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Wang S, Ye Q, Tu J, Zhang M, Ji B. Curcumin protects against hypertension aggravated retinal ischemia/reperfusion in a rat stroke model. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:711-717. [PMID: 28678631 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1313854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University Jinhua Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Qian Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University Jinhua Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Junwei Tu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Zhejiang University Jinhua Hospital, Jinhua, China
| | - Mingying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou Municipal Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Overview of Experimental and Clinical Findings regarding the Neuroprotective Effects of Cerebral Ischemic Postconditioning. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6891645. [PMID: 28473987 PMCID: PMC5394355 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6891645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on attenuating the structural and functional deficits observed following ischemia-reperfusion has become increasingly focused on the therapeutic potential of ischemic postconditioning. In recent years, various methods and animal models of ischemic postconditioning have been utilized. The results of these numerous studies have indicated that the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ischemic postconditioning may involve reductions in the generation of free radicals and inhibition of calcium overload, as well as the release of endogenous active substances, alterations in membrane channel function, and activation of protein kinases. Here we review the novel discovery, mechanism, key factors, and clinical application of ischemic postconditioning and discuss its implications for future research and problem of clinical practice.
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Experimental study on the effect of controlled hypotension levels on rabbit CA1 neurons. J Surg Res 2013; 182:e15-24. [PMID: 23088919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the effect of controlled hypotension (CH) levels regulated by nitroprusside on hippocampal CA1 neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS All experimental rabbits were randomly divided into five groups to perform CH for recording their vital signs and survived for a certain time. The arterial blood was collected to measure the serum levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α and then the brain tissues were perfused and sectioned to carry out hematoxylin-eosin staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling fluorescence, c-fos immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural observation of hippocampal neuronal mitochondria. All data were analyzed with SPSS13.0 software, and P < 0.05 was indicated as statistically significant. RESULTS Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and the dosage of sodium nitroprusside were not statistically significant between groups, but at T2, heart rate levels in groups II-IV were lower than those in groups I and V. Simultaneously, interleukin 6 was remarkably overexpressed in group II than in other groups at T2, whereas tumor necrosis factor α was higher in groups I-III than in groups IV and V. At the light and electronic microscopic levels, the CA1 regional neurons of group IV were more seriously damaged and deranged compared with other groups so was the expression of c-fos. However, fluorescence from TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay was more intensive in groups II-IV than that in other groups. Results further showed that Flameng scores of mitochondria were the highest in group IV, but they were not statistically significant among the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The different levels of CH remarkably affected the functional activities of hippocampal CA1 neurons; with the decrease of mean arterial pressure, neuronal apoptosis, and c-fos expression was gradually increased and reached the peak in 45% of basic values of blood pressure.
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Endogenous adenosine A1 receptor activation underlies the transient post-ischemic rhythmic delta EEG activity. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 122:1117-26. [PMID: 20947418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergence of slow EEG rhythms within the delta frequency band following an ischemic insult of the brain has long been considered a marker of irreversible anatomical damage. Here we investigated whether ischemic adenosine release and subsequent functional inhibition via the adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R) contributes to post-ischemic delta activity. METHODS Rats were subjected to episodes of non-injuring transient global cerebral ischemia (GCI) under chloral hydrate anesthesia. RESULTS We found that a GCI lasting only 10s was enough to induce a brief discharge of rhythmic delta activity (RDA) with a peak frequency just below 1 Hz quantified as an increase by twofold of the 0.5-1.5 Hz spectral power. This post-ischemic RDA did not occur following administration of the A(1)R antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. Nevertheless, a similar RDA could be induced in rats not subjected to GCI, by systemic administration of the A(1)R agonist N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that A(1)R activation at levels that occur following cerebral ischemia underlies the transient post-ischemic RDA. SIGNIFICANCE It is likely that the functional, thus potentially reversible, synaptic disconnection by A(1)R activation promotes slow oscillations in the cortical networks. This should be accounted for in the interpretation of early post-ischemic EEG delta activity.
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Kesaraju S, Schmidt-Kastner R, Prentice HM, Milton SL. Modulation of stress proteins and apoptotic regulators in the anoxia tolerant turtle brain. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1413-26. [PMID: 19476552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater turtles survive prolonged anoxia and reoxygenation without overt brain damage by well-described physiological processes, but little work has been done to investigate the molecular changes associated with anoxic survival. We examined stress proteins and apoptotic regulators in the turtle during early (1 h) and long-term anoxia (4, 24 h) and reoxygenation. Western blot analyses showed changes within the first hour of anoxia; multiple stress proteins (Hsp72, Grp94, Hsp60, Hsp27, and HO-1) increased while apoptotic regulators (Bcl-2 and Bax) decreased. Levels of the ER stress protein Grp78 were unchanged. Stress proteins remained elevated in long-term anoxia while the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was unaltered. No changes in cleaved caspase 3 levels were observed during anoxia while apoptosis inducing factor increased significantly. Furthermore, we found no evidence for the anoxic translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria, nor movement of apoptosis inducing factor between the mitochondria and nucleus. Reoxygenation did not lead to further increases in stress proteins or apoptotic regulators except for HO-1. The apparent protection against cell damage was corroborated with immunohistochemistry, which indicated no overt damage in the turtle brain subjected to anoxia and reoxygenation. The results suggest that molecular adaptations enhance pro-survival mechanisms and suppress apoptotic pathways to confer anoxia tolerance in freshwater turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja Kesaraju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA.
