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Bou Ghanem A, Hussayni Y, Kadbey R, Ratel Y, Yehya S, Khouzami L, Ghadieh HE, Kanaan A, Azar S, Harb F. Exploring the complexities of 1C metabolism: implications in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 15:1322419. [PMID: 38239489 PMCID: PMC10794399 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1322419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interplay of one-carbon metabolism (OCM) with various cellular processes has garnered substantial attention due to its fundamental implications in several biological processes. OCM serves as a pivotal hub for methyl group donation in vital biochemical reactions, influencing DNA methylation, protein synthesis, and redox balance. In the context of aging, OCM dysregulation can contribute to epigenetic modifications and aberrant redox states, accentuating cellular senescence and age-associated pathologies. Furthermore, OCM's intricate involvement in cancer progression is evident through its capacity to provide essential one-carbon units crucial for nucleotide synthesis and DNA methylation, thereby fueling uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor development. In neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, perturbations in OCM pathways are implicated in the dysregulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to disease pathophysiology. This review underscores the profound impact of OCM in diverse disease contexts, reinforcing the need for a comprehensive understanding of its molecular complexities to pave the way for targeted therapeutic interventions across inflammation, aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Bou Ghanem
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Yaman Hussayni
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Raghid Kadbey
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Yara Ratel
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Shereen Yehya
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Lara Khouzami
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hilda E. Ghadieh
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
- AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amjad Kanaan
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Sami Azar
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Frederic Harb
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
- AUB Diabetes, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Li Y, Chen X, Zhou R, Xu W, Wang X, Chao W, Xue S. Correlation Between Cognitive Impairment and Homocysteine and S100B Protein in Patients with Progressive Ischemic Stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:209-217. [PMID: 36714163 PMCID: PMC9875579 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s393624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive impairment and homocysteine (Hcy) and S100B protein in patients with progressive ischemic stroke (PIS). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 158 patients with PIS hospitalized in the Department of Neurology in Taixing People's Hospital from January 2020 to March 2022 were enrolled in the study. After 90 days of follow-up, the patients were divided into two groups according to the MoCA score-99 cases with cognitive impairment group (observation group) and 59 cases with cognitive normal group (control group). Causal diagram was drawn to assess the association between risk factors and PIS with observation group. The risk factors indicators of cognitive impairment in patients with PIS were screened. The related predictive indicators were screened by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. The predictive value was analyzed by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, hypertension, lesion position, Hcy and S100B protein were related risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with PIS. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between Hcy and S100 B protein and MoCA score, and revealed that Hcy and S100 B protein were negatively correlated with MoCA score. ROC curve analysis showed that the Area Under the Curve (AUC) of S100 B protein and Hcy in identifying cognitive impairment after PIS was 0.709 and 0.673, respectively, and the combined AUC of Hcy and S100B protein in predicting cognitive impairment after PIS was 0.739. CONCLUSION Hcy and S100B protein are related risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with PIS, and may be used as in a prediction model to predict cognitive impairment after PIS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujuan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Taixing People's Hospital, Taixing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wa Chao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Copper Dyshomeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases-Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239259. [PMID: 33291628 PMCID: PMC7730516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is one of the most abundant basic transition metals in the human body. It takes part in oxygen metabolism, collagen synthesis, and skin pigmentation, maintaining the integrity of blood vessels, as well as in iron homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and neurotransmitter synthesis. It may also be involved in cell signaling and may participate in modulation of membrane receptor-ligand interactions, control of kinase and related phosphatase functions, as well as many cellular pathways. Its role is also important in controlling gene expression in the nucleus. In the nervous system in particular, copper is involved in myelination, and by modulating synaptic activity as well as excitotoxic cell death and signaling cascades induced by neurotrophic factors, copper is important for various neuronal functions. Current data suggest that both excess copper levels and copper deficiency can be harmful, and careful homeostatic control is important. This knowledge opens up an important new area for potential therapeutic interventions based on copper supplementation or removal in neurodegenerative diseases including Wilson’s disease (WD), Menkes disease (MD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and others. However, much remains to be discovered, in particular, how to regulate copper homeostasis to prevent neurodegeneration, when to chelate copper, and when to supplement it.
