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Yuan D, Zhou Z, Song M, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ren P, Chen Z, Fu Y. Role of GABA B receptors in cognition and EEG activity in aged APP and PS1 transgenic mice. Neurochem Int 2024; 175:105718. [PMID: 38490487 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABAB) receptor-mediated inhibition is a major contributor to AD pathobiology, and GABAB receptors have been hypothesized to be a potential target for AD treatment. The aim of this study is to determine how GABAB regulation alters cognitive function and brain activity in an AD mouse model. Early, middle and late stage (8-23 months) amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice were used for the study. The GABAB agonist baclofen (1 and 2.5 mg/kg, i. p.) and the antagonist phaclofen (0.5 mg/kg, i. p.) were used. Primarily, we found that GABAB activation was able to improve spatial and/or working memory performance in early and late stage AD animals. In addition, GABAB activation and inhibition could regulate global and local EEG oscillations in AD animals, with activation mainly regulating low-frequency activity (delta-theta bands) and inhibition mainly regulating mid- and high-frequency activity (alpha-gamma bands), although the regulated magnitude at some frequencies was reduced in AD. The cognitive improvements in AD animals may be explained by the reduced EEG activity in the theta frequency band (2-4 Hz). This study provides evidence for a potential therapeutic effect of baclofen in the elderly AD brain and for GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yuan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Meihui Song
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yunbin Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518020, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.
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2
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Han Y, Zeng X, Hua L, Quan X, Chen Y, Zhou M, Chuang Y, Li Y, Wang S, Shen X, Wei L, Yuan Z, Zhao Y. The fusion of multi-omics profile and multimodal EEG data contributes to the personalized diagnostic strategy for neurocognitive disorders. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:12. [PMID: 38243335 PMCID: PMC10797890 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) in the aging population worldwide has become a significant concern due to subjectivity of evaluations and the lack of precise diagnostic methods and specific indicators. Developing personalized diagnostic strategies for NCDs has therefore become a priority. RESULTS Multimodal electroencephalography (EEG) data of a matched cohort of normal aging (NA) and NCDs seniors were recorded, and their faecal samples and urine exosomes were collected to identify multi-omics signatures and metabolic pathways in NCDs by integrating metagenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analysis. Additionally, experimental verification of multi-omics signatures was carried out in aged mice using faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). We found that NCDs seniors had low EEG power spectral density and identified specific microbiota, including Ruminococcus gnavus, Enterocloster bolteae, Lachnoclostridium sp. YL 32, and metabolites, including L-tryptophan, L-glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), as well as disturbed biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and TCA cycle dysfunction, validated in aged mice. Finally, we employed a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to construct a machine learning model to classify NA and NCDs groups based on the fusion of EEG data and multi-omics profiles and the model demonstrated 92.69% accuracy in classifying NA and NCDs groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the potential of multi-omics profiling and EEG data fusion in personalized diagnosis of NCDs, with the potential to improve diagnostic precision and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of NCDs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xinglin Zeng
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lin Hua
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xingping Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Health Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manfei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | | | - Yang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lai Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China.
