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Jia C, Zhang R, Wei L, Xie J, Zhou S, Yin W, Hua X, Xiao N, Ma M, Jiao H. Investigation of the mechanism of tanshinone IIA to improve cognitive function via synaptic plasticity in epileptic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:100-110. [PMID: 36548216 PMCID: PMC9788714 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2157843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Tanshinone IIA is an extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) used to treat cardiovascular disorders. It shows potential anticonvulsant and cognition-protective properties. OBJECTIVE We investigated the mechanism of tanshinone IIA on antiepileptic and cognition-protective effects in the model of epileptic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lithium chloride (LiCl)-pilocarpine-induced epileptic Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 12): control (blank), model, sodium valproate (VPA, 189 mg/kg/d, positive control), tanshinone IIA low dose (TS IIA-L, 10 mg/kg/d), medium dose (TS IIA-M, 20 mg/kg/d) and high dose (TS IIA-H, 30 mg/kg/d). Then, epileptic behavioural observations, Morris water maze test, Timm staining, transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting and RT-qPCR were measured. RESULTS Compared with the model group, tanshinone IIA reduced the frequency and severity of seizures, improved cognitive impairment, and inhibited hippocampal mossy fibre sprouting score (TS IIA-M 1.50 ± 0.22, TS IIA-H 1.17 ± 0.31 vs. model 2.83 ± 0.31), as well as improved the ultrastructural disorder. Tanshinone IIA increased levels of synapse-associated proteins synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic dense substance 95 (PSD-95) (SYN: TS IIA 28.82 ± 2.51, 33.18 ± 2.89, 37.29 ± 1.69 vs. model 20.23 ± 3.96; PSD-95: TS IIA 23.10 ± 0.91, 26.82 ± 1.41, 27.00 ± 0.80 vs. model 18.28 ± 1.01). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Tanshinone IIA shows antiepileptic and cognitive function-improving effects, primarily via regulating synaptic plasticity. This research generates a theoretical foundation for future research on potential clinical applications for tanshinone IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liming Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Suqin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xi Hua
- College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meile Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haisheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Yan H, Feng L, Li M. The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine Natural Products in β-Amyloid Deposition and Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3295-3323. [PMID: 38024535 PMCID: PMC10655607 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s380612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a prevalent form of dementia among elderly individuals and is characterized by irreversible neurodegeneration. Despite extensive research, the exact causes of this complex disease remain unclear. Currently available drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment are limited in their effectiveness, often targeting a single aspect of the disease and causing significant adverse effects. Moreover, these medications are expensive, placing a heavy burden on patients' families and society as a whole. Natural compounds and extracts offer several advantages, including the ability to target multiple pathways and exhibit high efficiency with minimal toxicity. These attributes make them promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we provide a summary of the common natural products used in Chinese medicine for different pathogeneses of AD. Our aim is to offer new insights and ideas for the further development of natural products in Chinese medicine and the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Yan
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of TCM Multi-Targets Intervention and Disease Control, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingquan Li
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital of the Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
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Canet G, Zussy C, Hernandez C, Maurice T, Desrumaux C, Givalois L. The pathomimetic oAβ25–35 model of Alzheimer's disease: Potential for screening of new therapeutic agents. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108398. [PMID: 37001735 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, currently affecting more than 40 million people worldwide. The two main histopathological hallmarks of AD were identified in the 1980s: senile plaques (composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides) and neurofibrillary tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein). In the human brain, both Aβ and tau show aggregation into soluble and insoluble oligomers. Soluble oligomers of Aβ include their most predominant forms - Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 - as well as shorter peptides such as Aβ25-35 or Aβ25-35/40. Most animal models of AD have been developed using transgenesis, based on identified human mutations. However, these familial forms of AD represent less than 1% of AD cases. In this context, the idea emerged in the 1990s to directly inject the Aβ25-35 fragment into the rodent brain to develop an acute model of AD that could mimic the disease's sporadic forms (99% of all cases). This review aims to: (1) summarize the biological activity of Aβ25-35, focusing on its impact on the main structural and functional alterations observed in AD (cognitive deficits, APP misprocessing, tau system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, cholinergic and glutamatergic alterations, HPA axis dysregulation, synaptic deficits and cell death); and (2) confirm the interest of this pathomimetic model in AD research, as it has helped identify and characterize many molecules (marketed, in clinical development, and in preclinical testing), and to the development of alternative approaches for AD prevention and therapy. Today, the Aβ25-35 model appears as a first-intent choice model to rapidly screen the symptomatic or neuroprotective potencies of new compounds, chemical series, or innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Cdk5-p25 as a key element linking amyloid and tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2022; 308:120986. [PMID: 36152679 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the small atypical serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is expressed in a number of tissues, its activity is restricted to the central nervous system due to the neuron-only localization of its activators p35 and p39. Although its importance for the proper development and function of the brain and its role as a switch between neuronal survival and death are unmistakable and unquestionable, Cdk5 is nevertheless increasingly emerging, as supported by a large number of publications on the subject, as a therapeutic target of choice in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Thus, its aberrant over activation via the calpain-dependent conversion of p35 into p25 is observed during the pathogenesis of the disease where it leads to the hyperphosphorylation of the β-amyloid precursor protein and tau. The present review highlights the pivotal roles of the hyperactive Cdk5-p25 complex activity in contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on the linking function between Aβ and tau that this kinase fulfils and on the fact that Cdk5-p25 is part of a deleterious feed forward loop giving rise to a molecular machinery runaway leading to AD pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss the advances and challenges related to the possible strategies aimed at specifically inhibiting Cdk5-p25 activity and which could lead to promising anti-AD therapeutics.
