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de Paula Arrifano G, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lopes-Araújo A, Santos-Sacramento L, Barthelemy JL, de Nazaré CGL, Freitas LGR, Augusto-Oliveira M. Neurotoxicity and the Global Worst Pollutants: Astroglial Involvement in Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury Intoxication. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1047-1065. [PMID: 35997862 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a global threat and represents a strong risk factor for human health. It is estimated that pollution causes about 9 million premature deaths every year. Pollutants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the central nervous system are of special concern, because of their potential to cause neurological and development disorders. Arsenic, lead and mercury are usually ranked as the top three in priority lists of regulatory agencies. Against xenobiotics, astrocytes are recognised as the first line of defence in the CNS, being involved in virtually all brain functions, contributing to homeostasis maintenance. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the astroglial involvement in the neurotoxicity induced by these pollutants. Beginning by the main toxicokinetic characteristics, this review also highlights the several astrocytic mechanisms affected by these pollutants, involving redox system, neurotransmitter and glucose metabolism, and cytokine production/release, among others. Understanding how these alterations lead to neurological disturbances (including impaired memory, deficits in executive functions, and motor and visual disfunctions), by revisiting the current knowledge is essential for future research and development of therapies and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Paula Arrifano
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lopes-Araújo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos-Sacramento
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Jean L Barthelemy
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Caio Gustavo Leal de Nazaré
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo R Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marcus Augusto-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Nabi M, Tabassum N. Role of Environmental Toxicants on Neurodegenerative Disorders. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:837579. [PMID: 35647576 PMCID: PMC9131020 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.837579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration leads to the loss of structural and functioning components of neurons over time. Various studies have related neurodegeneration to a number of degenerative disorders. Neurological repercussions of neurodegeneration can have severe impacts on the physical and mental health of patients. In the recent past, various neurodegenerative ailments such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s illnesses have received global consideration owing to their global occurrence. Environmental attributes have been regarded as the main contributors to neural dysfunction-related disorders. The majority of neurological diseases are mainly related to prenatal and postnatal exposure to industrially produced environmental toxins. Some neurotoxic metals, like lead (Pb), aluminium (Al), Mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), and also pesticides and metal-based nanoparticles, have been implicated in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The contaminants are known for their ability to produce senile or amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are the key features of these neurological dysfunctions. Besides, solvent exposure is also a significant contributor to neurological diseases. This study recapitulates the role of environmental neurotoxins on neurodegeneration with special emphasis on major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarat Nabi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Masarat Nabi, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-6498; Nahida Tabassum,
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Masarat Nabi, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-6498; Nahida Tabassum,
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Forero-Rodríguez LJ, Josephs-Spaulding J, Flor S, Pinzón A, Kaleta C. Parkinson's Disease and the Metal-Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Systems Toxicology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:71. [PMID: 35052575 PMCID: PMC8773335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, leading to motor and non-motor complications. Autonomic alterations, including gastrointestinal symptoms, precede motor defects and act as early warning signs. Chronic exposure to dietary, environmental heavy metals impacts the gastrointestinal system and host-associated microbiome, eventually affecting the central nervous system. The correlation between dysbiosis and PD suggests a functional and bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. The bioaccumulation of metals promotes stress mechanisms by increasing reactive oxygen species, likely altering the bidirectional gut-brain link. To better understand the differing molecular mechanisms underlying PD, integrative modeling approaches are necessary to connect multifactorial perturbations in this heterogeneous disorder. By exploring the effects of gut microbiota modulation on dietary heavy metal exposure in relation to PD onset, the modification of the host-associated microbiome to mitigate neurological stress may be a future treatment option against neurodegeneration through bioremediation. The progressive movement towards a systems toxicology framework for precision medicine can uncover molecular mechanisms underlying PD onset such as metal regulation and microbial community interactions by developing predictive models to better understand PD etiology to identify options for novel treatments and beyond. Several methodologies recently addressed the complexity of this interaction from different perspectives; however, to date, a comprehensive review of these approaches is still lacking. Therefore, our main aim through this manuscript is to fill this gap in the scientific literature by reviewing recently published papers to address the surrounding questions regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms between metals, microbiota, and the gut-brain-axis, as well as the regulation of this system to prevent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady Johanna Forero-Rodríguez
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Stefano Flor
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
| | - Andrés Pinzón
- Research Group Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Instituto de Genetica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.J.F.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Brunswiker Straße 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (S.F.); (C.K.)
