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Wu L, Xiong X, Wu X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Zhi Z, Gu L. Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation to Prevent Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:28. [PMID: 32194375 PMCID: PMC7066113 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral ischemia injury can result in neuronal death and/or functional impairment, which leads to further damage and dysfunction after recovery of blood supply. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) often causes irreversible brain damage and neuronal injury and death, which involves many complex pathological processes including oxidative stress, amino acid toxicity, the release of endogenous substances, inflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are interactive and play critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain. Oxidative stress is important in the pathological process of ischemic stroke and is critical for the cascade development of ischemic injury. Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cerebral ischemia and is more likely to lead to cell death and ultimately brain death after reperfusion. During reperfusion especially, superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) are produced, which can cause lipid peroxidation, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Inflammation alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in cerebral ischemic injury. Inflammatory factors can therefore stimulate or exacerbate inflammation and aggravate ischemic injury. Neuroprotective therapies for various stages of the cerebral ischemia cascade response have received widespread attention. At present, neuroprotective drugs mainly include free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation, and their interplay with different types of programmed cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. The development of a suitable method for combination therapy has become a hot topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeng Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Koma H, Yamamoto Y, Kumagai H, Yagami T. 4,4-Diisothiocyanatostilbene Disulfonic Acid Enhanced 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1913-1920. [PMID: 31685774 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4,4-Diisothiocyanatostilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS), an antagonist of anion channel including voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), acts as both neurotoxicant and neuroprotectant, resulting in the controversy. VDAC contributes to neuronal apoptosis and is a candidate target protein of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Caspase-3 is activated during neuronal apoptosis caused by 15d-PGJ2. In the present study, we ascertained whether DIDS was neuroprotective or neurotoxic in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Neuronal cell viabilities were primarily evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Plasma membrane integrity and apoptosis were detected by the staining of propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst33342, respectively. Alternatively, apoptosis was also measured by caspase-3 assay kit. DIDS did not prevent neurons from undergoing the 15d-PGJ2-induced apoptosis. In contrast, DIDS caused neuronal cell death in a concentration-dependent manner by itself, confirming its neurotoxicity. The sublethal application of DIDS did not decrease MTT-reducing activity, increase caspase-3 activity, condense chromatin, allow PI to enter neuron and degenerate neuronal morphology significantly. Interestingly, DIDS enhanced the 15d-PGJ2-induced neuronal apoptosis markedly under the sublethal condition. To our knowledge, this is the first report of synergistic effects of DIDS on the neurotoxicity of 15d-PGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Koma
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University (HDU)
| | - Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University (HDU)
| | - Hiroaki Kumagai
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University (HDU)
| | - Tatsurou Yagami
- Division of Physiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University (HDU)
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Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Pharmaceutical Rejuvenation of Age-Associated Decline in Spatial Memory. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 19:521-524. [PMID: 27881050 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial memory and cognition decline during aging. Montelukast, an FDA approved drug for the treatment of asthma, can restore spatial memory in old rats to levels similar to those of young animals. Treatment improves three hallmarks of aging in the brain: reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and increasing neurogenesis in the hippocampus although not completely to youthful levels. Other aging-associated parameters, such as reduced synaptic density, are not affected, suggesting that anti-aging therapeutics may be further optimized. Montelukast targets leukotriene receptors GPR17 and CysLTR1 and appears to invert leukotriene signaling, converting an inflammatory signal into an anti-inflammatory signal. This acts as a dominant factor to overcome the dysfunctional effects of aging reportedly mediated, in part, by blood-borne factors such as beta-2 microglobulin that inhibit neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The key mechanism for cognitive improvement by montelukast may be restoration of BBB integrity, which would presumably decrease the amount of deleterious blood-borne factors to enter the brain. Whether or not this hypothesis is true for montelukast, drugs that restore or maintain BBB integrity may be useful in combating age-related loss of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Mendelsohn
- 1 Panorama Research Institute , Sunnyvale, California.,2 Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
| | - James W Larrick
- 1 Panorama Research Institute , Sunnyvale, California.,2 Regenerative Sciences Institute , Sunnyvale, California
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Marschallinger J, Schäffner I, Klein B, Gelfert R, Rivera FJ, Illes S, Grassner L, Janssen M, Rotheneichner P, Schmuckermair C, Coras R, Boccazzi M, Chishty M, Lagler FB, Renic M, Bauer HC, Singewald N, Blümcke I, Bogdahn U, Couillard-Despres S, Lie DC, Abbracchio MP, Aigner L. Structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain by an approved anti-asthmatic drug. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8466. [PMID: 26506265 PMCID: PMC4639806 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As human life expectancy has improved rapidly in industrialized societies, age-related cognitive impairment presents an increasing challenge. Targeting histopathological processes that correlate with age-related cognitive declines, such as neuroinflammation, low levels of neurogenesis, disrupted blood–brain barrier and altered neuronal activity, might lead to structural and functional rejuvenation of the aged brain. Here we show that a 6-week treatment of young (4 months) and old (20 months) rats with montelukast, a marketed anti-asthmatic drug antagonizing leukotriene receptors, reduces neuroinflammation, elevates hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning and memory in old animals. By using gene knockdown and knockout approaches, we demonstrate that the effect is mediated through inhibition of the GPR17 receptor. This work illustrates that inhibition of leukotriene receptor signalling might represent a safe and druggable target to restore cognitive functions in old individuals and paves the way for future clinical translation of leukotriene receptor inhibition for the treatment of dementias. The leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast is an anti-asthmatic drug. Here, the authors show that montelukast reduces neuroinflammation, promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and restores learning and memory in old rats suffering from ageing-associated cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Renate Gelfert
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lukas Grassner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Center for Spinal Cord Injuries, BG Trauma Center Murnau, 82418 Murnau am Staffelsee, Germany
| | - Maximilian Janssen
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Rotheneichner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Schmuckermair
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Boccazzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Florian B Lagler
- Department for Paediatrics, Institute for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marija Renic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingmar Blümcke
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Bogdahn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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