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Peng X, Chen L, Wang Z, He Y, Ruganzu JB, Guo H, Zhang X, Ji S, Zheng L, Yang W. Tanshinone IIA regulates glycogen synthase kinase-3β-related signaling pathway and ameliorates memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 918:174772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Q, Dong X, Zhang R, Zhao C. Flavonoids with Potential Anti-Amyloidogenic Effects as Therapeutic Drugs for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:505-533. [PMID: 34569961 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease generally among the elderly; it accounts for approximately 50-75%of total cases of dementia patients and poses a serious threat to physical and mental health. Currently available treatments for AD mainly relieves its symptoms, and effective therapy is urgently needed. Deposition of amyloid-β protein in the brain is an early and invariant neuropathological feature of AD. Currently the main efforts in developing anti-AD drugs focus on anti-amyloidogenic therapeutics that prevent amyloid-β production or aggregation and decrease the occurrence of neurotoxic events. The results of an increasing number of studies suggest that natural extracts and phytochemicals have a positive impact on brain aging. Flavonoids belong to the broad group of polyphenols and recent data indicate a favorable effect of flavonoids on brain aging. In this review, we collect relevant discoveries from 1999 to 2021, discuss 75 flavonoids that effectively influence AD pathogenesis, and summarize their functional mechanisms in detail. The data we have reviewed show that, these flavonoids belong to various subclasses, including flavone, flavanone, biflavone, etc. Our results provide a reference for further study of the effects of flavonoids on AD and the progress of anti-AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Wang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Dong
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changqi Zhao
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Subedi L, Gaire BP. Tanshinone IIA: A phytochemical as a promising drug candidate for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105661. [PMID: 33971269 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones, lipophilic diterpenes isolated from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, have diverse pharmacological activities against human ailments including neurological diseases. In fact, tanshinones have been used to treat heart diseases, stroke, and vascular diseases in traditional Chinese medicine. During the last decade, tanshinones have been the most widely studied phytochemicals for their neuroprotective effects against experimental models of cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's diseases. Importantly, tanshinone IIA, mostly studied tanshinone for biological activities, is recently reported to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability among stroke patients, suggesting tanshinone IIA as an appealing therapeutic candidate for neurological diseases. Tanshinone I and IIA are also effective in experimental models of Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and other neuroinflammatory diseases. In addition, several experimental studies suggested the pleiotropic neuroprotective effects of tanshinones such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and BBB protectant further value aiding to tanshinone as an appealing therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to compile the recent updates and cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection of tanshinone IIA in diverse neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Subedi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurology, Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Dhage PA, Sharbidre AA, Dakua SP, Balakrishnan S. Leveraging hallmark Alzheimer's molecular targets using phytoconstituents: Current perspective and emerging trends. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111634. [PMID: 33965726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a type of dementia, severely distresses different brain regions. Characterized by various neuropathologies, it interferes with cognitive functions and neuropsychiatrical controls. This progressive deterioration has negative impacts not only on an individual's daily activity but also on social and occupational life. The pharmacological approach has always remained in the limelight for the treatment of AD. However, this approach is condemned with several side effects. Henceforth, a change in treatment approach has become crucial. Plant-based natural products are garnering special attention due to lesser side effects associated with their use. The current review emphasizes the anti-AD properties of phytoconstituents, throws light on those under clinical trials, and compiles information on their specific mode of actions against AD-related different neuropathologies. The phytoconstituents alone or in combinations will surely help discover new potent drugs for the effective treatment of AD with lesser side effects than the currently available pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta A Dhage
- Department of Zoology, K.R.T. Arts, B.H. Commerce and A.M. Science College (KTHM College), Nashik 422002, MS, India
| | - Archana A Sharbidre
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MS, India.
| | - Sarada P Dakua
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), 3050 Doha, Qatar
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Tanshinone IIA suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory responses through NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways in human U87 astrocytoma cells. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ding B, Lin C, Liu Q, He Y, Ruganzu JB, Jin H, Peng X, Ji S, Ma Y, Yang W. Tanshinone IIA attenuates neuroinflammation via inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:302. [PMID: 33054814 PMCID: PMC7559789 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glial activation and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated signaling pathway is related to amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammation. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of tanshinone IIA (tan IIA), a natural product isolated from traditional Chinese herbal Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, against Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and neurotoxicity as well as the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Methods Open-field test, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze test were conducted to assess the cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, thioflavin S (Th-S) staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting were performed to explore Aβ deposition, synaptic and neuronal loss, microglial and astrocytic activation, RAGE-dependent signaling, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in APP/PS1 mice and cultured BV2 and U87 cells. Results Tan IIA treatment prevented spatial learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, tan IIA attenuated Aβ accumulation, synapse-associated proteins (Syn and PSD-95) and neuronal loss, as well as peri-plaque microgliosis and astrocytosis in the cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, tan IIA significantly suppressed RAGE/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in APP/PS1 mice and cultured BV2 and U87 cells. Conclusions Taken together, the present results indicated that tan IIA improves cognitive decline and neuroinflammation partly via inhibiting RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Thus, tan IIA might be a promising therapeutic drug for halting and preventing AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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The Attenuation of Traumatic Brain Injury via Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis by Tanshinone IIA. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4170156. [PMID: 32454938 PMCID: PMC7218958 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4170156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. The mechanisms associated with TBI development are poorly understood, and little progress has been made in the treatment of TBI. Tanshinone IIA is an effective agent to treat a variety of disorders; however, the mechanisms of Tanshinone IIA on TBI remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of Tanshinone IIA on TBI and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Changes in microvascular permeability were examined to determine the extent of TBI with Evans blue dye. Brain edema was assessed by measuring the wet weight to dry weight ratio. The expression levels of CD11, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α mRNA were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p47phox protein expression levels were detected by western blotting. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined using commercial kits. Cell apoptosis was detected by western blotting and TUNEL staining. Tanshinone IIA (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal administration) significantly reduced brain water content and vascular permeability at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after TBI. Tanshinone IIA downregulated the mRNA expression levels of various factors induced by TBI, including CD11, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Notably, CD11 mRNA downregulation suggested that Tanshinone IIA inhibited microglia activation. Further results showed that Tanshinone IIA treatment significantly downregulated AQP4 and GFAP expression. TBI-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis were markedly reversed by Tanshinone IIA, with an increase in SOD and GSH-PX activities and a decrease in the MDA content. Moreover, Tanshinone IIA decreased TBI-induced NADPH oxidase activation via the inhibition of p47phox. Tanshinone IIA attenuated TBI, and its mechanism of action may involve the inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Ma L, Yang C, Zheng J, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Huang K. Non-polyphenolic natural inhibitors of amyloid aggregation. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112197. [PMID: 32172082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding diseases (PMDs) are chronic and progressive, with no effective therapy so far. Aggregation and misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins are closely associated with the onset and progression of PMDs, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease, α-Synuclein (α-Syn) in Parkinson's disease and human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) in type 2 diabetes. Inhibiting toxic aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach in PMDs. The past decade has witnessed the rapid progresses of this field, dozens of inhibitors have been screened and verified in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating inhibitory effects against the aggregation and misfolding of amyloidogenic proteins, together with beneficial effects. Natural products are major sources of small molecule amyloid inhibitors, a number of natural derived compounds have been identified with great bioactivities and translational prospects. Here, we review the non-polyphenolic natural inhibitors that potentially applicable for PMDs treatment, along with their working mechanisms. Future directions are proposed for the development and clinical applications of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- Affiliated Wuhan Mental Health Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zheng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yushuo Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430035, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A alleviate ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. J Nat Med 2019; 74:399-408. [PMID: 31828593 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a direct neurotoxin, ethanol exposure is associated with nerve damage and dysfunction of central nervous system (CNS) and induced obvious neurotoxicity by increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of endogenous apoptotic as well as necrotic signals, and other molecular mechanisms. The previous studies had demonstrated that natural herbal medicine offers protective effectiveness on ethanol-induced nerve cell damage. Danshen and its extracts have been known to have an antioxidant property and neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects of Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A on ethanol-induced neurotoxicity remain unknown. In this study, we found that the Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A significantly inhibited the ethanol-induced cell death, blocked LDH release, and reduced dendritic spine loss. Furthermore, the intracellular ROS, MDA production, and ethanol-induced apoptosis were significantly ameliorated with Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A pretreatment by increasing the antioxidant enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px, and inhibiting apoptotic pathways. In addition, Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A pretreatment obviously inhibit the apoptotic pathways by regulating the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the Danshen formula granule and salvianic acid A provide a significantly protective effectiveness against ethanol-induced neurotoxicity, which might be a potential therapeutic drug for ethanol-induced neurological disorders.