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GluN2 Subunit-Dependent Redox Modulation of NMDA Receptor Activation by Homocysteine. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101441. [PMID: 33066432 PMCID: PMC7602226 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (HCY) molecule combines distinct pharmacological properties as an agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and a reducing agent. Whereas NMDAR activation by HCY was elucidated, whether the redox modulation contributes to its action is unclear. Here, using patch-clamp recording and imaging of intracellular Ca2+, we study dithiothreitol (DTT) effects on currents and Ca2+ responses activated by HCY through native NMDARs and recombinant diheteromeric GluN1/2A, GluN1/2B, and GluN1/2C receptors. Within a wide range (1–800 μM) of [HCY]s, the concentration–activation relationships for recombinant NMDARs revealed a biphasicness. The high-affinity component obtained between 1 and 100 µM [HCY]s corresponding to the NMDAR activation was not affected by 1 mM DTT. The low-affinity phase observed at [HCY]s above 200 μM probably originated from thiol-dependent redox modulation of NMDARs. The reduction of NMDAR disulfide bonds by either 1 mM DTT or 1 mM HCY decreased GluN1/2A currents activated by HCY. In contrast, HCY-elicited GluN1/2B currents were enhanced due to the remarkable weakening of GluN1/2B desensitization. In fact, cleaving NMDAR disulfide bonds in neurons reversed the HCY-induced Ca2+ accumulation, making it dependent on GluN2B- rather than GluN2A-containing NMDARs. Thus, estimated concentrations for the HCY redox effects exceed those in the plasma during intermediate hyperhomocysteinemia but may occur during severe hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Zhang T, Huang D, Hou J, Li J, Zhang Y, Tian M, Li Z, Tie T, Cheng Y, Su X, Man Z, Ma Y. High-concentration homocysteine inhibits mitochondrial respiration function and production of reactive oxygen species in neuron cells. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105109. [PMID: 32912537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homocysteine plays critical roles in cellular redox homeostasis, and hyperhomocysteinemia has been associated with multiple diseases, including neurological disorders involving reactive oxygen species-inducing and pro-inflammatory effects of homocysteine that are related to mitochondria. This study investigated the role of homocysteine in regulating mitochondria of neuron cell lines. METHODS Neuron cells were pre-treated with homocysteine, and then flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial membrane potential, while Seahorse XFp Mito stress assay was used to comprehensively analyze mitochondrial function. RESULTS The experimental results showed that high-concentration homocysteine diminished carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone-stimulated oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial spare respiration capacity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and homocysteine also reduced reactive oxygen species in cultured neuron cell lines while no changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that homocysteine diminished mitochondrial respiration function in neuron cell lines mediated by its reactive oxygen species-reducing effects, which may underlie the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Dengliang Huang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000.
| | - Jing Hou
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Jianhua Li
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Yaogang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000; Qinghai Province Research Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Meiyuan Tian
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000.
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Scientific Research Office, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Tingting Tie
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Yan Cheng
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Xiaoming Su
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Zhu Man
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000
| | - Yanyan Ma
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Tongren Road 29, Xining, Qinghai Province, China, 810000.
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Tian X, Gong L, Jin A, Wang Y, Zhou X, Tan Y. E3 ubiquitin ligase siah‑1 nuclear accumulation is critical for homocysteine‑induced impairment of C6 astroglioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2227-2235. [PMID: 31322210 PMCID: PMC6691270 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is an independent risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Hcy, even at a low concentration, can promote free radical formation and increase oxidative stress, leading to neuronal death, which may be an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Although several reports have indicated that the nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde 3‑phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) may be involved in Hcy‑induced apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. The siah