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Nogueira TAC, Kaefer IL, Sartim MA, Pucca MB, Sachett J, Barros AL, Júnior MBA, Baía-da-Silva DC, Bernarde PS, Koolen HHF, Monteiro WM. The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:997318. [PMID: 36278168 PMCID: PMC9582840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.997318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllomedusa bicolor (Phyllomedusidae), popularly known as the kambô in Brazil, is a tree frog that is widely distributed in South American countries and is known for producing a skin secretion that is rich in bioactive peptides, which are often used in indigenous rituals. The biological effects of the skin secretion were observed in the first studies with indigenous communities. Over the last six decades, researchers have been studying the chemical composition in detail, as well as the potential pharmacological applications of its constituents. For this reason, indigenous communities and health agents fear the misuse of the kambô, or the inappropriate use of the species, which can result in health complications or even death of users. This article seeks to provide a transdisciplinary review that integrates knowledge regarding the biology of P. bicolor, ethnoknowledge about the ritual of the kambô, and the chemistry and pharmacology of the skin secretion of this species, in addition to medical aspects of the indiscriminate use of the kambô. Furthermore, this review seeks to shed light on perspectives on the future of research related to the kambô.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais A. C. Nogueira
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Igor Luis Kaefer
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Curso de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - André L. Barros
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Moysés B. A. Júnior
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Djane C. Baía-da-Silva
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. Bernarde
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Campus Floresta, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Hector H. F. Koolen
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Departamento de Ensino e Pesquisa, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Metabolômica e Espectrometria de Massas, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Igor Luis Kaefer, ; Wuelton M. Monteiro,
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Schäffer DA, Gábriel R. GABA-immunoreactive photoreceptors in the retina of an anuran, Pelobates fuscus. Neurosci Lett 2007; 416:202-5. [PMID: 17349745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently started to unravel the retinal neurochemistry of an anuran species, the spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus), because of its unique lifestyle. The immunolabelling experiments included tests to localize the major inhibitory transmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to subsets of retinal neurons, using commercially available antibodies. Apart from the regular GABA-immunoreactive pattern observed formerly in other anurans, certain structures in the photoreceptor layer were also regularly labeled for GABA. The soma diameter of the labeled cells is 5-6 microm and the outer segment seems to be unlabeled. In resin-embedded preparations GABA-positive photoreceptor cells were identified as cones based on their sparse distribution and short outer segments. If these cells release GABA as a transmitter, it may act on the second order cells, from which certain horizontal and bipolar cells have functional GABA receptors. Alternatively, GABA may influence the cones themselves through autoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid A Schäffer
- MTA-PTE Adaptational Biology Research Group, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, Hungary
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Schmid E, Leierer J, Kieselbach G, Teuchner B, Kralinger M, Fischer-Colbrie R, Krause JE, Nguyen QA, Haas G, Stemberger K, Troger J. Neurokinin A and neurokinin B in the human retina. Peptides 2006; 27:3370-6. [PMID: 16956695 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, the authors found levels of neurokinin (NK) A-like immunoreactivities in the human retina which were more than five times higher than those of substance P (SP). The present study aimed to find out how many of these immunoreactivities can be attributed to NKA and NKB and then the exact distribution pattern of both NKA and NKB was evaluated in the human retina and compared with that of SP. For this purpose, NKA-like immunoreactivities were characterized in the human retina by reversed phase HPLC followed by radioimmunoassay using the K12 antibody which recognizes both NKA and NKB. Furthermore, the retinae from both a 22- and 70-year-old donor were processed for double-immunofluorescence NKA/SP and NKB/SP. The results showed that NKA contributes to approximately two thirds and NKB to approximately one third of the immunoreactivities measured with the K12 antibody. NKA was found to be localized in sparse amacrine cells in the proximal inner nuclear layer, in displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer with processes ramifying in stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer and also in sparse ganglion cells. By contrast, staining for NKB was only observed in ganglion cells and in the nerve fiber layer. Double-immunofluorescence revealed cellular colocalization of NKA with SP and also of NKB with SP. Thus, the levels of NKA and NKB are more than three and two times higher than those of SP, respectively. Whereas the distribution pattern of NKA is typical for neuropeptides, the localization of NKB exclusively in ganglion cells is atypical and unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Schmid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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