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Geng L, Liu W, Chen Y. Tanshinone IIA attenuates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity by down-regulating COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis via inactivation of NF-κB pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2019; 26:15. [PMID: 31754613 PMCID: PMC6852914 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-019-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity is a major pathological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), extracted from traditional Chinese herb Radix salvia miltiorrhiza, possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, as well as neuroprotective effects. The present study aims to explore the possible mechanism by which Tan IIA attenuated Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to different concentrations of Aβ led to neurotoxicity by reducing cell viability, inducing cell apoptosis and increasing neuroinflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Aβ treatment promoted cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, and activated nuclear transcription factor kappa (NF-κB) pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. However, pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Tan IIA prior to Aβ prevented these Aβ-induced cellular events noticeably. These data suggested that Tan IIA exerted its neuroprotective action by alleviating Aβ-induced increase in COX-2 expression and PGE2 secretion via inactivation of NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Geng
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, No. 357 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000 China
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Lin C, Ding B, Zheng Q, Wu X, Ma R, Liu Q, Wang Y, Jin H, Qian Y, Peng X, Ji S, Zhang L, Yang W, Lei X. Tanshinone IIA ameliorates cognitive deficits by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurochem Int 2019; 133:104610. [PMID: 31778727 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our previous data indicated that tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) improves learning and memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by streptozotocin via restoring cholinergic function, attenuating oxidative stress and blocking p38 MAPK signal pathway activation. This study aims to estimate whether tan IIA inhibits endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis to prevent cognitive decline in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Tan IIA (10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to the six-month-old APP/PS1 mice for 30 consecutive days. β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques were measured by immunohistochemisty and Thioflavin S staining, apoptotic cells were observed by TUNEL, ER stress markers and apoptosis signaling proteins were investigated by western blotting and RT-PCR. Our results showed that tan IIA significantly ameliorates cognitive deficits and improves spatial learning ability of APP/PS1 mice in the nest-building test, novel object recognition test and Morris water maze test. Furthermore, tan IIA significantly reduced the deposition of Aβ plaques and neuronal apoptosis, and markedly prevented abnormal expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), as well as suppressed the activation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, tan IIA induced an up-regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and down-regulation of caspase-3 protein activity. Taken together, the above findings indicated that tan IIA improves learning and memory through attenuating Aβ plaques deposition and inhibiting ER stress-induced apoptosis. These results suggested that tan IIA might become a promising therapeutic candidate drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaomei Lei
- Department of Child Health Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, 710004, China.
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Wang J, Hu R, Yin C, Xiao Y. Tanshinone IIA reduces palmitate‐induced apoptosis via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress in HepG2 liver cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:249-262. [PMID: 31520549 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 157 Xiwu Road Xi'an 710004 China
- Outpatient Internal Medicine Department Xi'an Children's Hospital No. 69 Xijuyuan Xiang Xi'an 710003 China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics The Traffic Hospital of Shaanxi Province No. 276 Daxue South Road Xi'an 710068 China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 157 Xiwu Road Xi'an 710004 China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 157 Xiwu Road Xi'an 710004 China
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Feng Y, Feng F, Zheng C, Zhou Z, Jiang M, Liu Z, Xie F, Sun X, Wu Z. Tanshinone IIA attenuates demyelination and promotes remyelination in A. cantonensis-infected BALB/c mice. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2211-2223. [PMID: 31592236 PMCID: PMC6775289 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection can cause demyelination in the central nervous system, and there is no effective treatment. METHODS We used dexamethasone, Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA) and Cryptotanshinone(Two traditional Chinese medicine monomers) in combination with albendazole (AB, a standard anti-helminthic compound) to observe their therapeutic effect on demyelination in A. cantonensis-infected mice. Luxol fast blue staining and electron microscope of myelin sheath, Oligodendrocyte (OL) number and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in brain was detected in above groups. RESULTS TSIIA+AB facilitated OL proliferation and significantly increased both myelin sheath thickness and the population of small-diameter axons. In addition, TSIIA treatment inhibited the expression of inflammation-related factors (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]) rather than inhibiting eosinophil infiltration in brain. TSIIA also decreased microglial activation and shifted their phenotype from M1 to M2. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide evidence that TSIIA combined with AB may be an effective treatment for demyelination caused by A. cantonensis infection and other demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Medical School of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Feng
- The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunjing Zheng
- Histology and Embryology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongpu Zhou
- Medical School of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meihua Jiang
- Anatomy Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fukang Xie
- Histology and Embryology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Chong CM, Su H, Lu JJ, Wang Y. The effects of bioactive components from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. Chin Med 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31139246 PMCID: PMC6528372 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common human neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the progressive loss of memory and the cognitive impairment. Since the etiology of AD is still unknown, it is extremely difficult to develop the effective drugs for preventing or slowing the AD process. The major characteristics of AD such as amyloid β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy dysfunction are commonly used as the important indicators for evaluating the effects of potential candidate drugs. The rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza (known as 'Danshen' in Chinese), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, which is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, stroke, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Increasing evidences suggest that the bioactive components of Danshen can improve cognitive deficits in mice, protect neuronal cells, reduce tau hyperphosylation, prevent amyloid-β fiber formation and disaggregation. Here we briefly summarize the studies regarding the effects of bioactive component from Danshen on those major characteristics of AD in preclinical studies, as well as explore the potential of these Danshen component in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Lin L, Jadoon SS, Liu SZ, Zhang RY, Li F, Zhang MY, Ai-Hua T, You QY, Wang P. Tanshinone IIA Ameliorates Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits by Inhibiting the Activity of ERK and GSK-3β. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2019; 32:152-163. [PMID: 30885037 DOI: 10.1177/0891988719837373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia which is becoming a primary problem in the present society, but it lacks effective treatment methods and means of AD. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) has been reported to have neuroprotective effects to restrain the Aβ25-35-mediated apoptosis. However, few studies try to understand how Aβ1-42 affects hyperphosphorylation of tau and how Tan IIA regulates this process at the molecular level. METHODS Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and infused through the lateral ventricle with Aβ1-42 except the control group. Then the rats were treated with Tan IIA through intragastric administration for 4 weeks. After the ability of learning and memory being measured, histomorphological examination and Western blot were used to detect the possible mechanism in the AD-associated model rats. RESULTS We observed that Aβ1-42 infusion could induce spatial learning and memory deficits in rats. Simultaneously, Aβ1-42 also could reduce the neuron in cornu ammonis 1 and dentate gyrus of hippocampus, as well as increase the levels of cleaved caspase 3, hyperphosphorylated tau at the sites Ser396, Ser404, and Thr205 with enhancing staining of black granules in brain. We also found that Aβ1-42 could increase the activity of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Meanwhile, these phenomena could be ameliorated when Tan IIA was used. CONCLUSION We concluded that Tan IIA might have neuroprotective effect and improving learning and memory ability to be a viable candidate in AD therapy with mechanisms involving the ERK and GSK-3β signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- 1 Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,2 Hubei Research Institute of Geriatrics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Sarmad Sheraz Jadoon
- 1 Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Liu
- 1 Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zhang
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Li
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Ya Zhang
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Tan Ai-Hua