E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (siah‑1) gene was found to be critical for the translocation of GAPDH from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In the present study, the role of siah‑1 was investigated in the nuclear translocation of GAPDH in rat C6 astroglioma cells treated with Hcy. C6 cells were treated with various concentrations of Hcy for 48 h and the expression level of siah‑1 was examined using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis. In addition, the subcellular localization of siah‑1 and GAPDH and the interaction between these two factors were investigated by immunofluorescence staining and co‑immunoprecipitation assay, respectively. The results showed that Hcy at a high concentration increased the expression of siah‑1 and induced nuclear translocation of siah‑1 and GAPDH. In addition, siah‑1 knockdown by siah‑1 small interfering RNA significantly decreased the Hcy‑induced nuclear accumulation of GAPDH and inhibited the impairment of C6 cells. These findings suggest that siah‑1 is involved in Hcy‑induced cell damage by promoting the nuclear translocation of GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
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Relationship between Malignant Brain Tumors and Values of Homocysteine, Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2018-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Homocysteine (Hcy) has a detrimental influence on human neurons, considering that human GBM cells undergo cell death already at D,L-Hcy concentrations in culture medium of 50 μM. Th is data demonstrate that Hcy is a potent gliotoxic agent capable of inducing the death of human glial cells already at concentrations reached in brain during hyperhomocysteinemia. The one retrospective study found that the serum vitamin B12 level can be used to predict survival time in metastatic cancer patients including neurological cancer. Cancer risk increases with elevated vitamin B12 level, mostly within the first year of the follow-up period, suggesting that vitamin B12 level could be used as a cancer diagnostic marker. In addition, the relationship between elevated vitamin B12 level and poor cancer survival time has been reported. Previous investigation suggests that the folate supplementation could be used as an adjuvant in antiglioma therapy to limit the low DNA methylation level because this confers a poor prognosis in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Taking into account all presented data, it can be concluded that effect of homocystein, folic acid and vitamin B12 on formation, development and outcome of treatment in patients with carcinoma is very intriguing question, whose response requires additional both experimental and clinical research. There lack of data in the literature on the incidence of elevated levels of Hcy in the blood, as well as the disorders of folic acid and vitamin B12, at malignant tumors of the brain.
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Koohpeyma H, Goudarzi I, Elahdadi Salmani M, Lashkarbolouki T, Shabani M. Postnatal Administration of Homocysteine Induces Cerebellar Damage in Rats: Protective Effect of Folic Acid. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:724-738. [PMID: 30443710 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A widely held view suggests that homocysteine (Hcy) can contribute to neurodegeneration through promotion of oxidative stress. There is evidence that homocysteine is toxic to cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vitro; however, in vivo action of Hcy on Purkinje cell has not been investigated so far. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the Hcy effects on neonatal rat cerebellum and cerebellar oxidative stress. We also evaluated the folic acid effects on biochemical alterations elicited by hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcy) in the cerebellum. Group I received normal saline, group II received Hcy subcutaneously twice a day at 8-h intervals (0.3-0.6 μmol/g body weight), group III received Hcy + folic acid (0.011 μmol/g body weight), and group IV received folic acid on postnatal day (PD) 4 until 25. On day 25, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the cerebellum and motor cortex were assayed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also evaluated as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Rotarod and locomotor activity tests were performed in PD 25-27. Our results indicated that administration of Hcy increased plasma, cortical, and cerebellar total Hcy levels; reduced GPx activity; and induced lipid peroxidation in the cerebellum. Hcy impaired performance on the rotarod in rats. However, treatment with folic acid significantly attenuated motor coordination impairment, GPx activity reduction, the lipid peroxidation process, and significantly reduced plasma total Hcy levels. Histological analysis indicated that Hcy could decrease Purkinje cell count and folic acid prevented this toxic effect. We conclude that Hcy can induce neurotoxicity and folic acid has neuroprotective effects against cerebellar Hcy toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iran Goudarzi
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, 3671641167, Iran.
| | | | | | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Kumar M, Ray RS, Sandhir R. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity by preventing mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative damage: In vitro and in vivo studies. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:87-98. [PMID: 30055195 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been implicated in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis has been reported as major mechanism in Hcy-induced neurotoxicity. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as an antioxidant molecule has been reported to exhibit novel protective effect against Hcy-induced cell damage. However, the mechanisms involved in protective effect of H2S against Hcy-induced toxicity in neurons have not been fully elucidated. Herein, effect of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS, a source of H2S) on Hcy-induced neurotoxicity was studied on Neuro-2a (N2a) cells in vitro and in animals subjected to hyperhomocysteinemia. DCFH-DA staining revealed that NaHS effectively attenuated Hcy-induced oxidative damage by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. JC-1 staining and western blot results showed that NaHS pre-treatment prevented Hcy-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, ethidium bromide/acridine orange (EB/AO) and Hoechst staining results demonstrated that NaHS significantly alleviated Hcy-induced cytotoxicity in N2a cells by preventing oxidative damage. Importantly, the results from agarose gel electrophoresis, comet and TUNEL assay indicated that NaHS also prevented neurodegeneration by reducing DNA damage and apoptotic cell death in animals with hyperhomocysteinemia. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the protective potential of H2S against Hcy-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by preventing oxidative DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions. The findings validate that H2S is a promising therapeutic molecule in neurodegenerative conditions associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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S100B, Homocysteine, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and Procalcitonin Serum Levels in Remitters to Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Pilot Study. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2358451. [PMID: 29545905 PMCID: PMC5818900 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2358451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatment options for refractory depressed patients. To date, there are only a few predictors of response. Aim The aim was to identify predictive biomarkers of remission to ECT on a molecular level. Methods 11 patients suffering from a major depressive episode—according to the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV)—underwent 10 ECT sessions. Blood samples were taken, and the depression severity was assessed before, one hour and 24 hours after sessions 1, 4, 7, and 10 using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). A MADRS total score < 12 was interpreted as remission. Results Patients remitting under ECT had significantly higher homocysteine (p < 0.001), S100B (p < 0.001), and procalcitonin (PCT) (p = 0.027) serum levels. On the contrary, serum levels of vitamin B12 (p < 0.001) and folic acid (p = 0.007) were significantly lower in remitters compared to those in nonremitters. Levels remained unchanged throughout the whole ECT course. Conclusions Our findings indicate that lower levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid associated with higher levels of homocysteine, S100B, and PCT point to a subgroup of depressed patients sensitive to ECT. Due to the limited sample size, further studies are required to replicate our findings.
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Jelodar G, Javid Z, Sahraian A, Jelodar S. Saffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: A Randomized, double-blind study. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2018; 8:43-50. [PMID: 29387573 PMCID: PMC5787996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: A correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia, and depression has been reported. Saffron (Crocus sativus) is recommended for treatment of depression; hence, in this study the effect of co-administration of saffron and fluoxetine on plasma homocysteine and depression was evaluated. Material and methods: This was a 4-week randomized and double-blind clinical trial which was conducted from March 2013 to February 2014. In this trial, 40 male and females (20-55 years old) diagnosed with severe depression were selected and following filing the Beck form, were randomly divided into two groups. Experimental group was treated with fluoxetine 20 mg/day and saffron 30 mg /day and the control group received placebo and fluoxetine 20 mg/day for four weeks. Before treatment and at the end of the study, fasting blood samples were collected. For females, blood samples were collected on the third day of their menstrual cycle. Results: A significant reduction of homocysteine levels was observed in both sex in the experimental group compared to before treatment (p<0.04), while no such significant change was observed in the control group. A Beck questionnaire value showed lower level in both groups on the last day of treatment as compared to before treatment. There was no significant difference between the two groups in Beck value neither before nor after treatment. Conclusion: Saffron has beneficial effects on depression and homocysteine level in patients with major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Javid
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University, Shiraz,Iran
| | - Ali Sahraian
- Research Center for psychiatry and Behavior Science, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Jelodar