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Ilie A, Ciocan D, Constantinescu A, Zagrean AM, Nita D, Zagrean L, Moldovan M. Endogenous Activation of adenosine A1 receptors promotes post-ischemic electrocortical burst suppression. Neuroscience 2009; 159:1070-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ischemic tolerance as an active and intrinsic neuroprotective mechanism. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 92:171-95. [PMID: 18790275 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(08)01909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ilie A, Ciocan D, Zagrean AM, Nita DA, Zagrean L, Moldovan M. Endogenous activation of adenosine A(1) receptors accelerates ischemic suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity. J Neurophysiol 2006; 96:2809-14. [PMID: 16885523 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00466.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces a rapid suppression of spontaneous brain rhythms prior to major alterations in ionic homeostasis. It was found in vitro during ischemia that the rapidly formed adenosine, resulting from the intracellular breakdown of ATP, may inhibit synaptic transmission via the A(1) receptor subtype. The link between endogenous A(1) receptor activation during ischemia and the suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity has not yet been established in the intact brain. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo the effects of A(1) receptor antagonism by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) on the time to electrocortical suppression during global cerebral ischemia. Adult male Wistar rats under chloral hydrate anesthesia were subjected to 1-min transient "four-vessel occlusion" ischemic episodes, separated by 20-min reperfusion. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with either 1.25 mg/kg DPCPX dissolved in 2 ml/kg dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or the same volume of DMSO alone, 15 min before the third ischemic episode. Time to electrocortical suppression was estimated based on the decay of the root mean square of two-channel electrocorticographic recordings. During the first two ischemic episodes, electrocortical suppression appeared after approximately 12 s in both groups. After DMSO administration, ischemic suppression remained unchanged. After DPCPX administration, the time to electrocortical suppression was increased by approximately 10 s, and bursts of activity were recorded during the entire ischemia. These effects disappeared within 15 h after DPCPX administration. Our data provide evidence that during cerebral ischemia endogenous activation of A(1) receptors accelerates the electrical "shut-down" of the whole brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ilie
- Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Ilie A, Spulber S, Avramescu S, Nita DA, Zagrean AM, Zagrean L, Moldovan M. Delayed ischemic electrocortical suppression during rapid repeated cerebral ischemia and kainate-induced seizures in rat. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2135-44. [PMID: 16630060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia induces, within seconds, suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity, partly due to alterations in synaptic transmission. In vitro studies have found that repeated brief hypoxic episodes prolong the persistence of synaptic transmission due to weakened adenosine release. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo whether the time to ischemic electrocortical suppression (T(ES)) could be altered during energy stress conditions such as rapid repeated global cerebral ischemia and kainate-induced seizures. Experiments were carried out in adult rats under chloral hydrate anaesthesia. Repeated episodes of 1 min of ischemia were induced by transiently clamping the carotid arteries in a 'four-vessel occlusion' model. We devised an automatic method of T(ES) estimation based on the decay of the root mean square of two-channel electrocorticographic recordings. To distinguish the alterations in spontaneous electrocortical activity we compared T(ES) with the ischemic suppression of visual evoked potentials (VEP). During the first ischemic episode, T(ES) was approximately 15 s and remained unchanged when five ischemic episodes were separated by 10-min reperfusion intervals. When ischemia was repeated after 2 min of reperfusion T(ES) progressively increased, reaching a plateau value of approximately 24 s. A similar plateau was reached during kainate-induced seizures. The T(ES) plateau occurred prior to ischemic suppression of VEP. Our data suggest that, under conditions of acute metabolic stress in vivo, the ischemic suppression of spontaneous electrocortical activity may be delayed up to a plateau value. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis of a depletable adenosine pool; however, the restoration of synaptic transmission may be faster in vivo than in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ilie
- Center for Excellence in Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Yoon DK, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Lee JJ, Kim JH, Kang TC, Won MH. Comparative study on Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivity and protein levels in the adult and aged hippocampal CA1 region after ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res 2006; 1092:214-9. [PMID: 16678801 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated chronological changes in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the hippocampal CA1 region of adult and aged gerbils after transient forebrain ischemia to compare ischemia-related changes in SOD1 in adult and aged gerbils. Delayed neuronal death in the CA1 region at 4 days after ischemic insult was prominent in adult gerbils compared to that in aged gerbils. In sham-operated gerbils, SOD1 immunoreactivity and protein level in the aged group were significantly higher than that in the adult group. At 12 h after ischemia-reperfusion, SOD1 immunoreactivity and protein level were increased in both the groups. At 1 day after ischemia, SOD1 immunoreactivity and protein level in the adult group were significantly increased: the SOD1 immunoreactivity was increased in non-pyramidal cells as well as pyramidal cells. At this time after ischemia, SOD1 immunoreactivity and protein level in the aged group were decreased: the immunoreactivity was decreased significantly in pyramidal cells. At 4 days after ischemia, SOD1 immunoreactivity was detected only in non-pyramidal cells of the CA1 region in both the groups. These results suggest that SOD1 in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region is higher in sham-aged group than that in sham adult one, and that different changes in SOD1 in CA1 pyramidal cells after ischemia in adult and aged gerbils may indicate different processes in delayed neuronal death with time after ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Kun Yoon