- 1 Cell Molecular Biology Laboratory of Basic Medical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,2 Hubei Research Institute of Geriatrics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun You
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- 2 Hubei Research Institute of Geriatrics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Shi MJ, Dong BS, Yang WN, Su SB, Zhang H. Preventive and therapeutic role of Tanshinone ⅡA in hepatology. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Liu M, Liu B, Li N, Dong X, Hong Z, Chai Y. UHPLC-QTOF/MS-based metabolomics investigation for the protective mechanism of Danshen in Alzheimer's disease cell model induced by Aβ 1-42. Metabolomics 2019; 15:13. [PMID: 30830431 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with neither definitive pathogenesis nor effective therapy so far. Danshen, the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is used extensively in Alzheimer's disease treatment to ameliorate the symptoms, but the underlying mechanism remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVES To investigate potential biomarkers for AD and elucidate the protective mechanism of Danshen on AD cell model. METHODS An ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS)-based approach combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) has been developed to discriminate the metabolic modifications between human brain microvascular endothelial cell (hBMEC) and AD cell model induced by amyloid-β protein (Aβ1-42). To further elucidate the pathophysiology of AD, related metabolic pathways have been studied. RESULTS Thirty-three distinct potential biomarkers were screened out and considered as potential biomarkers corresponding to AD, which were mostly improved and partially restored back to normalcy in Danshen pre-protection group. It was found that AD was closely related to disturbed arginine and proline metabolism, glutathione metabolism, alanine aspartate and glutamate metabolism, histidine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, phenylalanine tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, citrate cycle and glycerophospholipid metabolism, and the protective mechanism of Danshen in AD cell model may be related to partially regulating the perturbed pathways. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes provide valuable evidences for therapeutic mechanism investigation of Danshen in AD treatment, and such an approach could be transferred to unravel the mechanism of other traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Biying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhanying Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Yang W, Zhang J, Shi L, Ji S, Yang X, Zhai W, Zong H, Qian Y. Protective effects of tanshinone IIA on SH-SY5Y cells against oAβ 1-42-induced apoptosis due to prevention of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 107:82-91. [PMID: 30578955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress caused by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Our previous data have indicated that tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) protected primary neurons from Aβ induced neurotoxicity. To further explore the neuroprotection of tan IIA, here we study the effects of tan IIA on the ER stress response in oligomeric Aβ1-42 (oAβ1-42)-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury. Our data showed that tan IIA pretreatment could increase cell viability and inhibit apoptosis caused by oAβ1-42. Furthermore, tan IIA markedly suppressed ER dilation and prevented oAβ1-42-induced abnormal expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), as well as inhibited the activation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Moreover, tan IIA ameliorated oAβ1-42-induced Bcl-2/Bax ratio reduction, prevented cytochrome c translocation into cytosol from mitochondria, reduced oAβ1-42-induced cleavage of caspase-9 and caspase-3, suppressed caspase-3/7 activity, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content. Meanwhile, oAβ1-42-induced cell apoptosis and activation of ER stress can also be attenuated by the inhibitor of ER stress 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA). Taken together, these data indicated that tan IIA protects SH-SY5Y cells against oAβ1-42-induced apoptosis through attenuating ER stress, modulating CHOP and JNK pathways, decreasing the expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3, as well as increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, MMP and ATP content. Our results strongly suggested that tan IIA may be effective in treating AD associated with ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jianshui Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xinwang road, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health for Forensic Sciences, School of Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wanying Zhai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hangfan Zong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Bao D, Wang J, Liu J, Qin T, Liu H. The attenuation of HIV-1 Tat-induced neurotoxicity by Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:863-870. [PMID: 30503790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of HAND, and hence the attractive therapeutic strategies focusing on Tat-induced neurotoxicity are warranted. Salvia miltiorrhiza have been known to antioxidant property and neuroprotective effects. The Danshen granule is the pharmaceutical dosage forms of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvianic acid A is an essential chemical constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, the protective effects of Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule on Tat-induced neurotoxicity remain unknown. Here, we found that Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule remarkable inhibited Tat-induced cell death, blocked LDH release and rescued dendritic spine loss. Furthermore, Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule significantly ameliorates Tat-induced intracellular ROS and MDA production, attenuates cell apoptosis. In addition, Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule pretreatment obviously increases antioxidant enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px and inhibits apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule provides substantial neuroprotection against Tat-induced neurotoxicity, which may be new therapeutic agent in Tat induced HAND or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Bao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Nursing, Nanyang Medical College, Nan Yang, Henan 473000, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 453000, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Basavan D, Chalichem NSS, Kumar MKS. Phytoconstituents and their Possible Mechanistic Profile for Alzheimer's Disease - A Literature Review. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:263-291. [PMID: 30101703 DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180813095637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory is an associated part of life without which livelihood of a human being becomes miserable. As the global aged population is increasing tremendously, time has come to concentrate on tail end life stage diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of such diseases whose origin is enigmatic, having an impact on later stage of life drastically due to irreparable damage of cognition, characterised by the presence of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and hyper phosphorylated Tau protein as fibrillary tangles. Existing therapeutic regimen mainly focuses on symptomatic relief by targeting neurotransmitters that are secondary to AD pathology. Plant derived licensed drugs, Galantamine and Huperzine-A were studied extensively due to their AChE inhibitory action for mild to moderate cases of AD. Although many studies have proved the efficacy of AChEIs as a preferable symptom reliever, they cannot offer long term protection. The future generation drugs of AD is expected to alter various factors that underlie the disease course with a symptomatic benefit promise. As AD involves complex pathology, it is essential to consider several molecular divergent factors apart from the events that result in the production of toxic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Even though several herbals have shown neuroprotective actions, we have mentioned about the phytoconstituents that have been tested experimentally against different Alzheimer's pathology models. These phytoconstituents need to be considered by the researchers for further drug development process to make them viable clinically, which is currently a lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraiswamy Basavan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Nehru S S Chalichem
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), Ooty-643001, India
| | - Mohan K S Kumar
- TIFAC CORE Herbal drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy, JSS College of Pharmacy (Constituent College of JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru), ooty-643001, India
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Abstract
Tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain and include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, which lack effective disease-modifying treatments. The presence of NFTs is known to correlate with cognition impairment, suggesting that targeting tau hyperphosphorylation may be therapeutically effective. MLC901 is a herbal formulation that is currently used in poststroke recovery and consists of nine herbal components. Previously, several components of MLC901 have been shown to have an effect on tau phosphorylation, but it remains unknown whether MLC901 itself has the same effect. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of MLC901 on ameliorating tau phosphorylation at epitopes associated with NFT formation. A stably transfected cell culture model expressing tau harboring the P301S mutation was generated and treated with various concentrations of MLC901 across different time points. Tau phosphorylation profiles and protein levels of enzymes associated with tau phosphorylation were assessed using western blotting. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis showed that MLC901 significantly reduced tau phosphorylation at epitopes recognized by the AT8, AT270, and PHF-13 antibodies. MLC901 also induced a significant increase in the s9 phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and a concurrent decrease in the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5, as measured by a significant decrease in the levels of p35/cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Our results provide supporting evidence to further study the effects of MLC901 on tau pathology and cognition using mouse models of tauopathy.
