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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress increases in the brain with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous work emphasized irreversible oxidative damage in relation to cognitive impairment. This research has evolved to consider a continuum of alterations, from redox signaling to oxidative damage, which provides a basis for understanding the onset and progression of cognitive impairment. This review provides an update on research linking redox signaling to altered function of neural circuits involved in information processing and memory. Recent Advances: Starting in middle age, redox signaling triggers changes in nervous system physiology described as senescent physiology. Hippocampal senescent physiology involves decreased cell excitability, altered synaptic plasticity, and decreased synaptic transmission. Recent studies indicate N-methyl-d-aspartate and ryanodine receptors and Ca2+ signaling molecules as molecular substrates of redox-mediated senescent physiology. CRITICAL ISSUES We review redox homeostasis mechanisms and consider the chemical character of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and their role in regulating different transmitter systems. In this regard, senescent physiology may represent the co-opting of pathways normally responsible for feedback regulation of synaptic transmission. Furthermore, differences across transmitter systems may underlie differential vulnerability of brain regions and neuronal circuits to aging and disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to identify the intrinsic mechanisms for the shift in oxidative/reductive processes. Intrinsic mechanism will depend on the transmitter system, oxidative stressors, and expression/activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, it will be important to identify how intrinsic processes interact with other aging factors, including changes in inflammatory or hormonal signals. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1724-1745.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brittney Yegla
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Thomas C Foster
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida.,2 Genetics and Genomics Program, Genetics Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
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Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA. Phospholipase A₂-Generated Lipid Mediators in the Brain: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Neuroscientist 2016; 12:245-60. [PMID: 16684969 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405285923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) generates arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lysophospholipids from neural membrane phospholipids. These metabolites have a variety of physiological effects by themselves and also are substrates for the synthesis of more potent lipid mediators such as eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). At low concentrations, these mediators act as second messengers. They affect and modulate several cell functions, including signal transduction, gene expression, and cell proliferation, but at high concentrations, these lipid mediators cause neurotoxicity. Among the metabolites generated by PLA2, 4-HNE is the most cytotoxic metabolite and is associated with the apoptotic type of neural cell death. Levels of 4-HNE are markedly increased in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, ischemia, spinal cord trauma, and head injury. The purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate the vast literature on metabolites generated by PLA2 for a wider audience. The authors hope that this discussion will jump-start more studies not only on the involvement of PLA2 in neurological disorders but also on the importance of PLA2-generated lipid mediators in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhlaq A Farooqui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, USA
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Watson SN, Lee JR, Risling TE, Hermann PM, Wildering WC. Diminishing glutathione availability and age-associated decline in neuronal excitability. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1074-85. [PMID: 24331753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is frequently implicated in diminished electrical excitability of aging neurons yet the foundations of this phenomenon are poorly understood. This study explored links between alterations in cellular thiol-redox state and age-associated decline in electrical excitability in identified neurons (right pedal dorsal 1 [RPeD1]) of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis. Intracellular thiol redox state was modulated with either dithiothreitol or membrane permeable ethyl ester of the antioxidant glutathione (et-GSH). Neuronal antioxidant demand was manipulated through induction of lipid peroxidation with 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide-dihydrochloride (AAPH). Glutathione synthesis was manipulated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO). We show that; glutathione content of snail brains declines with age, whereas pyroglutamate content increases; treatment with AAPH and BSO alone aggravated the natural low excitability state of old RPeD1, but only the combination of AAPH + BSO affected electrical excitability of young RPeD1; et-GSH reversed this effect in young RPeD1; et-GSH and dithiothreitol treatment reversed age-associated low excitability of old RPeD1. Together, these data argue for a tight association between glutathione availability and the regulation of neuronal electrical excitability and indicate perturbation of cellular thiol-redox metabolism as a key factor in neuronal functional decline in this gastropod model of biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn N Watson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathon R Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tara E Risling
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Petra M Hermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Willem C Wildering