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun H, Yang Y, Shao H, Sun W, Gu M, Wang H, Jiang L, Qu L, Sun D, Gao Y. Sodium Arsenite-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment Is Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:286. [PMID: 28936164 PMCID: PMC5594089 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure has been associated to cognitive deficits. However, mechanisms remain unknown. The present study investigated the neurotoxic effects of sodium arsenite in drinking water over different dosages and time periods. Based on results from the Morris water maze (MWM) and morphological analysis, an exposure to sodium arsenite could induce neuronal damage in the hippocampus, reduce learning ability, and accelerate memory impairment. Sodium arsenite significantly increased homocysteine levels in serum and brain. Moreover, sodium arsenite triggered unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to the phosphorylation of RNA-regulated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2α), and the induction of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Arsenite exposure also stimulated the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and the cleavage of caspase-12. Furthermore, exposure to arsenite enhanced apoptosis as demonstrated by expression of caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in the hippocampus. The results suggest that exposure to arsenite can significantly decrease learning ability and accelerate memory impairment. Potential mechanisms are related to enhancement of homocysteine and ER stress-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Sun
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hanwen Shao
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Muyu Gu
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Lisha Qu
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China.,Institution of Environmentally Related Diseases, Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, China
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13
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Wang CY, Zou W, Liang XY, Jiang ZS, Li X, Wei HJ, Tang YY, Zhang P, Tang XQ. Hydrogen sulfide prevents homocysteine‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in PC12 cells by upregulating SIRT‑1. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3587-3593. [PMID: 28713986 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously confirmed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a neuroprotective effect, preventing homocysteine‑induced neurotoxicity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying this protective effect remain to be fully elucidated. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to homocysteine‑induced neurotoxicity. Silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (SIRT‑1) can attenuate ER stress, exerting its neuroprotective effect. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether H2S protects PC12 cells against homocysteine‑induced ER stress and whether SIRT‑1 mediates this protective effect of H2S. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of SIRT‑1, glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and cleaved caspase‑12 in PC12 cells. It was observed that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), an exogenous H2S donor, significantly attenuated the homocysteine‑induced ER stress responses, including increases in the protein expression levels of GRP78 and cleaved caspase‑12. Simultaneously, NaHS upregulated the expression of SIRT‑1 and reversed the homocysteine‑induced downregulation of SIRT‑1 in PC12 cells. Sirtinol, a specific inhibitor of SIRT‑1, eliminated the protective effects of H2S in homocysteine‑induced ER stress. These data indicated that H2S prevented homocysteine‑induced ER stress via enhancing the expression of SIRT‑1. These findings offer novel insight into the protective mechanisms of H2S against homocysteine‑induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Liang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Jun Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Yun Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Tang
- Department of Neurology, Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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14
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Irish AK, Erickson CM, Wahls TL, Snetselaar LG, Darling WG. Randomized control trial evaluation of a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2017; 7:1-18. [PMID: 30050374 PMCID: PMC6053098 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s116949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE A Paleolithic diet may improve fatigue and quality of life in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but past research has evaluated the effects of this dietary intervention in combination with other treatments such as exercise. Thus, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a modified Paleolithic dietary intervention (MPDI) in the treatment of fatigue and other symptoms in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS We measured the effects of a MPDI in 17 individuals with RRMS. Of 34 subjects randomly assigned to control (maintain usual diet) and intervention (MPDI) groups, nine subjects (one man) completed the control group and eight subjects (one man) completed the MPDI. RESULTS Significant improvements were seen in Fatigue Severity Scale score and also in Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 and time to complete (dominant hand) 9-Hole Peg Test from baseline in MPDI subjects compared to controls. Increased vitamin K serum levels were also observed in MPDI subjects postprotocol compared to controls. CONCLUSION A Paleolithic diet may be useful in the treatment and management of MS, by reducing perceived fatigue, increasing mental and physical quality of life, increasing exercise capacity, and improving hand and leg function. By increasing vitamin K serum levels, the MPDI may also reduce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Irish
- Motor Control Laboratories, Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa,
| | - Constance M Erickson
- Motor Control Laboratories, Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa,
| | - Terry L Wahls
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Warren G Darling
- Motor Control Laboratories, Department of Health and Human Physiology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, The University of Iowa,
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15
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Paul R, Borah A. L-DOPA-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in Parkinson's disease: Elephant in the room. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1989-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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ŠKOVIEROVÁ H, MAHMOOD S, BLAHOVCOVÁ E, HATOK J, LEHOTSKÝ J, MURÍN R. Effect of Homocysteine on Survival of Human Glial Cells. Physiol Res 2015; 64:747-54. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, or vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, are associated with mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is defined as an increase of the homocysteine (Hcy) level beyond 10 μM. Although the adverse effect of Hcy on neurons is well documented, knowledge about the impact of this amino acid on glial cells is missing. Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the neurotoxic properties of Hcy on glial cells, we used a glioblastoma cell line as a study model. The viability of cells was assayed biochemically and cytologically. At a concentration around 50 μM in the culture medium D,L-Hcy induced cell death. It is noteworthy that Hcy induces cell death of human glial cells at concentrations encountered during mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Therefore, we propose that Hcy-induced impairment of neuronal functions along with damage of glial cells may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - R. MURÍN