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Lin H, Zheng L, Li S, Xie B, Cui B, Xia A, Lin Z, Zhou P. Cytotoxicity of Tanshinone IIA combined with Taxol on drug-resist breast cancer cells MCF-7 through inhibition of Tau. Phytother Res 2018; 32:667-671. [PMID: 29368408 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a major obstacle to improving the overall response and survival of cancer patients. Taxol is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agents in breast cancer. As with many cancer therapeutic agents, resistance remains a significant problem when using Taxol to treat malignancies. In this study, estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells MCF-7 were induced Taxol resistance. And Tanshinone IIA combined with Taxol was chosen to treat it. The drugs combination showed additive effect in most drug concentrations. Drug resistance cancer cells showed a higher microtubule associated protein (Tau) expression, which was considered as one of the reasons for Taxol resistance. Tanshinone IIA inhibited the expression of Tau in MCF-7 cells and resulted in higher sensibility of Taxol. Moreover, Tanshinone IIA also showed cytotoxicity to MCF-7, which might be related to its estrogenicity effect. In conclusion, the combination of Tanshinone IIA and Taxol showed higher cytotoxicity to Taxol resistant MCF-7 cells, which might be related to the inhibition of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luya Zheng
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shixiao Li
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bojian Xie
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aixiao Xia
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Taizhou Enze Medical Center (group) Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Ren B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Sun Y, Liang G, Xu J, Zheng J. Tanshinones inhibit hIAPP aggregation, disaggregate preformed hIAPP fibrils, and protect cultured cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:56-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02538f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinones act as common inhibitors to inhibit the aggregation of both hIAPP and Aβ, disaggregate preformed hIAPP and Aβ amyloid fibrils, and protect cells from hIAPP- and Aβ-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices
- College of Life Science and Chemistry
- Hunan University of Technology
- Zhuzhou 412007
- P. R. China
| | - Yonglan Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Yanxian Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Guizhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology
- Ministry of Education College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
- China
| | - Jianxiong Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices
- College of Life Science and Chemistry
- Hunan University of Technology
- Zhuzhou 412007
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Akron
- Ohio 44325
- USA
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Momtaz S, Hassani S, Khan F, Ziaee M, Abdollahi M. Cinnamon, a promising prospect towards Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 130:241-258. [PMID: 29258915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, an exponential increase of efforts concerning the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been practiced. Phytochemicals preparations have a millenary background to combat various pathological conditions. Various cinnamon species and their biologically active ingredients have renewed the interest towards the treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate AD through the inhibition of tau protein aggregation and prevention of the formation and accumulation of amyloid-β peptides into the neurotoxic oligomeric inclusions, both of which are considered to be the AD trademarks. In this review, we presented comprehensive data on the interactions of a number of cinnamon polyphenols (PPs) with oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in the brain. In addition, we discussed the potential association between AD and diabetes mellitus (DM), vis-à-vis the effluence of cinnamon PPs. Further, an upcoming prospect of AD epigenetic pathophysiological conditions and cinnamon has been sighted. Data was retrieved from the scientific databases such as PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine, Scopus and Google Scholar without any time limitation. The extract of cinnamon efficiently inhibits tau accumulations, Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo and in vitro models. Indeed, cinnamon possesses neuroprotective effects interfering multiple oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory pathways. Besides, cinnamon modulates endothelial functions and attenuates the vascular cell adhesion molecules. Cinnamon PPs may induce AD epigenetic modifications. Cinnamon and in particular, cinnamaldehyde seem to be effective and safe approaches for treatment and prevention of AD onset and/or progression. However, further molecular and translational research studies as well as prolonged clinical trials are required to establish the therapeutic safety and efficacy in different cinnamon spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Hassani
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran Iran.
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30
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Tanshinones and mental diseases: from chemistry to medicine. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:777-791. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe prevalence of mental diseases, especially neurodegenerative disorders, is ever-increasing, while treatment options for such disorders are limited and insufficient. In this scarcity of available medication, it is a feasible strategy to search for potential drugs among natural compounds, such as those found in plants. One such plant source is the root of Chinese sage, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae), which contains several compounds reported to possess neuroprotective activities. The most important of these compounds are tanshinones, which have been reported to possess ameliorative activity against a myriad of mental diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, and glioma, along with promoting neuronal differentiation and manifesting antinociceptive and anticonvulsant outcomes. This review offers a critical evaluation of the utility of tanshinones to treat mental illnesses, and sheds light on the underlying mechanisms through which these naturally occurring compounds confer neuroprotection.