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McCann MS, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Environmental toxicants in the brain: A review of astrocytic metabolic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103608. [PMID: 33556584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is linked to long-term adverse outcomes in the brain and involves the dysfunction of glial and neuronal cells. Astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are critical for proper brain function in part due to their robust antioxidant and unique metabolic capabilities. Additionally, astrocytes are positioned both at the blood-brain barrier, where they are the primary responders to xenobiotic penetrance of the CNS, and at synapses where they are in close contact with neurons and synaptic machinery. While exposure to several classes of environmental toxicants, including chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, and trace metals, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, their impact on astrocytes represents an important and growing field of research. Here, we review existing literature focused on the impact of a range of synthetic compounds on astrocytic function. We focus specifically on perturbed metabolic processes in response to these compounds and consider how perturbation of these pathways impacts disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondona S McCann
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States
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Raabe J, Arend C, Steinmeier J, Dringen R. Dicoumarol Inhibits Multidrug Resistance Protein 1-Mediated Export Processes in Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:333-346. [PMID: 30443714 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dicoumarol is frequently used as inhibitor of the detoxifying enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). In order to test whether dicoumarol may also affect the cellular glutathione (GSH) metabolism, we have exposed cultured primary astrocytes to dicoumarol and investigated potential effects of this compound on the cell viability as well as on the cellular and extracellular contents of GSH and its metabolites. Incubation of astrocytes with dicoumarol in concentrations of up to 100 µM did not acutely compromise cell viability nor was any GSH consumption or GSH oxidation to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) observed. However, unexpectedly dicoumarol inhibited the cellular multidrug resistance protein (Mrp) 1-dependent export of GSH in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with half-maximal effects observed at low micromolar concentrations of dicoumarol. Inhibition of GSH export by dicoumarol was not additive to that observed for the known Mrp1 inhibitor MK571. In addition, dicoumarol inhibited also the Mrp1-mediated export of GSSG during menadione-induced oxidative stress and the export of the GSH-bimane-conjugate (GS-B) that had been generated in the cells after exposure to monochlorobimane. Half-maximal inhibition of the export of Mrp1 substrates was observed at dicoumarol concentrations of around 4 µM (GSH and GSSG) and 30 µM (GS-B). These data demonstrate that dicoumarol strongly affects the GSH metabolism of viable cultured astrocytes by inhibiting Mrp1-mediated export processes and identifies for the first time Mrp1 as additional cellular target of dicoumarol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Raabe
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christian Arend
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Johann Steinmeier
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany. .,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Cortical Astrocytes Acutely Exposed to the Monomethylarsonous Acid (MMAIII) Show Increased Pro-inflammatory Cytokines Gene Expression that is Consistent with APP and BACE-1: Over-expression. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2559-2572. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Uptake, Metabolic Effects and Toxicity of Arsenate and Arsenite in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:465-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hohnholt MC, Blumrich EM, Koehler Y, Dringen R. Arsenate stimulates glutathione export from viable cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:561-71. [PMID: 25503647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenate is an environmental pollutant which contaminates the drinking water of millions of people worldwide. Numerous in vitro studies have investigated the toxicity of arsenate for a large number of different cell types. However, despite the known neurotoxic potential of arsenicals, little is known so far about the consequences of an exposure of neurons to arsenate. To investigate acute effects of arsenate on the viability and the glutathione (GSH) metabolism of neurons, we have exposed primary rat cerebellar granule neuron cultures to arsenate. Incubation of neurons for up to 6 h with arsenate in concentrations of up to 10 mM did not acutely compromise the cell viability, although the cells accumulated substantial amounts of arsenate. However, exposure to arsenate caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the export of GSH from viable neurons with significant effects observed for arsenate in concentrations above 0.3 mM. The arsenate-induced stimulation of GSH export was abolished upon removal of arsenate and completely prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1. These results demonstrate that arsenate is not acutely toxic to neurons but can affect the neuronal GSH metabolism by stimulating GSH export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C Hohnholt
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany,
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Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:2570-82. [PMID: 25428182 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have a pivotal role in brain as partners of neurons in homeostatic and metabolic processes. Astrocytes also protect other types of brain cells against the toxicity of reactive oxygen species and are considered as first line of defence against the toxic potential of xenobiotics. A key component in many of the astrocytic detoxification processes is the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) which serves as electron donor in the GSH peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of peroxides. In addition, GSH is substrate in the detoxification of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds by GSH-S-transferases which generate GSH conjugates that are efficiently exported from the cells by multidrug resistance proteins. Moreover, GSH reacts with the reactive endogenous carbonyls methylglyoxal and formaldehyde to intermediates which are substrates of detoxifying enzymes. In this article we will review the current knowledge on the GSH metabolism of astrocytes with a special emphasis on GSH-dependent detoxification processes.