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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17
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Zou Z, Lu Y, Dong M, Yang H. Effect of Homocysteine on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Currents in Primary Cultured Rat Caudate Nucleus Neurons and Its Modulation by 2-Arachidonylglycerol. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:477-85. [PMID: 26179279 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Caudate nucleus (CN), the largest nucleus in the brain, is also implicated in many neurological disorders. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the most abundant endogenous cannabinoid, has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects from many stimuli in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, it has been reported that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are the common targets of many neuronal damages and drugs. However, it is still not clear whether VGSCs are involved in the neurotoxicity of Hcy and the neuroprotective effect of 2-AG in CN neurons. In the present study, whole-cell patch clamp recording was used to invest the action of Hcy on sodium currents in primary cultured rat CN neurons and its modulation by 2-AG. The results showed that in cultured CN neurons, pathological concentration of Hcy (100 μM) significantly increased the voltage-gated sodium currents (I(Na)) and produced a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation-voltage curve of I(Na). The further data demonstrated 2-AG is capable of suppressing elevation of Hcy-induced increase in I(Na) and hyperpolarizing shift of activation curves most partly through CB1 receptor-dependent way. Our study provides a better understanding of Hcy-associated neurological disorders and suggests the therapeutic potential for 2-AG for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Zou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 8 University Road, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 8 University Road, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China.,Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 8 University Road, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 8 University Road, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China. .,Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, Hubei,, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Leptin as a Neuroprotector and a Central Nervous System Functional Stability Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-015-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Hydrogen sulfide inhibits homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus via upregulation of the BDNF-TrkB pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:707-15. [PMID: 24747165 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Homocysteine (Hcy) can elicit neuronal cell death, and hyperhomocysteinemia is a strong independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on Hcy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampus. METHODS Adult male SD rats were intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected with Hcy (0.6 μmol/d) for 7 d. Before Hcy injection, the rats were treated with NaHS (30 or 100 μmol·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) and/or k252a (1 μg/d, icv) for 2 d. The apoptotic neurons were detected in hippocampal coronal slices with TUNEL staining. The expression of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cleaved caspase-12, and BDNF in the hippocampus were examined using Western blotting assays. The generation of H2S in the hippocampus was measured with the NNDPD method. RESULTS Hcy markedly inhibited the production of endogenous H2S and increased apoptotic neurons in the hippocampus. Furthermore, Hcy induced ER stress responses in the hippocampus, as indicated by the upregulation of GRP78, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-12. Treatment with the H2S donor NaHS increased the endogenous H2S production and BDNF expression in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly reduced Hcy-induced neuronal apoptosis and ER stress responses in the hippocampus. Treatment with k252a, a specific inhibitor of TrkB (the receptor of BDNF), abolished the protective effects of NaHS against Hcy-induced ER stress in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION H2S attenuates ER stress and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of Hcy-treated rats via upregulating the BDNF-TrkB pathway.
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20
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Levin MC, Douglas JN, Meyers L, Lee S, Shin Y, Gardner LA. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 4:49-63. [PMID: 32669900 PMCID: PMC7337253 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s54391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease that impairs the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological disability and clinical course of the disease is highly variable and unpredictable from one patient to another. The cause of MS is still unknown, but it is thought to occur in genetically susceptible individuals who develop disease due to a nongenetic trigger, such as altered metabolism, a virus, or other environmental factors. MS patients develop progressive, irreversible, neurological disability associated with neuronal and axonal damage, collectively known as neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration was traditionally considered as a secondary phenomenon to inflammation and demyelination. However, recent data indicate that neurodegeneration develops along with inflammation and demyelination. Thus, MS is increasingly recognized as a neurodegenerative disease triggered by an inflammatory attack of the CNS. While both inflammation and demyelination are well described and understood cellular processes, neurodegeneration might be defined by a diverse pool of any of the following: neuronal cell death, apoptosis, necrosis, and virtual hypoxia. In this review, we present multiple theories and supporting evidence that identify common biological processes that contribute to neurodegeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Levin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua N Douglas