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, South Korea
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Paschen W, Mengesdorf T. Cellular abnormalities linked to endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease—therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108:362-75. [PMID: 16140387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Unfolded proteins accumulate in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as part of the cellular response to cerebral hypoxia/ischemia and also to the overexpression of the mutant genes responsible for familial forms of degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, as well as other disorders that are caused by an expanded CAG repeat. This accumulation arises from an imbalance between the load of proteins that need to be folded and processed in the ER lumen and the ER folding/processing capacity. To withstand such potentially lethal conditions, stress responses are activated that includes the shutdown of translation to reduce the ER work load and the activation of the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the folding and processing reactions, to increase folding/processing capacity. In transient cerebral ischemia, ER stress-induced suppression of protein synthesis is believed to be too severe to permit sufficient activation of the genetic arm of the ER stress response. Mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease down-regulate the ER stress response and make cells more vulnerable to conditions associated with ER stress. When the functioning of the ER is severely impaired and affected cells can no longer withstand these stressful conditions, programmed cell death is induced, including a mitochondria-driven apoptotic pathway. Raising the resistance of cells to conditions that interfere with ER functions and activating the degradation and refolding of unfolded proteins accumulated in the ER lumen are possible strategies for blocking the pathological process leading to cell death at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Paschen
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, 132 Sands Building, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Ueda M, Nowak TS. Protective preconditioning by transient global ischemia in the rat: components of delayed injury progression and lasting protection distinguished by comparisons of depolarization thresholds for cell loss at long survival times. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005; 25:949-58. [PMID: 15758943 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Robust ischemic preconditioning has been shown in rodent brain, but there are concerns regarding the persistence of neuron protection. This issue was examined in rat hippocampus following 4-vessel occlusion (4-VO) ischemia, using DC shifts characteristic of ischemic depolarization to reproducibly define insult severity. Preconditioning ischemia producing 2 to 3.5 mins depolarization was followed at intervals of 2, 5, or 7 days by test insults of varied duration, after which CA1 counts were obtained at 1, 2, 4, or 12 weeks. Neuron loss in naive animals increased with depolarization time longer than 4 mins regardless of postischemic survival interval. Preconditioning 2, 5, or 7 days before test insults prolonged the injury threshold evaluated at 1 week survival to 15, 9, or 6 mins, respectively, showing robust protection and a rapid decay of the protected state. However, by 2 weeks survival after preconditioning at a 2-day interval, the injury threshold dramatically regressed from 15 to 9 mins. Thereafter protection remained relatively stable through 1 month, but slight progression of neuron injury was evident at 3 months. Inflammatory responses were seen in both naive and preconditioned hippocampi throughout this interval, appropriate to the extent of neuron injury. These studies show distinct components of transient and lasting protection after ischemic preconditioning. Finally, it was found that ischemic depolarization was delayed by approximately 1 min in optimally preconditioned rat hippocampus, in contrast to previous results in the gerbil, identifying one specific mechanism by which insult severity is reduced in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ueda
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Nyitrai G, Puskás L, Antal K, Takács V, Sass M, Juhász G, Kardos J, Palkovits M. Preconditioning-specific reduction of c-fos expression in hippocampal granule and pyramidal but not other forebrain neurons of ischemic brain: a quantitative immunohistochemical study. Neurosci Lett 2005; 381:344-9. [PMID: 15896497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To specify targets for an ischemic preconditioning paradigm (ischemic tolerance), c-fos expressions in ischemic (induced by 10 min bilateral carotid-occlusions subsequent to coagulation of vertebral arteries) and preconditioned rats (treated for 4 min carotid-occlusions 72 h before ischemia) were compared in 12 forebrain areas/nuclei. Fos immunostaining was applied to serial sections of the forebrain and the density (cell number/area measured) of Fos-immunopositive (Fos+) neurons, as well as their percentile changes were determined in five hippocampal and seven extrahippocampal areas/nuclei of ischemic and preconditioned rats. The ratio of counts found in ischemic over control animals showed several fold increase of Fos+ cells in the three layers (granule cell, molecular and polymorphic) of the dentate gyrus, CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons, as well as in thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei and limbic cortical areas. In contrast, preconditioning did not alter c-fos expressions significantly in the extrahippocampal brain areas investigated. These results strengthen the hypothesis that the hippocampal and dentate neurons are more susceptible to ischemic tolerance than cells in other brain regions. In fact stress-response and induction of ischemic tolerance in different forebrain areas can be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Nyitrai
- Department of Neurochemistry, Chemical Research Center, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
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