Graham ME, Meunier FA, Martínez-Mármol R. Tau forms synaptic nano-biomolecular condensates controlling the dynamic clustering of recycling synaptic vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7277. [PMID: 37949856 PMCID: PMC10638352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal communication relies on the release of neurotransmitters from various populations of synaptic vesicles. Despite displaying vastly different release probabilities and mobilities, the reserve and recycling pool of vesicles co-exist within a single cluster suggesting that small synaptic biomolecular condensates could regulate their nanoscale distribution. Here, we performed a large-scale activity-dependent phosphoproteome analysis of hippocampal neurons in vitro and identified Tau as a highly phosphorylated and disordered candidate protein. Single-molecule super-resolution microscopy revealed that Tau undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to generate presynaptic nanoclusters whose density and number are regulated by activity. This activity-dependent diffusion process allows Tau to translocate into the presynapse where it forms biomolecular condensates, to selectively control the mobility of recycling vesicles. Tau, therefore, forms presynaptic nano-biomolecular condensates that regulate the nanoscale organization of synaptic vesicles in an activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanley F Longfield
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mahdie Mollazade
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Tristan P Wallis
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel S Gormal
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Merja Joensuu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jesse R Wark
- Synapse Proteomics, Children's Medical Research Institute (CMRI), The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Small
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mark E Graham
- Synapse Proteomics, Children's Medical Research Institute (CMRI), The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Frédéric A Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ramón Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute (QBI), The University of Queensland; St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Hurst J, Attrodt G, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Mau-Holzmann UA, Spitzer MS, Schnichels S. A Case Study from the Past: "The RGC-5 vs. the 661W Cell Line: Similarities, Differences and Contradictions-Are They Really the Same?". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13801. [PMID: 37762103 PMCID: PMC10531351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of identifying the underlying pathways of ocular diseases, the use of cell lines such as (retinal ganglion cell-5) RGC-5 and 661W became a valuable tool, including pathologies like retinal degeneration and glaucoma. In 2001, the establishment of the RGC-5 cell line marked a significant breakthrough in glaucoma research. Over time, however, concerns arose about the true nature of RGC-5 cells, with conflicting findings in the literature regarding their identity as retinal ganglion cells or photoreceptor-like cells. This study aimed to address the controversy surrounding the RGC-5 cell line's origin and properties by comparing it with the 661W cell line, a known cone photoreceptor model. Both cell lines were differentiated according to two prior published redifferentiation protocols under the same conditions using 500 nM of trichostatin A (TSA) and investigated for their morphological and neuronal marker properties. The results demonstrated that both cell lines are murine, and they exhibited distinct morphological and neuronal marker properties. Notably, the RGC-5 cells showed higher expression of the neuronal marker β-III tubulin and increased Thy-1-mRNA compared with the 661W cells, providing evidence of their different properties. The findings emphasize the importance of verifying the authenticity of cell lines used in ocular research and highlight the risks of contamination and altered cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Hurst
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gesine Attrodt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ulrike Angelika Mau-Holzmann
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Stephan Spitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (K.-U.B.-S.); (S.S.)
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Zhang ZY, Zuo ZY, Liang Y, Zhang SM, Zhang CX, Chi J, Fan B, Li GY. Promotion of axon regeneration and protection on injured retinal ganglion cells by rCXCL2. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:31. [PMID: 37340465 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to rescuing injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by stimulating the intrinsic growth ability of damaged RGCs in various retinal/optic neuropathies, increasing evidence has shown that the external microenvironmental factors also play a crucial role in restoring the survival of RGCs by promoting the regrowth of RGC axons, especially inflammatory factors. In this study, we aimed to screen out the underlying inflammatory factor involved in the signaling of staurosporine (STS)-induced axon regeneration and verify its role in the protection of RGCs and the promotion of axon regrowth. METHODS We performed transcriptome RNA sequencing for STS induction models in vitro and analyzed the differentially expressed genes. After targeting the key gene, we verified the role of the candidate factor in RGC protection and promotion of axon regeneration in vivo with two RGC-injured animal models (optic nerve crush, ONC; retinal N-methyl-D-aspartate, NMDA damage) by using cholera toxin subunit B anterograde axon tracing and specific immunostaining of RGCs. RESULTS We found that a series of inflammatory genes expressed upregulated in the signaling of STS-induced axon regrowth and we targeted the candidate CXCL2 gene since the level of the chemokine CXCL2 gene elevated significantly among the top upregulated genes. We further demonstrated that intravitreal injection of rCXCL2 robustly promoted axon regeneration and significantly improved RGC survival in ONC-injured mice in vivo. However, different from its role in ONC model, the intravitreal injection of rCXCL2 was able to simply protect RGCs against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in mouse retina and maintain the long-distance projection of RGC axons, yet failed to promote significant axon regeneration. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first in vivo evidence that CXCL2, as an inflammatory factor, is a key regulator in the axon regeneration and neuroprotection of RGCs. Our comparative study may facilitate deciphering the exact molecular mechanisms of RGC axon regeneration and developing high-potency targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jing Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