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sangmin Lee
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Yoojin Shin
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
| | - Lidia A Gardner
- Veterans Administration Medical Center.,Department of Neurology
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21
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Role of Paraoxonase-1 in the Protection of Hydrogen Sulfide-Donating Sildenafil (ACS6) Against Homocysteine-Induced Neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:70-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Gromadzka G, Rudnicka M, Chabik G, Przybyłkowski A, Członkowska A. Genetic variability in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) affects clinical expression of Wilson's disease. J Hepatol 2011; 55:913-9. [PMID: 21334398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Wilson's disease (WND) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper (Cu) transport, resulting from pathogenic mutations in the ATP7B gene. The reason for the high variability in phenotypic expressions of WND is unknown. Hepatotoxic and neurotoxic effects of homocysteine (Hcy), as well as interrelationships between Hcy and Cu toxicity, were documented. METHODS We genotyped the two 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (one of the key folate/Hcy pathway enzymes) gene (MTHFR) polymorphisms: C677T and A1298C in 245 WND patients. Next, we tested the modulation of WND phenotypes by genotypes of MTHFR. RESULTS MTHFR C677T genotype distribution deviated from that expected from a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (C677T, χ(2) = 12.14, p = 0.0005). Patients with the MTHFR 1298C allele were younger at symptoms' onset than those without this allele (median (IQR) age, 24.9 (14.0) years vs. 28.5 (12.0) years, p = 0.006). Carriers of MTHFR "high activity" diplotype (double wild-type homozygotes 677CC/1298AA) manifested WND at older age, than non-carriers (median (IQR) age, 33.5 (9.0) years vs. 25.0 (13.0) years, p = 0.0009). Patients with the MTHFR 677T allele less frequently exhibited the neurological WND phenotype (31 (29.5%) vs. 36 (48.0%)), and more frequently presented with hepatic WND (44 (41.9%) vs. 22 (29.3%)), compared with subjects MTHFR 677T(-). CONCLUSIONS We postulate that MTHFR polymorphism contributes to the phenotypic variability of WND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Gromadzka
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Second Department of Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Effects of nitric oxide on the survival and neuritogenesis of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:336-42. [PMID: 21728061 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has been investigated widely both during neurodevelopment and in neurological diseases. However, whilst it has been established that nitric oxide-producing enzymes of nitric oxide synthase family are expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons, the effects of nitric oxide on the viability and morphology of these neurons remain unknown. Here, we have demonstrated that the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, but not the inducible or endothelial forms of this enzyme, is required to support the survival of a proportion of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vitro. We discovered that donation of high concentrations of exogenous nitric oxide reduces Purkinje neuron survival in culture and that peroxynitrite is also toxic to these cells. Finally, we demonstrated that exogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite reduce both the magnitude and the complexity of the neurite arbour extended by cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Taken together, these findings reveal that whilst a low level of endogenous nitric oxide, released by the activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, is beneficial to cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vitro, high levels of exogenous nitric oxide and peroxynitrite are detrimental to both the survival of these neurons and to their ability to extend processes and form functional neural networks.
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24
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Hemendinger RA, Armstrong EJ, Brooks BR. Methyl Vitamin B12 but not methylfolate rescues a motor neuron-like cell line from homocysteine-mediated cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 251:217-25. [PMID: 21237187 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is an excitatory amino acid implicated in multiple diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Information on the toxicity of homocysteine in motor neurons is limited and few studies have examined how this toxicity can be modulated. In NSC-34D cells (a hybrid cell line derived from motor neuron-neuroblastoma), homocysteine induces apoptotic cell death in the millimolar range with a TC₅₀ (toxic concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is achieved) of 2.2 mM, confirmed by activation of caspase 3/7. Induction of apoptosis was independent of short-term reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Methyl Vitamin B12 (MeCbl) and methyl tetrahydrofolate (MTHF), used clinically to treat elevated homocysteine levels, were tested for their ability to reverse homocysteine-mediated motor neuron cell death. MeCbl in the micromolar range was able to provide neuroprotection (2 h pretreatment prior to homocysteine) and neurorescue (simultaneous exposure with homocysteine) against millimolar homocysteine with an IC₅₀ (concentration at which 50% of maximal cell death is inhibited) of 0.6 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. In contrast, MTHF (up to 10 μM) had no effect on homocysteine-mediated cell death. MeCbl inhibited caspase 3/7 activation by homocysteine in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas MTHF had no effect. We conclude that MeCbl is effective against homocysteine-induced cell death in motor neurons in a ROS-independent manner, via a reduction in caspase activation and apoptosis. MeCbl decreases Hcy induced motor neuron death in vitro in a hybrid cell line derived from motor neuron-neuroblastoma and may play a role in the treatment of late stage ALS where HCy levels are increased in animal models of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle A Hemendinger
- Motor Neuron Cell Biology Group, Department of Neurology, Carolinas Neuromuscular/ALS-MDA Center, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA.