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Duan M, Meng Z, Yuan D, Zhang Y, Tang T, Chen Z, Fu Y. Anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulations of prefrontal cortex in a rodent model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:968451. [PMID: 36081893 PMCID: PMC9446483 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.968451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in the elderly, with no effective treatment currently available. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-drug and non-invasive therapy, has been testified efficient in cognitive enhancement. This study aims to examine the effects of tDCS on brain function in a mouse model of AD. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mice (7–8 months old) were subjected to 20-min anodal and cathodal tDCS (atDCS and ctDCS; 300 μA, 3.12 mA/cm2) for continuous five days. tDCS was applied on the left frontal skull of the animals, targeting on their prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behavioral performances were assessed by open-field, Y-maze, Barnes maze and T-maze paradigms; and their PFC electroencephalogram (EEG) activities were recorded under spontaneous state and during Y-maze performance. Behaviorally, atDCS and ctDCS improved spatial learning and/or memory in AD mice without affecting their general locomotion and anxiety-like behaviors, but the effects depended on the testing paradigms. Interestingly, the memory improvements were accompanied by decreased PFC EEG delta (2–4 Hz) and increased EEG gamma (20–100 Hz) activities when the animals needed memory retrieval during task performance. The decreased EEG delta activities could also be observed in animals under spontaneous state. Specifically, atDCS increased PFC EEG activity in the alpha band (8–12 Hz) for spontaneous state, whereas ctDCS increased that in alpha-beta band (8–20 Hz) for task-related state. In addition, some EEG changes after ctDCS could be found in other cortical regions except PFC. These data indicate that tDCS can reverse the situation of slower brain activity in AD mice, which may further lead to cognitive improvement. Our work highlights the potential clinical use of tDCS to restore neural network activity and improve cognition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsi Duan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Yuan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunfan Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Fu,
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Aranđelović J, Santrač A, Batinić B, Todorović L, Stevanović V, Tiruveedhula VVNPB, Sharmin D, Rashid F, Stanojević B, Cook JM, Savić MM. Effects of α5 GABA A receptor modulation on social interaction, memory, and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1767-1778. [PMID: 35822698 PMCID: PMC9532908 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims GABAergic modulation involved in cognitive processing appears to be substantially changed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a widely used 5xFAD model of AD, we aimed to assess if negative and positive allosteric modulators of α5 GABAA receptors (NAM and PAM, respectively) would affect social interaction, social, object and spatial memory, and neuroinflammation. Methods After 10‐day treatment with PAM, NAM, or solvent, 6‐month‐old transgenic and non‐transgenic 5xFAD mice underwent testing in a behavioral battery. Gene expressions of IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, GFAP, and IBA‐1 were determined in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex by qPCR. Results PAM treatment impaired spatial learning in transgenic females compared to solvent‐treated transgenic females, and social recognition in transgenic and non‐transgenic males. NAM treatment declined social interaction in transgenic and non‐transgenic males, while had beneficial effect on cognitive flexibility in non‐transgenic males compared to solvent‐treated non‐transgenic males. Transgenic animals have not fully displayed cognitive symptoms, but neuroinflammation was confirmed. NAM reduced proinflammatory gene expressions in transgenic females and astrogliosis in transgenic males compared to pathological controls. Conclusion PAM and NAM failed to exert favorable behavioral effects in transgenic animals. Suppression of neuroinflammation obtained with NAM calls for more studies with GABAergic ligands in amyloid beta‐ and/or tau‐dependent models with prominent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Todorović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Farjana Rashid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Boban Stanojević
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Müller L, Kirschstein T, Köhling R, Kuhla A, Teipel S. Neuronal Hyperexcitability in APPSWE/PS1dE9 Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:855-869. [PMID: 33843674 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models serve a better understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and its consequences on neuronal function. Well-known and broadly used AD models are APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, which are able to reproduce features of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formations as well as neuronal dysfunction as reflected in electrophysiological recordings of neuronal hyperexcitability. The most prominent findings include abnormal synaptic function and synaptic reorganization as well as changes in membrane threshold and spontaneous neuronal firing activities leading to generalized excitation-inhibition imbalances in larger neuronal circuits and networks. Importantly, these findings in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice are at least partly consistent with results of electrophysiological studies in humans with sporadic AD. This underscores the potential to transfer mechanistic insights into amyloid related neuronal dysfunction from animal models to humans. This is of high relevance for targeted downstream interventions into neuronal hyperexcitability, for example based on repurposing of existing antiepileptic drugs, as well as the use of combinations of imaging and electrophysiological readouts to monitor effects of upstream interventions into amyloid build-up and processing on neuronal function in animal models and human studies. This article gives an overview on the pathogenic and methodological basis for recording of neuronal hyperexcitability in AD mouse models and on key findings in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. We point at several instances to the translational perspective into clinical intervention and observation studies in humans. We particularly focus on bi-directional relations between hyperexcitability and cerebral amyloidosis, including build-up as well as clearance of amyloid, possibly related to sleep and so called glymphatic system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Rudolf Zenker Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rudolf Zenker Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock and Greifswald, Germany.,Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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6