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Kuri-Harcuch W, Velez-delValle C, Vazquez-Sandoval A, Hernández-Mosqueira C, Fernandez-Sanchez V. A cellular perspective of adipogenesis transcriptional regulation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1111-1129. [PMID: 30146705 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose cells store lipids in the cytoplasm and signal systemically through secretion of adipokines and other molecules that regulate body energy metabolism. Differentiation of fat cells and its regulation has been the focus of extensive research since the early 1970s. In this review, we had attempted to examine the research bearing on the control of adipose cell differentiation, some of it dating back to the early days when Howard Green and his group described the preadipocyte cell lines 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A during 1974-1975. We also concentrated our attention on research published during the last few years, emphasizing data described on transcription factors that regulate adipose differentiation, outside of those that were reported earlier as part of the canonical adipogenic transcriptional cascade, which has been the subject of ample reviews by several groups of researchers. We focused on the studies carried out with the two preadipocyte cell culture models, the 3T3-L1 and 3T3-F442A cells that have provided essential data on adipose biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Kuri-Harcuch
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Velez-delValle
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Vazquez-Sandoval
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernández-Mosqueira
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Veronica Fernandez-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sherman SP, Bang AG. High-throughput screen for compounds that modulate neurite growth of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031906. [PMID: 29361516 PMCID: PMC5894944 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of technology platforms to perform compound screens of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons with relatively high throughput is essential to realize their potential for drug discovery. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput screening of hiPSC-derived neurons using a high-content, image-based approach focused on neurite growth, a process that is fundamental to formation of neural networks and nerve regeneration. From a collection of 4421 bioactive small molecules, we identified 108 hit compounds, including 37 approved drugs, that target molecules or pathways known to regulate neurite growth, as well as those not previously associated with this process. These data provide evidence that many pathways and targets known to play roles in neurite growth have similar activities in hiPSC-derived neurons that can be identified in an unbiased phenotypic screen. The data also suggest that hiPSC-derived neurons provide a useful system to study the mechanisms of action and off-target activities of the approved drugs identified as hits, leading to a better understanding of their clinical efficacy and toxicity, especially in the context of specific human genetic backgrounds. Finally, the hit set we report constitutes a sublibrary of approved drugs and tool compounds that modulate neurites. This sublibrary will be invaluable for phenotypic analyses and interrogation of hiPSC-based disease models as probes for defining phenotypic differences and cellular vulnerabilities in patient versus control cells, as well as for investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying human neurite growth in development and maintenance of neuronal networks, and nerve regeneration. Summary: High-throughput, small molecule screening of hiPSC-derived neurons using a high-content, image-based approach focused on neurite growth identified hit compounds, including approved drugs, which target molecules or pathways known to regulate neurite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Sherman
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Trk inhibition reduces cell proliferation and potentiates the effects of chemotherapeutic agents in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34860-80. [PMID: 27145455 PMCID: PMC5085195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a highly aggressive pediatric cancer that may arise from neuronal precursors. Neurotrophins stimulate neuronal devlopment and plasticity. Here, we found that neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as their receptors (TrkA and TrkB, respectively) are expressed in ES tumors. Treatment with TrkA (GW-441756) or TrkB (Ana-12) selective inhibitors decreased ES cell proliferation, and the effect was increased when the two inhibitors were combined. ES cells treated with a pan-Trk inhibitor, K252a, showed changes in morphology, reduced levels of β-III tubulin, and decreased mRNA expression of NGF, BDNF, TrkA and TrkB. Furthermore, combining K252a with subeffective doses of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs resulted in a decrease in ES cell proliferation and colony formation, even in chemoresistant cells. These results indicate that Trk inhibition may be an emerging approach for the treatment of ES.