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Wang ZY, Liu JG, Li H, Yang HM. Pharmacological Effects of Active Components of Chinese Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:1525-1541. [PMID: 27848250 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia, not only severely decreases the quality of life for its victims, but also brings a heavy economic burden to the family and society. Unfortunately, few chemical drugs designed for clinical applications have reached the expected preventive or therapeutic effect so far, and combined with their significant side-effects, there is therefore an urgent need for new strategies to be developed for AD treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine has accumulated many experiences in the treatment of dementia during thousands of years of practice; modern pharmacological studies have confirmed the therapeutic effects of many active components derived from Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). Ginsenoside Rg1, extracted from Radix Ginseng, exerts a [Formula: see text]-secretase inhibitor effect so as to decrease A[Formula: see text] aggregation. It can also inhibit the apoptosis of neuron cells. Tanshinone IIA, extracted from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, and baicalin, extracted from Radix Scutellariae[Formula: see text] can inhibit the oxidative stress injury in neuronal cells. Icariin, extracted from Epimedium brevicornum, can decrease A[Formula: see text] levels and the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and can also inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis. Huperzine A, extracted from Huperzia serrata, exerts a cholinesterase inhibitor effect. Evodiamine, extracted from Fructus Evodiae, and curcumin, extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae Longae, exert anti-inflammatory actions. Curcumin can act on A[Formula: see text] and tau too. Due to the advantages of multi-target effects and fewer side effects, Chinese medicine is more appropriate for long-term use. In this present review, the pharmacological effects of commonly used active components derived from Chinese herbal medicines in the treatment of AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Wang
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,† Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Gang Liu
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- * Geriatric Department, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Yang
- ‡ Geriatric Department, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
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Ma KG, Lv J, Hu XD, Shi LL, Chang KW, Chen XL, Qian YH, Yang WN, Qu QM. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is involved in regulating low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-mediated β-amyloid protein internalization in mouse brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 76:75-86. [PMID: 27163530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that intracellular β-amyloid protein (Aβ) alone plays a pivotal role in the progression of AD. Therefore, understanding the signaling pathway and proteins that control Aβ internalization may provide new insight for regulating Aβ levels. In the present study, the regulation of Aβ internalization by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) was analyzed in vivo. The data derived from this investigation revealed that Aβ1-42 were internalized by neurons and astrocytes in mouse brain, and were largely deposited in mitochondria and lysosomes, with some also being found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Aβ1-42-LRP1 complex was formed during Aβ1-42 internalization, and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was activated by Aβ1-42 via LRP1. Aβ1-42 and LRP1 were co- localized in the cells of parietal cortex and hippocampus. Furthermore, the level of LRP1-mRNA and LRP1 protein involved in Aβ1-42 internalization in mouse brain. The results of this investigation demonstrated that Aβ1-42 induced an LRP1-dependent pathway that related to the activation of p38 MAPK resulting in internalization of Aβ1-42. These results provide evidence supporting a key role for the p38 MAPK signaling pathway which is involved in the regulation of Aβ1-42 internalization in the parietal cortex and hippocampus of mouse through LRP1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ge Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Xi'an Medical University, 1 Xinwang road, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ke-Wei Chang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center,76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center,76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Wei-Na Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center,76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Qiu-Min Qu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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Upregulation effects of Tanshinone IIA on the expressions of NeuN, Nissl body, and IκB and downregulation effects on the expressions of GFAP and NF-κB in the brain tissues of rat models of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2016; 26:758-66. [PMID: 26164608 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to observe the effects of Tanshinone IIA(Tan IIA) treatment on the expression levels of brain tissue NeuN, Nissl body, IκB, GFAP and NF-κB in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats to explore the possible anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms of Tan IIA. Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Sham group, AD+vehicle control group, and AD+Tan IIA group. The models of AD were established by injecting Aβ1-42 into the hippocampus of rats. Tagged position and the expression levels of Aβ1-42 were observed by immunohistochemistry staining to prove the success of the model of AD. Brain tissues of all groups were collected after Tan IIA treatment and paraffin sections were prepared to assess pathological changes and expression levels of GFAP, IκB and NF-κB by both immunohistochemistry and western blotting. After Aβ1-42 injection, the expression levels of GFAP and NF-κB were significantly stronger in the AD+vehicle control group than those in the AD+Tan IIA group and the sham group (P<0.05), the IκB expression level and the number of neurons and Nissl bodies of AD+vehicle control group was reduced compared with the sham or the AD+Tan IIA group (P<0.05). In conclusion, Aβ induces a cerebral tissue inflammation reaction. Tan IIA treatment can suppress the proliferation of astrocytes in an AD model, lower the level of NF-κB, and increase the level of NeuN, Nissl body, IκB, thus exerting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
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Akaberi M, Iranshahi M, Mehri S. Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology. Phytother Res 2016; 30:878-93. [PMID: 26988179 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salvia, from the Lamiaceae family, has diverse biological properties that are primarily attributable to their diterpene contents. There is no comprehensive review on the molecular signaling pathways of these active components. In this review, we investigated the molecular targets of bioactive Salvia diterpenes responsible for the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular diseases. The effects on different pathways, including apoptosis signaling, oxidative stress phenomena, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and tau phosphorylation, have all been considered to be mechanisms of the anti-Alzheimer properties of Salvia diterpenes. Additionally, effects on the benzodiazepine and kappa opioid receptors and neuroprotective effects are noted as neuropharmacological properties of Salvia diterpenes, including tanshinone IIA, salvinorin A, cryptotanshinone, and miltirone. Tanshinone IIA, as the primary diterpene of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has beneficial activities in heart diseases because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effects on transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, tanshinone IIA has also been proposed to have cardioprotective properties including antiarrhythmic activities and effects on myocardial infarction. With respect to the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia diterpenes, comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to evaluate these valuable molecules as lead compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akaberi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Xu H, Zhan L, Zhang L. Comparison of microwave-assisted and heat reflux extraction techniques for the extraction of ten major compounds from Zibu Piyin Recipe using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1009-15. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Libin Zhan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
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Liu C, Wu Y, Zha S, Liu M, Wang Y, Yang G, Ma K, Fei Y, Zhang Y, Hu X, Yang W, Qian Y. Treatment effects of tanshinone IIA against intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced memory deficits in mice. Brain Res 2015; 1631:137-46. [PMID: 26656068 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that tanshinone IIA (tan IIA) has significant protective effects against the neurotoxicity induced by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) in cultured cortical neurons and PC12 cells. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of tan IIA against memory deficits induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in a model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). STZ was injected twice intracerebroventrically (3mg/kg ICV) on alternate days (day 1 and day 3) in mice. Daily treatment with tan IIA (20, 40, and 80mg/kg, i.g.) starting from the first dose of STZ for 28 days showed a dose dependent improvement in STZ induced memory deficits as assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Nissl staining results confirmed the protective effects of tan IIA on cerebral cortical and hippocampal neurons damage induced by STZ. In addition, tan IIA markedly reduced STZ induced elevation in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and significantly inhibited STZ induced reduction in superoxide dismutases (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, tan IIA attenuated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in the parietal cortex and hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that tan IIA prevents STZ induced memory deficits may be attributed to ameliorating neuronal damage, restoring cholinergic function, attenuating oxidative stress and blocking p38 MAPK signal pathway activation. Based on our previous studies, the present study provides further support for the potential use of tan IIA in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Youxuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shuai Zha
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Mengping Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Guangde Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yulang Fei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yaojie Zhang
