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Liu Y, Jia N, Tang C, Long H, Wang J. Microglia in Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Hub in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04022-w. [PMID: 38366306 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
There is growing concern about the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurological illnesses, and it makes sense to consider microglia as a critical component of this axis in the context of epilepsy. Microglia, which reside in the central nervous system, are dynamic guardians that monitor brain homeostasis. Microglia receive information from the gut microbiota and function as hubs that may be involved in triggering epileptic seizures. Vagus nerve bridges the communication in the axis. Essential axis signaling molecules, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, 5-hydroxytryptamin, and short-chain fatty acids, are currently under investigation for their participation in drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). In this review, we explain how vagus nerve connects the gut microbiota to microglia in the brain and discuss the emerging concepts derived from this interaction. Understanding microbiota-gut-brain axis in epilepsy brings hope for DRE therapies. Future treatments can focus on the modulatory effect of the axis and target microglia in solving DRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ningkang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Neural Networks Surgery Team, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Alrashdan MS, Al-Omiri MK. Psychosocial profiles and their correlation with physical diagnosis in temporomandibular disorders, a preliminary report. Cranio 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35695735 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2022.2084224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess representative psychosocial features in a group of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients from Jordan using Axis II of the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) protocol. METHODS Ninety-eight TMD patients were examined according to Axis I DC/TMD protocol in addition to assessment of their pain-related disability, psychological distress, and stress reactivity. RESULTS Just under half of the patients (49%) had high intensity of characteristic pain (self-reported TMJ-related pain) and one-third (32%) had high levels of pain-related disability. Furthermore, significant proportions of patients expressed moderate-severe degrees of distress and stress reactivity (41% and 39%, respectively). Significant correlations were identified between the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) and each of the pain-related TMD subgroups. CONCLUSION TMD patients are susceptible to high levels of pain-related psychosocial impairment, and clinicians should be aware of the possible correlations between the physical TMD diagnosis and specific psychosocial features during treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Alrashdan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (On Leave)
| | - Mahmoud Khaled Al-Omiri
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Prosthodontics, The City of London School of Dentistry, (BPP) University, London, UK
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Yu H, He B, Han X, Yan T. Rufinamide (RUF) suppresses inflammation and maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier during kainic acid-induced brain damage. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:845-855. [PMID: 34514163 PMCID: PMC8389504 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rufinamide (RUF) is a structurally unique anti-epileptic drug, but its protective mechanism against brain injury remains unclear. In the present study, we validated how the RUF protected mice with kainic acid (KA)-induced neuronal damage. To achieve that, a mouse epilepsy model was established by KA intraperitoneal injection. After Nissl staining, although there was a significant reduction in Nissl bodies in mice treated with KA, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg, RUF significantly reduced KA-induced neuronal damage, in a dose-dependent manner. Among them, 120 mg/kg RUF was most pronounced. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis showed that RUF inhibited the IBA-1 overexpression caused by KA to block microglia cell overactivation. Further, RUF treatment partially reversed neuroinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNFα, HMGB1, and NLRP3) overexpression in mRNA and protein levels in KA mice. Moreover, although KA stimulation inhibited the expression of tight junctions, RUF treatment significantly upregulated expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin 5) in both mRNA and protein levels in the brain tissues of KA mice. RUF inhibited the overactivation of microglia, suppressed the neuroinflammatory response, and reduced the destruction of blood-brain barrier, thereby alleviating the excitatory nerve damage of the KA-mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxu Yu
- General Surgery Department, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 70, Lushan Road, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Bin He
- General Surgery Department, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 70, Lushan Road, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Han
- General Surgery Department, Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 70, Lushan Road, Changsha 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Department of Clinical Skills Training Center of ZhuJiang Hospital, ZhuJiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Yang LY, Bhaskar K, Thompson J, Duval K, Torbey M, Yang Y. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation reduced neuron-derived IL-1β and neuroinflammation in acute ischemic rat brain. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Verkhratsky A, Sun D, Tanaka J. Snapshot of microglial physiological functions. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104960. [PMID: 33460721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia as a defensive arm of the nervous system emerged early in evolution. The surveilling microglia with motile and ramified processes are the main phenotype in the healthy CNS; the surveilling microglial patrol neuronal somata, dendrites, dendritic spines and axons. Increasing evidence suggests that microglia play fundamental roles in development, maturation and ageing of the brain, as well as contribute to a variety of physiological brain processes including sleep and circadian rhythm. Physiological state of microglia is tightly regulated by brain microenvironment and controlled by a sophisticated system of receptors and signalling cascades including ionotropic and metabotropic purinoceptors, pattern-recognition receptors, and receptors for chemokines and cytokines. Microglia also utilise ion channels and transporters in regulating ionic homeostasis and various aspects of microglial function. The major ion transporters expressed by microglia include Na+/H+ exchanger 1 and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, which are involved in regulation of pHi and Ca2+ homeostasis during microglial physiological responses. Microglial cells control development, maturation and plasticity of neuronal ensembles through controlled physiological phagocytosis of synapses or synaptic fragments - processes known as synaptic pruning and trogocytosis. This special issue on "Physiological roles of microglia" is an assembly of papers written by the leading experts in this research field. We start this special issue with this snapshot of microglial physiological functions as a prelude to the indepth discussion of microglia in physiological processes in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Junya Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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