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Wang Y, DiSalvo M, Gunasekara DB, Dutton J, Proctor A, Lebhar MS, Williamson IA, Speer J, Howard RL, Smiddy NM, Bultman SJ, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. Self-renewing Monolayer of Primary Colonic or Rectal Epithelial Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 4:165-182.e7. [PMID: 29204504 PMCID: PMC5710741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Three-dimensional organoid culture has fundamentally changed the in vitro study of intestinal biology enabling novel assays; however, its use is limited because of an inaccessible luminal compartment and challenges to data gathering in a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix. Long-lived, self-renewing 2-dimensional (2-D) tissue cultured from primary colon cells has not been accomplished. METHODS The surface matrix and chemical factors that sustain 2-D mouse colonic and human rectal epithelial cell monolayers with cell repertoires comparable to that in vivo were identified. RESULTS The monolayers formed organoids or colonoids when placed in standard Matrigel culture. As with the colonoids, the monolayers exhibited compartmentalization of proliferative and differentiated cells, with proliferative cells located near the peripheral edges of growing monolayers and differentiated cells predominated in the central regions. Screening of 77 dietary compounds and metabolites revealed altered proliferation or differentiation of the murine colonic epithelium. When exposed to a subset of the compound library, murine organoids exhibited similar responses to that of the monolayer but with differences that were likely attributable to the inaccessible organoid lumen. The response of the human primary epithelium to a compound subset was distinct from that of both the murine primary epithelium and human tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a self-renewing 2-D murine and human monolayer derived from primary cells can serve as a physiologically relevant assay system for study of stem cell renewal and differentiation and for compound screening. The platform holds transformative potential for personalized and precision medicine and can be applied to emerging areas of disease modeling and microbiome studies.
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Key Words
- 2-D, two-dimensional
- 3-D, three-dimensional
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- CAG, cytomegalovirus enhancer plus chicken actin promoter
- CI, confidence interval
- Colonic Epithelial Cells
- Compound Screening
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- ENR-W, cell medium with [Wnt-3A] of 30 ng/mL
- ENR-w, cell medium with [Wnt-3A] of 10 ng/mL
- HISC, human intestinal stem cell medium
- IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Monolayer
- Organoids
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- SEM, scanning electron microscope
- SSMD, strictly standardized mean difference
- UNC, University of North Carolina
- α-ChgA, anti-chromogranin A
- α-Muc2, anti-mucin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Johanna Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Angela Proctor
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael S. Lebhar
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ian A. Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Speer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Riley L. Howard
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicole M. Smiddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott J. Bultman
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina,Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Nancy L. Allbritton, MD, PhD, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599. fax: (919) 962-2388.Department of ChemistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina 27599
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Shin K, Hwang SG, Choi IJ, Ko YG, Jeong J, Kwon H. Fbxw7β, E3 ubiquitin ligase, negative regulation of primary myoblast differentiation, proliferation and migration. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:712-719. [PMID: 27594513 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells attached to skeletal muscle fibers play a crucial role in skeletal muscle regeneration. During regeneration, the satellite cells proliferate, migrate to the damaged region, and fuse to each other. Although it is important to determine the cellular mechanisms controlling myoblast behavior, their regulators are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the roles of Fbxw7 in primary myoblasts and determined its potential as a therapeutic target for muscle disease. We originally found that Fbxw7β, one of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Fbxw7 subtypes, negatively regulates differentiation, proliferation and migration of myoblasts and satellite cells on muscle fiber. However, these phenomena were not observed in myoblasts expressing a dominant-negative, F-box deleted Fbxw7β, mutant. Our results suggest that myoblast differentiation potential and muscle regeneration can be regulated by Fbxw7β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungshin Shin
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ik Joon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heechung Kwon
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, Seoul, South Korea
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Thompson AF, Crowe ME, Lieven CJ, Levin LA. Induction of Neuronal Morphology in the 661W Cone Photoreceptor Cell Line with Staurosporine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145270. [PMID: 26684837 PMCID: PMC4684327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE RGC-5 cells undergo differentiation into a neuronal phenotype with low concentrations of staurosporine. Although the RGC-5 cell line was initially thought to be of retinal ganglion cell origin, recent evidence suggests that the RGC-5 line could have been the result of contamination with 661W mouse cone photoreceptor cells. This raised the possibility that a cone photoreceptor cell line could be multipotent and could be differentiated to a neuronal phenotype. METHODS 661W and RGC-5 cells, non-neuronal retinal astrocytes, retinal endothelial cells, retinal pericytes, M21 melanoma cells, K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells, and Daudi Burkitt lymphoma cells, were differentiated with staurosporine. The resulting morphology was quantitated using NeuronJ with respect to neurite counts and topology. RESULTS Treatment with staurosporine induced similar-appearing morphological differentiation in both 661W and RGC-5 cells. The following measures were not significantly different between 661W and RGC-5 cells: number of neurites per cell, total neurite field length, number of neurite branch points, and cell viability. Neuronal-like differentiation was not observed in the other cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS 661W and RGC-5 cells have virtually identical and distinctive morphology when differentiated with low concentrations of staurosporine. This result demonstrates that a retinal neuronal precursor cell with cone photoreceptor lineage can be differentiated to express a neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Crowe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Lieven