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Chronic BACE-1 Inhibitor Administration in TASTPM Mice (APP KM670/671NL and PSEN1 M146V Mutation): An EEG Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239072. [PMID: 33260655 PMCID: PMC7730584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this exploratory study, we tested whether electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms may reflect the effects of a chronic administration (4 weeks) of an anti-amyloid β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitor (BACE-1; ER-901356; Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) in TASTPM (double mutation in APP KM670/671NL and PSEN1 M146V) producing Alzheimer's disease (AD) amyloid neuropathology as compared to wild type (WT) mice. METHODS Ongoing EEG rhythms were recorded from a bipolar frontoparietal and two monopolar frontomedial (prelimbic) and hippocampal channels in 11 WT Vehicle, 10 WT BACE-1, 10 TASTPM Vehicle, and 11 TASTPM BACE-1 mice (males; aged 8/9 months old at the beginning of treatment). Normalized EEG power (density) was compared between the first day (Day 0) and after 4 weeks (Week 4) of the BACE-1 inhibitor (10 mg/Kg) or vehicle administration in the 4 mouse groups. Frequency and magnitude of individual EEG delta and theta frequency peaks (IDF and ITF) were considered during animal conditions of behaviorally passive and active wakefulness. Cognitive status was not tested. RESULTS Compared with the WT group, the TASTPM group generally showed a significantly lower reactivity in frontoparietal ITF power during the active over the passive condition (p < 0.05). Notably, there was no other statistically significant effect (e.g., additional electrodes, recording time, and BACE-1 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS The above EEG biomarkers reflected differences between the WT and TASTPM groups, but no BACE-1 inhibitor effect. The results suggest an enhanced experimental design with the use of younger mice, longer drug administrations, an effective control drug, and neuropathological amyloid markers.
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7
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Xu Y, Zhao M, Han Y, Zhang H. GABAergic Inhibitory Interneuron Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Treatment. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:660. [PMID: 32714136 PMCID: PMC7344222 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by severe cognitive deficits and pathologically by amyloid plaques, neuronal loss, and neurofibrillary tangles. Abnormal amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposition in the brain is often thought of as a major initiating factor in AD neuropathology. However, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneurons are resistant to Aβ deposition, and Aβ decreases synaptic glutamatergic transmission to decrease neural network activity. Furthermore, there is now evidence suggesting that neural network activity is aberrantly increased in AD patients and animal models due to functional deficits in and decreased activity of GABA inhibitory interneurons, contributing to cognitive deficits. Here we describe the roles played by excitatory neurons and GABA inhibitory interneurons in Aβ-induced cognitive deficits and how altered GABA interneurons regulate AD neuropathology. We also comprehensively review recent studies on how GABA interneurons and GABA receptors can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. GABA interneurons are an emerging therapeutic target in AD, with further clinical trials urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Xu
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Manna Zhao
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yuying Han
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
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8
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Yi M, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Yi P, Xu P, Huang J, Peng W. Integrated Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Bushen Tiansui Formula in an A β1-42-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5243453. [PMID: 32655770 PMCID: PMC7322593 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5243453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bushen Tiansui Formula (BSTSF) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescription. It has been widely applied to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the clinic; however, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we used a rat AD model to study the effects of BSTSF on cognitive performance, and UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomic and lipidomic analysis was further performed to identify significantly altered metabolites in the cerebral cortices of AD rats and determine the effects of BSTSF on the metabolomic and lipidomic profiles in the cerebral cortices of these animals. The results revealed that the levels of 47 metabolites and 30 lipids primarily associated with sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism were significantly changed in the cerebral cortices of AD rats. Among the altered lipids, ceramides, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylserines, sphingomyelins, and phosphatidylglycerols showed robust changes. Moreover, 34 differential endogenous metabolites and 21 lipids, of which the levels were mostly improved in the BSTSF treatment group, were identified as potential therapeutic targets of BSTSF against AD. Our results suggest that lipid metabolism is highly dysregulated in the cerebral cortices of AD rats, and BSTSF may exert its neuroprotective mechanisms by restoring metabolic balance, including that of sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. Our data may lead to a deeper understanding of the AD-associated metabolic profile and shed new light on the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of BSTSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zheyu Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Pengji Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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