- Center of Morphology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Yihua Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Feng F, Feng Y, Liu Z, Li WH, Wang WC, Wu ZD, Lv Z. Effects of albendazole combined with TSII-A (a Chinese herb compound) on optic neuritis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in BALB/c mice. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:606. [PMID: 26608105 PMCID: PMC4660773 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) infection can lead to optic neuritis, retinal inflammation, damage to ganglion cells, demyelination of optic nerve and visual impairment. Combined therapy of albendazole and dexamethasone is a common treatment for the disease in the clinic, but it plays no role in vision recovery. Therefore, it has been necessary to explore alternative therapies to treat this disease. Previous studies reported the neuro-productive effects of two constituents of Danshen (a Chinese herb)-tanshinone II-A (TSII-A) and cryptotanshinone (CPT), and this study aims to evaluate the impacts of TSII-A or CPT combined with albendazole on optic neuritis caused by A. cantonensis infection in a murine model. Methods To assess the effects of TSII-A or CPT combined with albendazole on optic neuritis due to the infection, mice were divided into six groups, including the normal control group, infection group and four treatment groups (albendazole group, albendazole combined with dexamethasone group, albendazole combined with CPT group and albendazole combined with TSII-A group). The infection group and treatment groups were infected with A. cantonensisand the treatment groups received interventions from 14 dpi (days post infection), respectively. At 21 dpi, the visual acuity of mice in each group was examined by visual evoked potential (VEP). The pathologic alteration of the retina and optic nerve were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). Results Infection of A. cantonensis caused prolonged VEP latency, obvious inflammatory cell infiltration in the retina, damaged retinal ganglions and retinal swelling, followed by optic nerve fibre demyelination and a decreasing number of axons at 21 dpi. In treatment groups, albendazole could not alleviate the above symptoms; albendazole combined with dexamethasone lessened the inflammation of the retina, but was futile for the other changes; however, albendazole combined with CPT and albendazole combined with TSII-A showed obvious effects on the recovery of prolonged VEP latency, destruction and reduction of ganglion cells, optic nerve demyelination and axon loss. Compared with albendazole-CPT compound, albendazole combined with TSII-A was more effective. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that albendazole combined with TSII-A plays a more effective role in treating optic neuritis caused by A. cantonensis in mice than with dexamethasone, as applied in conventional treatment, indicating that albendazole combined with TSII-A might be an alternate therapy for this parasitic disease in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ying Feng
- Histology and Embryology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhen Liu
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Wei-Hua Li
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Wen-Cong Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Parasitology Department of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known as the most fatal chronic neurodegenerative disease in adults along with progressive loss of memory and other cognitive function disorders. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), a unique member of the cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), is reported to intimately associate with the process of the pathogenesis of AD. Cdk5 is of vital importance in the development of CNS and neuron movements such as neuronal migration and differentiation, synaptic functions, and memory consolidation. However, when neurons suffer from pathological stimuli, Cdk5 activity becomes hyperactive and causes aberrant hyperphosphorylation of various substrates of Cdk5 like amyloid precursor protein (APP), tau and neurofilament, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Deregulation of Cdk5 contributes to an array of pathological events in AD, ranging from formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction to cell cycle reactivation as well as neuronal cell apoptosis. More importantly, an inhibition of Cdk5 activity with inhibitors such as RNA inference (RNAi) could protect from memory decline and neuronal cell loss through suppressing β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity and tauopathies. This review will briefly describe the above-mentioned possible roles of Cdk5 in the physiological and pathological mechanisms of AD, further discussing recent advances and challenges in Cdk5 as a therapeutic target.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways promote low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1-mediated internalization of beta-amyloid protein in primary cortical neurons. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:252-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Porzoor A, Alford B, Hügel HM, Grando D, Caine J, Macreadie I. Anti-amyloidogenic properties of some phenolic compounds. Biomolecules 2015; 5:505-27. [PMID: 25898401 PMCID: PMC4496683 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of 21 polyphenolic compounds consisting of those found naturally in danshen and their analogues were synthesized and subsequently screened for their anti-amyloidogenic activity against the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ42) of Alzheimer’s disease. After 24 h incubation with Aβ42, five compounds reduced thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, indicative of their anti-amyloidogenic propensity (p < 0.001). TEM and immunoblotting analysis also showed that selected compounds were capable of hindering fibril formation even after prolonged incubations. These compounds were also capable of rescuing the yeast cells from toxic changes induced by the chemically synthesized Aβ42. In a second assay, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae AHP1 deletant strain transformed with GFP fused to Aβ42 was treated with these compounds and analyzed by flow cytometry. There was a significant reduction in the green fluorescence intensity associated with 14 compounds. We interpret this result to mean that the compounds had an anti-amyloid-aggregation propensity in the yeast and GFP-Aβ42 was removed by proteolysis. The position and not the number of hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring was found to be the most important determinant for the anti-amyloidogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Porzoor
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Alford
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Helmut M Hügel
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Danilla Grando
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Joanne Caine
- Materials Science and Engineering, CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Ian Macreadie
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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Zhang XZ, Qian SS, Zhang YJ, Wang RQ. Salvia miltiorrhiza: A source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:18-24. [PMID: 25857808 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1027408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of elderly people worldwide. However, no efficient therapeutic method for AD has yet been developed. Recently, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Lamiaceae), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine which is widely used for treating cardio-cerebrovascular, exerts multiple neuroprotective effects and is attracting increased attention for the treatment of AD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to discuss the neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis-inducing activities of S. miltiorrhiza components. METHODS A detailed search using major electronic search engines (such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) was undertaken with the search terms: Salvia miltiorrhiza, the components of S. miltiorrhiza such as salvianolic acid B, salvianolic acid A, danshensu, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone, and neuroprotection. RESULTS Salvia miltiorrhiza components exert multiple neuroprotective potentials relevant to AD, such as anti-amyloid-β, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and anti-inflammation. Moreover, S. miltiorrhiza promotes neurogenesis of neural progenitor cells/stem cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The properties of S. miltiorrhiza indicate their therapeutic potential in AD via multiple mechanisms. In addition, S. miltiorrhiza provides lead compounds for developing new drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhen Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Shao-Song Qian
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Yue-Jie Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
| | - Rui-Qi Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology , Zibo , PR China
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Shi L, An Y, Wang A, Gao Q, Yang Y. The protective effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. Am J Otolaryngol 2014; 35:171-9. [PMID: 24119490 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical use of aminoglycoside antibiotics is limited in most countries because of auditory toxicity side effects. However, their use is common in developing countries because they are inexpensive and convenient. Salvia miltiorrhiza extracts are used clinically in China for their antioxidant properties. We investigated the effect of a clinically approved injectable S. miltiorrhiza solution on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generation induced by the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin and an ototoxicity protective mechanism. METHODS Sixty adult guinea pigs were used in this study and divided into four groups. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing was performed before and after treatments and animals were sacrificed for morphological and immunostaining assays after determining threshold shifts in ABR. The cochleae were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe ultrastructural changes. In addition, hair cell loss, iNOS and caspase-3 expression, and apoptosis were measured. RESULTS The result showed that hearing loss, iNOS overexpression accompanied with disorganization in the cochlea, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- mediated dUTP- biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)-stained positive cells in animals treated with gentamicin. However, pretreatment with S. miltiorrhiza (3g/kg/day for 10 days) decreased gentamicin-induced hearing loss, attenuated iNOS and caspase-3 expression, and decreased the number of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, it also reduced the ultrastructural damage due to ototoxicity as observed by SEM and TEM. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that S. miltiorrhiza protects against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity and could apply to the protection of ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shi
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yuxiang An
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aimei Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Hügel HM, Jackson N. Danshen diversity defeating dementia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:708-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Natural Compounds (Small Molecules) as Potential and Real Drugs of Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63281-4.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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45