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leonard A. Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Gallala H, Winter J, Veit N, Nowak M, Perner S, Courts C, Kraus D, Janzen V, Probstmeier R. Staurosporine analogs promote distinct patterns of process outgrowth and polyploidy in small cell lung carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2725-35. [PMID: 25487614 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that staurosporine mediates the conversion of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells into a neuron-like process-bearing phenotype. Here, we have extended these studies to the staurosporine analogs K252a, lestaurtinib, PKC412, stauprimide, and UCN-01 and analyzed their influence on process extension, cell cycle distribution, and induction of polyploidy in four SCLC cell lines. In GLC-2 cells, all compounds provoked extensive process formation with the exception of PKC412 that showed no response. In H1184 cells, process formation was predominantly induced by staurosporine and, to lesser extent, in lestaurtinib-, stauprimide-, and UCN-01-treated cells. In the presence of K252a or PKC412, cells became bipolar and spindle shaped or showed pronounced cell flattening. In GLC-36 and SCLC-24H cells, only cell flattening was detectable. Process formation was reversible upon drug removal as shown for GLC-2 and H1184 cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis indicated the induction of polyploidy in all staurosporine and in two out of four stauprimide-treated SCLC cell lines. For other staurosporine analogs, polyploidy was observed only in UCN-01-treated GLC-36 cells and in K252a-treated H1184 and GLC-36 cells. The presence of staurosporine or its analogs did not alter the constitutive activation pattern of the canonical Akt/PI3K or MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signaling pathways nor could we detect an influence of stauprimide application on the expression level of the c-Myc oncogene. These data demonstrate that in SCLC cells, albeit a higher substrate specificity, staurosporine analogs can induce staurosporine-comparable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Gallala
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Murmann T, Carrillo-García C, Veit N, Courts C, Glassmann A, Janzen V, Madea B, Reinartz M, Harzen A, Nowak M, Perner S, Winter J, Probstmeier R. Staurosporine and extracellular matrix proteins mediate the conversion of small cell lung carcinoma cells into a neuron-like phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86910. [PMID: 24586258 PMCID: PMC3938400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) represent highly aggressive tumors with an overall five-year survival rate in the range of 5 to 10%. Here, we show that four out of five SCLC cell lines reversibly develop a neuron-like phenotype on extracellular matrix constituents such as fibronectin, laminin or thrombospondin upon staurosporine treatment in an RGD/integrin-mediated manner. Neurite-like processes extend rapidly with an average speed of 10 µm per hour. Depending on the cell line, staurosporine treatment affects either cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase or induction of polyploidy. Neuron-like conversion, although not accompanied by alterations in the expression pattern of a panel of neuroendocrine genes, leads to changes in protein expression as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. It is likely that SCLC cells already harbour the complete molecular repertoire to convert into a neuron-like phenotype. More extensive studies are needed to evaluate whether the conversion potential of SCLC cells is suitable for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Murmann
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Veit
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Viktor Janzen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Reinartz
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Harzen
- Proteomics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Nowak
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Winter
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Hughes JN, Wong CKE, Lau KX, Rathjen PD, Rathjen J. Regulation of pluripotent cell differentiation by a small molecule, staurosporine. Differentiation 2014; 87:101-10. [PMID: 24582574 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Research in the embryo and in culture has resulted in a sophisticated understanding of many regulators of pluripotent cell differentiation. As a consequence, protocols for the differentiation of pluripotent cells generally rely on a combination of exogenous growth factors and endogenous signalling. Little consideration has been given to manipulating other pathways to achieve pluripotent cell differentiation. The integrity of cell:cell contacts has been shown to influence lineage choice during pluripotent cell differentiation, with disruption of cell:cell contacts promoting mesendoderm formation and maintenance of cell:cell contacts resulting in the preferential formation of neurectoderm. Staurosporine is a broad spectrum inhibitor of serine/threonine kinases which has several effects on cell function, including interruption of cell:cell contacts, decreasing focal contact size, inducing epithelial to mesenchyme transition (EMT) and promoting cell differentiation. The possibility that staurosporine could influence lineage choice from pluripotent cells in culture was investigated. The