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Tian Z, Miyata K, Tabata M, Yano M, Tazume H, Aoi J, Takahashi O, Araki K, Kawasuji M, Oike Y. Nifedipine increases energy expenditure by increasing PGC-1α expression in skeletal muscle. Hypertens Res 2011; 34:1221-7. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ibi D, Nitta A, Ishige K, Cen X, Ohtakara T, Nabeshima T, Ito Y. Piccolo knockdown-induced impairments of spatial learning and long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:77-83. [PMID: 19766155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release is regulated at a specific site in nerve terminals called the "active zone", which is composed of various cytomatrix proteins such as Piccolo (also known as Aczonin) and Bassoon. These proteins share regions of high sequence similarity and have very high molecular weights (>400 kDa). Since Piccolo knockout mice have not yet been established, the role of Piccolo in the neuronal system remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Piccolo antisense oligonucleotide injected into the ventricle on hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and learning and memory assessed with the novel object recognition test and the Morris water maze test. There was no significant difference in cognitive memory between Piccolo antisense-treated and vehicle- or sense-treated mice; however, spatial learning in Piccolo antisense-treated mice was impaired but not in sense- or vehicle-treated mice. Next, we investigated LTP formation in these groups in area CA1 and dentate gyrus of the same hippocampal slices. The magnitude of LTP in Piccolo antisense-treated mice was significantly lower than in sense- or vehicle-treated mice, with no change in basal level. Moreover, the level of high K(+)-induced glutamate release in the antisense-treated mice was significantly lower than in sense-treated mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Piccolo plays a pivotal role in synaptic plasticity in area CA1 and in hippocampus-dependent learning in mice, and that the extracellular levels of glutamate in the hippocampus under stimulated conditions are controlled by Piccolo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ibi
- Research Unit of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
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de Jongh R, Haenen GR, van Koeveringe GA, Dambros M, van Kerrebroeck PE. Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal Contributes to Bladder Smooth Muscle Damage. Urology 2008; 71:974-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Comparative study of hydrogen peroxide- and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced cell death in HT22 cells. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:776-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Arakawa M, Ito Y. N-acetylcysteine and neurodegenerative diseases: basic and clinical pharmacology. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 6:308-14. [PMID: 17853088 PMCID: PMC7102236 DOI: 10.1080/14734220601142878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence suggest a key role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht-Lundborg type, spinocerebellar degeneration, tardive dyskinesia and Down's syndrome have been associated with several mitochondrial alterations. Oxidative stress can decrease cellular bioenergetic capacity, which will then increase the generation of reactive oxygen species resulting in cellular damage and programmed cell death. First, this review examines the mechanisms of action of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and a free radical-scavenging agent that increases intracellular GSH, at the cellular level. NAC can act as a precursor for glutathione synthesis as well as a stimulator of the cytosolic enzymes involved in glutathione regeneration. The chemical properties of NAC include redox interactions, particularly with other members of the group XIV elements (selenium, etc.) and ebselen, a lipid-soluble seleno-organic compound. Second, NAC has been shown to protect against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death in cultured granule neurons. Recent findings on the protective effect of NAC against 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)-induced toxicity in cerebellar granule neurons are summarized. Finally, the protective pharmacokinetics of NAC in humans and the possible usefulness of NAC for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are discussed with reference to basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Arakawa
- Research Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, 274-8555 Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ito
- Research Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, 274-8555 Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Arakawa M, Ishimura A, Arai Y, Kawabe K, Suzuki S, Ishige K, Ito Y. N-Acetylcysteine and ebselen but not nifedipine protected cerebellar granule neurons against 4-hydroxynonenal-induced neuronal death. Neurosci Res 2006; 57:220-9. [PMID: 17125867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), an aldehydic product of membrane lipid peroxidation, has been shown to induce neurotoxicity in various types of neurons. To clarify the mechanisms underlying HNE-induced neurotoxicity, the effects of antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and ebselen with or without NAC pretreatment) and Ca(2+)-related reagents were examined in cerebellar granule neurons. The decreases in neuronal survival and mitochondrial membrane potential induced by HNE were suppressed by pretreatment with NAC at concentrations of 500 and 1000 microM. HNE-induced protein modification and reactive oxygen species generation were also suppressed by pretreatment with NAC at 1000 microM. Although simultaneous application of ebselen (10 microM) did not protect against HNE-induced neurotoxicity, it completely suppressed HNE-induced injury after pretreatment with NAC at 300 microM. HNE increased [Ca(2+)](i) levels, and this increase was significantly attenuated by simultaneous application of nifedipine (10 microM) or EGTA (1000 microM), but not by MK-801 or CNQX. However, none of these Ca(2+)-related reagents was able to prevent HNE-induced neuronal death or mitochondrial injury. These results suggest that pretreatment with a low concentration of NAC dramatically potentiates the neuroprotective activity of ebselen, and that HNE-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) is not involved in HNE-induced neuronal death in cerebellar granule neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Arakawa
- Research Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, Japan
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