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Yang XM, Yu H, Li JX, Li N, Li C, Xu DH, Zhang H, Fang TH, Wang SJ, Yan PY, Han BB. Excitotoxic Storms of Ischemic Stroke: A Non-neuronal Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7. [PMID: 38662299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders share a fatal pathologic process known as glutamate excitotoxicity. Among which, ischemic stroke is the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. For a long time, the main idea of developing anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective agents was to block glutamate receptors. Despite this, there has been little successful clinical translation to date. After decades of "neuron-centered" views, a growing number of studies have recently revealed the importance of non-neuronal cells. Glial cells, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, blood cells, and so forth are extensively engaged in glutamate synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism. They also express functional glutamate receptors and can listen and respond for fast synaptic transmission. This broadens the thoughts of developing excitotoxicity antagonists. In this review, the critical contribution of non-neuronal cells in glutamate excitotoxicity during ischemic stroke will be emphasized in detail, and the latest research progress as well as corresponding therapeutic strategies will be updated at length, aiming to reconceptualize glutamate excitotoxicity in a non-neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Han Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Kotorová K, Končeková J, Gottlieb M, Bona M, Bonová P. Obesity as a Limiting Factor for Remote Ischemic Postconditioning-Mediated Neuroprotection after Stroke. J Obes Metab Syndr 2024; 33:76-87. [PMID: 38049179 PMCID: PMC11000512 DOI: 10.7570/jomes23038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) may protect the brain from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The association between RIPostC and obesity has not yet been extensively studied. Methods Twelve-week-old male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF; n=68) and Zucker diabetic lean (ZDL; n=51) rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia for 90 minutes, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. RIPostC was performed with 5-minute I/R cycles using a tourniquet on the right hind limb. Results The results showed a negative association between obesity and neurological impairment in ischemic animals. We observed a 70% greater infarct size in ZDF rats compared with their lean counterparts, as evaluated by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. To measure the total fragmented DNA in peripheral lymphocytes, comet assay was performed. Obese rats exhibited higher levels of DNA damage (by approximately 135%) in peripheral blood lymphocytes even before the induction of stroke. RIPostC did not attenuate oxidative stress in the blood in obese rats subjected to ischemia. Focal cerebral ischemia increased core and penumbra tissue glutamate release in the brain and decreased it in the blood of ischemic ZDL rats, and these changes improved following RIPostC treatment. However, changes in blood and tissue glutamate content were not detected in ischemic ZDF rats or after RIPostC intervention. Conclusion Our findings suggest that obese animals respond more severely to ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. However, obese animals did not achieve neuroprotective benefits of RIPostC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kotorová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Končeková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gottlieb
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Bona
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Bonová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Končeková J, Kotorová K, Gottlieb M, Bona M, Bonová P. Changes in excitatory amino acid transporters in response to remote ischaemic preconditioning and glutamate excitotoxicity. Neurochem Int 2024; 173:105658. [PMID: 38135159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The successful implementation of remote ischaemic conditioning as a clinical neuroprotective strategy requires a thorough understanding of its basic principles, which can be modified for each patient. The mechanisms of glutamate homeostasis appear to be a key component. In the current study, we focused on the brain-to-blood glutamate shift mediated by glutamate transporters (excitatory amino acid transports [EAATs]) and the effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) as a mediator of ischaemic tolerance. We used model mimicking ischaemia-mediated excitotoxicity (intracerebroventricular administration of glutamate) to avoid the indirect effect of ischaemia-triggered mechanisms. We found quantitative changes in EAAT2 and EAAT3 and altered membrane trafficking of EAAT1 on the cells of the choroid plexus. These changes could underlie the beneficial effects of ischaemic tolerance. There was reduced oxidative stress and increased glutathione level after RIPC treatment. Moreover, we determined the stimulus-specific response on EAATs. While glutamate overdose stimulated EAAT2 and EAAT3 overexpression, RIPC induced membrane trafficking of EAAT1 and EAAT2 rather than a change in their expression. Taken together, mechanisms related to glutamate homeostasis, especially EAAT-mediated transport, represents a powerful tool of ischaemic tolerance and allow a certain amount of flexibility based on the stimulus used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Končeková
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kotorová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gottlieb
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Bona
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Bonová
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01, Slovak Republic.
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Končekova J, Kotorova K, Gottlieb M, Bona M, Bonova P. Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Accelerates Brain to Blood Glutamate Efflux via EAATs-mediated Transport. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3560-3570. [PMID: 37528283 PMCID: PMC10584753 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) becomes an attractive strategy for the endogenous stimulation of mechanisms protecting neurons against ischaemia. Although the processes underlying the RIC are not clearly understood, the homeostasis of glutamate seems to play an important role. The present study is focused on the investigation of the brain to blood efflux of glutamate in a condition mimicking ischaemia-mediated excitotoxicity and remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC). The animals were pre-treated with a hind-limb tourniquet one hour before the intraventricular administration of glutamate and its release was monitored as the concentration of glutamate/glutathione in blood and liquor for up to 1 h. The transport mediated by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) was verified by their inhibition with Evans Blue intraventricular co-administration. RIPC mediated the efflux of glutamate exceeding from CSF to blood in the very early stage of intoxication. As a consequence, the blood level of glutamate rose in a moment. EAATs inhibition confirmed the active role of glutamate transporters in this process. In the blood, elevated levels of glutamate served as a relevant source of antioxidant glutathione for circulating cells in RIPC-treated individuals. All of those RIPC-mediated recoveries in processes of glutamate homeostasis reflect the improvement of oxidative stress, suggesting glutamate-accelerated detoxication to be one of the key mechanisms of RIPC-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Končekova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01 Slovak Republic
| | - Klaudia Kotorova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01 Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Gottlieb
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01 Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Bona
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, Košice, 040 01 Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Bonova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4-6, Košice, 040 01 Slovak Republic
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