addition of staurosporine to differentiating mouse EPL resulted in preferential formation of mesendoderm and mesoderm populations, and inhibited the formation of neurectoderm. Addition of staurosporine to human ES cells similarly induced primitive streak marker gene expression. These data demonstrate the ability of staurosporine to influence lineage choice during pluripotent cell differentiation and to mimic the effect of disrupting cell:cell contacts. Staurosporine induced mesendoderm in the absence of known inducers of formation, such as serum and BMP4. Staurosporine induced the expression of mesendoderm markers, including markers that were not induced by BMP4, suggesting it acted as a broad spectrum inducer of molecular gastrulation. This approach has identified a small molecule regulator of lineage choice with potential applications in the commercial development of ES cell derivatives, specifically as a method for forming mesendoderm progenitors or as a culture adjunct to prevent the formation of ectoderm progenitors during pluripotent cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nicholas Hughes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Chong Kum Edwin Wong
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia; Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Xiuwen Lau
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Peter David Rathjen
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia; The Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
| | - Joy Rathjen
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia; The Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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14
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Wakita S, Izumi Y, Nakai T, Adachi K, Takada-Takatori Y, Kume T, Akaike A. Staurosporine induces dopaminergic neurite outgrowth through AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:39-48. [PMID: 24067927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Axonal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is one of the pathological features in the early stages of Parkinson disease. Promotion of axonal outgrowth of the remaining dopaminergic neurons leads to the recovery of the nigrostriatal pathway. Staurosporine (STS), a wide-spectrum kinase inhibitor, induces neurite outgrowth in various cell types, although its mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, we analyzed which protein kinase is involved in STS-induced neurite outgrowth. We have previously established the method to measure the length of dopaminergic neurites that extend from a mesencephalic cell region, which is formed on a coverslip by an isolation wall. By means of this method, we clarified that STS treatment causes dopaminergic axonal outgrowth in mesencephalic primary cultures. Among the specific protein kinase inhibitors we tested, compound C (C.C), an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor, promoted dopaminergic neurite outgrowth. STS as well as C.C elevated the phosphorylation level of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, a downstream target of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The STS- and C.C-induced dopaminergic neurite outgrowth was suppressed by rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor. Furthermore, the application of C.C rescued 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurite degeneration. These results suggest that STS induces dopaminergic axonal outgrowth through mTOR signaling pathway activation as a consequence of AMPK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Wakita
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshie Nakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kanami Adachi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Takada-Takatori
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, 97-1 Minamihokodate, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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15
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Kim DS, An JM, Lee HG, Seo SR, Kim SS, Kim JY, Kang JW, Bae YS, Seo JT. Activation of Rac1-dependent redox signaling is critically involved in staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 47:95-103. [PMID: 23153365 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.748193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine, a non-specific protein kinase inhibitor, has been shown to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, but the mechanism by which staurosporine induces neurite outgrowth is still obscure. In the present study, we investigated whether the activation of Rac1 was responsible for the neurite outgrowth triggered by staurosporine. Staurosporine caused rapid neurite outgrowth independent of the ERK signaling pathways. In contrast, neurite outgrowth in response to staurosporine was accompanied by activation of Rac1, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 attenuated the staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, suppression of Rac1 activity by expression of the dominant negative mutant Rac1N17 also blocked the staurosporine-induced morphological differentiation of PC12 cells. Staurosporine caused an activation of NADPH oxidase and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was prevented by NSC23766 and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth was attenuated by pretreatment with DPI and exogenous addition of sublethal concentration of H2O2 accelerated neurite outgrowth triggered by staurosporine. These results indicate that activation of Rac1, which leads to ROS generation, is required for neurite outgrowth induced by staurosporine in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 Project for Yonsei Dental Sciences, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Schnichels S, Schultheiß M, Hofmann J, Szurman P, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Spitzer MS. Trichostatin A induces cell death at the concentration recommended to differentiate the RGC-5 cell line. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Schultheiss M, Schnichels S, Miteva K, Warstat K, Szurman P, Spitzer MS, Van Linthout S. Staurosporine-induced differentiation of the RGC-5 cell line leads to apoptosis and cell death at the lowest differentiating concentration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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