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Koehler Y, Luther EM, Meyer S, Schwerdtle T, Dringen R. Uptake and toxicity of arsenite and arsenate in cultured brain astrocytes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:328-37. [PMID: 24894442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenicals are environmental toxins that have been connected with neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. To investigate whether such substances accumulate in brain astrocytes and affect their viability and glutathione metabolism, we have exposed cultured primary astrocytes to arsenite or arsenate. Both arsenicals compromised the cell viability of astrocytes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, the early onset of cell toxicity in arsenite-treated astrocytes revealed the higher toxic potential of arsenite compared with arsenate. The concentrations of arsenite and arsenate that caused within 24h half-maximal release of the cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase were around 0.3mM and 10mM, respectively. The cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes increased rapidly upon exposure to arsenite or arsenate and reached after 4h of incubation almost constant steady state levels. These levels were about 3-times higher in astrocytes that had been exposed to a given concentration of arsenite compared with the respective arsenate condition. Analysis of the intracellular arsenic species revealed that almost exclusively arsenite was present in viable astrocytes that had been exposed to either arsenate or arsenite. The emerging toxicity of arsenite 4h after exposure was accompanied by a loss in cellular total glutathione and by an increase in the cellular glutathione disulfide content. These data suggest that the high arsenite content of astrocytes that had been exposed to inorganic arsenicals causes an increase in the ratio of glutathione disulfide to glutathione which contributes to the toxic potential of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Koehler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Luther
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Soeren Meyer
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Tadepalle N, Koehler Y, Brandmann M, Meyer N, Dringen R. Arsenite stimulates glutathione export and glycolytic flux in viable primary rat brain astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:1-11. [PMID: 24995390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intoxication with inorganic arsenicals leads to neuropathies and impaired cognitive functions. However, little is known so far on the cellular targets that are involved in the adverse effects of arsenite to brain cells. To test whether arsenite may affect neural glucose and glutathione (GSH) metabolism, primary astrocyte cultures from rat brain were used as a model system. Exposure of cultured astrocytes to arsenite in concentrations of up to 0.3mM did not compromise cell viability during incubations for up to 6h, while 1mM arsenite damaged the cells already within 2h after application. Determination of cellular arsenic contents of astrocytes that had been incubated for 2h with arsenite revealed an almost linear concentration-dependent increase in the specific cellular arsenic content. Exposure of astrocytes to arsenite stimulated the export of GSH and accelerated the cellular glucose consumption and lactate production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Half-maximal stimulation of GSH export and glycolytic flux were observed for arsenite in concentrations of 0.1mM and 0.3mM, respectively. The arsenite-induced stimulation of both processes was abolished upon removal of extracellular arsenite. The strong stimulation of GSH export by arsenite was prevented by MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1, suggesting that this transporter mediates the accelerated GSH export. In addition, presence of MK571 significantly increased the specific cellular arsenic content, suggesting that Mrp1 may also be involved in arsenic export from astrocytes. The data observed suggest that alterations in glucose and GSH metabolism may contribute to the reported adverse neural consequences of intoxication with arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesha Tadepalle
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Koehler
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Brandmann
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nils Meyer
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Chandravanshi LP, Yadav RS, Shukla RK, Singh A, Sultana S, Pant AB, Parmar D, Khanna VK. Reversibility of changes in brain cholinergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats following early life arsenic exposure. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 34:60-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh S. Yadav
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
- Department of Criminology and Forensic ScienceHarisingh Gour UniversitySagar470003India
| | - Rajendra K. Shukla
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Neurotoxicology LaboratoryDepartment of Medical Elementology and ToxicologyJamia HamdardNew Delhi110 062India
| | - Aditya B. Pant
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
| | - Devendra Parmar
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
| | - Vinay K. Khanna
- CSIR‐Indian Institute of Toxicology ResearchPost Box 80, MG MargLucknow226 001India
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13
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Koehler Y, Dringen R. Characterization of Arsenate Uptake by Cultured Primary Rat Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1785-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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