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Xu L, Zhang S, Fan H, Zhong Z, Li X, Jin X, Chang Q. ClC-3 chloride channel in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3047-54. [PMID: 25206625 PMCID: PMC4146203 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.32.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-production of nitric oxide is pathogenic for neuronal apoptosis around the ischemic area fol-lowing ischemic brain injury. In this study, an apoptotic model in rat hippocampal neurons was tablished by 0.5 mmol/L 3-morpholinosyndnomine (SIN-1), a nitric oxide donor. The models were then cultured with 0.1 mmol/L of 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS; the chloride channel blocker) for 18 hours. Neuronal survival was detected using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and apoptosis was assayed by Hoechst 33342-labeled neuronal DNA fluorescence staining. Western blot analysis and immunoche-nescence staining were applied to determine the changes of activated caspase-3 and CIC-3 channel proteins. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of CIC-3. The results showed that SIN-1 reduced the neuronal survival rate, induced neuronal apoptosis, and promoted ClC-3 chloride channel protein and mRNA expression in the apoptotic neurons. DIDS reversed the effect of SIN-1. Our findings indicate that the increased activities of the ClC-3 chloride channel may be involved in hippocampal neuronal apoptosis induced by nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xu
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
- First Hospital of Putian City, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongling Fan
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhichao Zhong
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jin
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Quanzhong Chang
- Department of Physiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical College, Zhuhai 519041, Guangdong Province, China
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Bosutti A, Qi J, Pennucci R, Bolton D, Matou S, Ali K, Tsai LH, Krupinski J, Petcu EB, Montaner J, Al Baradie R, Caccuri F, Caruso A, Alessandri G, Kumar S, Rodriguez C, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Slevin M. Targeting p35/Cdk5 signalling via CIP-peptide promotes angiogenesis in hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75538. [PMID: 24098701 PMCID: PMC3787057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5) is over-expressed in both neurons and microvessels in hypoxic regions of stroke tissue and has a significant pathological role following hyper-phosphorylation leading to calpain-induced cell death. Here, we have identified a critical role of Cdk5 in cytoskeleton/focal dynamics, wherein its activator, p35, redistributes along actin microfilaments of spreading cells co-localising with p(Tyr15)Cdk5, talin/integrin beta-1 at the lamellipodia in polarising cells. Cdk5 inhibition (roscovitine) resulted in actin-cytoskeleton disorganisation, prevention of protein co-localization and inhibition of movement. Cells expressing Cdk5 (D144N) kinase mutant, were unable to spread, migrate and form tube-like structures or sprouts, while Cdk5 wild-type over-expression showed enhanced motility and angiogenesis in vitro, which was maintained during hypoxia. Gene microarray studies demonstrated myocyte enhancer factor (MEF2C) as a substrate for Cdk5-mediated angiogenesis in vitro. MEF2C showed nuclear co-immunoprecipitation with Cdk5 and almost complete inhibition of differentiation and sprout formation following siRNA knock-down. In hypoxia, insertion of Cdk5/p25-inhibitory peptide (CIP) vector preserved and enhanced in vitro angiogenesis. These results demonstrate the existence of critical and complementary signalling pathways through Cdk5 and p35, and through which coordination is a required factor for successful angiogenesis in sustained hypoxic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bosutti
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Qi
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Pennucci
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Department of Neuroscience Dibit-Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sabine Matou
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kamela Ali
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Centre for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jerzy Krupinski
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Department of Neurology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eugene B. Petcu
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall De’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raid Al Baradie
- College of Applied Medical Science, Almajmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- University of Brescia, Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Medical School, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- University of Brescia, Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Medical School, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulio Alessandri
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura Carattere Scientifico Neurological Institute "Carlo Besta", Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Milan, Italy
| | - Shant Kumar
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Manchester University and Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigacion Cardiovascular, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant, Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Martinez-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigacion Cardiovascular, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant, Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
- *E-mail:
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Orhan IE. Nature: a substantial source of auspicious substances with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory action. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:379-87. [PMID: 24381529 PMCID: PMC3744902 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311040003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (EC 3.1.1.7) is an important enzyme that breaks down of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft in neuronal junctions. Inhibition of AChE is associated with treatment of several diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), myasthenia gravis, and glaucoma as well as the mechanisms of insecticide and anthelmintic drugs. Several AChE inhibitors are available in clinical use currently for the treatment of AD; however, none of them has ability, yet, to seize progress of the disease. Consequently, an extensive research has been going on finding new AChE inhibitors. In this sense, natural inhibitors have gained great attention due to their encouraging effects toward AChE. In this review, promising candidate molecules with marked AChE inhibition from both plant and animal sources will be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagosa, The Northern Cyprus via Turkey
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Wang Q, Yu X, Patal K, Hu R, Chuang S, Zhang G, Zheng J. Tanshinones inhibit amyloid aggregation by amyloid-β peptide, disaggregate amyloid fibrils, and protect cultured cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:1004-15. [PMID: 23506133 PMCID: PMC3756451 DOI: 10.1021/cn400051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides into amyloid fibrils is regarded as one of the causative events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tanshinones extracted from Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge) were traditionally used as anti-inflammation and cerebrovascular drugs due to their antioxidation and antiacetylcholinesterase effects. A number of studies have suggested that tanshinones could protect neuronal cells. In this work, we examine the inhibitory activity of tanshinone I (TS1) and tanshinone IIA (TS2), the two major components in the Danshen herb, on the aggregation and toxicity of Aβ1-42 using atomic force microscopy (AFM), thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence assay, cell viability assay, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. AFM and ThT results show that both TS1 and TS2 exhibit different inhibitory abilities to prevent unseeded amyloid fibril formation and to disaggregate preformed amyloid fibrils, in which TS1 shows better inhibitory potency than TS2. Live/dead assay further confirms that introduction of a very small amount of tanshinones enables protection of cultured SH-SY5Y cells against Aβ-induced cell toxicity. Comparative MD simulation results reveal a general tanshinone binding mode to prevent Aβ peptide association, showing that both TS1 and TS2 preferentially bind to a hydrophobic β-sheet groove formed by the C-terminal residues of I31-M35 and M35-V39 and several aromatic residues. Meanwhile, the differences in binding distribution, residues, sites, population, and affinity between TS1-Aβ and TS2-Aβ systems also interpret different inhibitory effects on Aβ aggregation as observed by in vitro experiments. More importantly, due to nonspecific binding mode of tanshinones, it is expected that tanshinones would have a general inhibitory efficacy of a wide range of amyloid peptides. These findings suggest that tanshinones, particularly TS1 compound, offer promising lead compounds with dual protective role in anti-inflammation and antiaggregation for further development of Aβ inhibitors to prevent and disaggregate amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Kunal Patal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Rundong Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Steven Chuang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, and College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio
44325, United States
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Natural products as a rich source of tau-targeting drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2013; 4:1751-61. [PMID: 22924511 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 5.4 million people in the USA. Although the cause of AD is not well understood, the cholinergic, amyloid and tau hypotheses were proposed to explain its development. Drug discovery for AD based on the cholinergic and amyloid theories have not been effective. In this article we summarize tau-based natural products as AD therapeutics from a variety of biological sources, including the anti-amyloid agent curcumin, isolated from turmeric, the microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel, from the Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia, and the Streptomyces-derived Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin. The overlooked approach of clearing tau aggregation will most likely be the next objective for AD drug discovery.
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50
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Tian XH, Wu JH. Tanshinone derivatives: a patent review (January 2006 – September 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 23:19-29. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.736494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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