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25
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Willette AA, Gallagher C, Bendlin BB, McLaren DG, Kastman EK, Canu E, Kosmatka KJ, Field AS, Alexander AL, Colman RJ, Voytko MLL, Weindruch RH, Coe CL, Johnson SC. Homocysteine, neural atrophy, and the effect of caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:670-80. [PMID: 20691506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Higher serum homocysteine (Hcy) levels in humans are associated with vascular pathology and greater risk for dementia, as well as lower global and regional volumes in frontal lobe and hippocampus. Calorie restriction (CR) in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) may confer neural protection against age- or Hcy-related vascular pathology. Hcy was collected proximal to a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquisition in aged rhesus monkeys and regressed against volumetric and diffusion tensor imaging indexes using voxel-wise analyses. Higher Hcy was associated with lower white matter volume in pons and corpus callosum. Hcy was correlated with lower gray matter volume and density in prefrontal cortices and striatum. CR did not influence Hcy levels. However, control monkeys exhibited a strong negative correlation between Hcy and global gray matter, whereas no relationship was evident for the CR monkeys. Similar group differences were also seen across modalities in the splenium of the corpus callosum, prefrontal cortices, hippocampus, and somatosensory areas. The data suggest that CR may ameliorate the influence of Hcy on several important age-related parameters of parenchymal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriel A Willette
- Harlow Primate Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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26
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Oldreive CE, Doherty GH. Effects of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on developing cerebellar granule and Purkinje neurons in vitro. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:44-52. [PMID: 20419354 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has been widely implicated in both neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration, yet its effects on individual populations of cerebellar neurons as they develop have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we established primary neuronal cultures of developing murine cerebellar Purkinje neurons and postnatal cerebellar granule cells to determine the consequences of TNF-alpha exposure for their survival. We discovered that TNF-alpha did not affect the viability of cerebellar granule neurons at any of the ages studied, even though TNF-alpha and its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, are widely expressed in the postnatal cerebellum. In addition, TNF-alpha was neither able to ameliorate, nor enhance, cell death in cerebellar granule cells elicited by a variety of stimuli including homocysteine and alcohol exposure. In contrast, in cultures established at embryonic day 16, TNF-alpha enhanced the number of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in vitro but this effect was not observed in embryonic day 19 cultures. Thus, TNF-alpha has differential and highly specific effects on different populations of cerebellar neurons as they develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri E Oldreive
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, West Burn Lane, St Andrews, Fife KY169TS, Scotland, UK
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27
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Homocysteine induces hypophosphorylation of intermediate filaments and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in C6 glioma cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:557-68. [PMID: 19937110 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the actions of high homocysteine (Hcy) levels (100 and 500 microM) on the cytoskeleton of C6 glioma cells. Results showed that the predominant cytoskeletal response was massive formation of actin-containing filopodia at the cell surface that could be related with Cdc42 activation and increased vinculin immunocontent. In cells treated with 100 microM Hcy, folic acid, trolox, and ascorbic acid, totally prevented filopodia formation, while filopodia induced by 500 microM Hcy were prevented by ascorbic acid and attenuated by folic acid and trolox. Moreover, competitive NMDA ionotropic antagonist DL-AP5 totally prevented the formation of filopodia in both 100 and 500 microM Hcy treated cells, while the metabotropic non-selective group I/II antagonist MCPG prevented the effect of 100 microM Hcy but only slightly attenuated the effect induced by of 500 microM Hcy on actin cytoskeleton. The competitive non-NMDA ionotropic antagonist CNQX was not able to prevent the effects of Hcy on the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in the two concentrations used. Also, Hcy-induced hypophosphorylation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and this effect was prevented by DL-AP5, MCPG, and CNQX. In conclusion, our results show that Hcy target the cytoskeleton of C6 cells probably by excitoxicity and/or oxidative stress mechanisms. Therefore, we could propose that the dynamic restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton of glial cells might contribute to the response to the injury provoked by elevated Hcy levels in brain.
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28
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Triantafyllou N, Evangelopoulos ME, Kimiskidis VK, Kararizou E, Boufidou F, Fountoulakis KN, Siamouli M, Nikolaou C, Sfagos C, Vlaikidis N, Vassilopoulos D. Increased plasma homocysteine levels in patients with multiple sclerosis and depression. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2008; 7:17. [PMID: 18782433 PMCID: PMC2553073 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the plasma levels of homocysteine in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to investigate whether an association with depression exists. METHODS Plasma homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12 and plasma folate were measured in 65 moderately disabled patients with relapsing/remitting MS (RR-MS) and 60 healthy controls. All subjects were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS Hcy levels were significantly increased in MS patients compared to controls (13.5 +/- 4.7 mumol/l vs 8.5 +/- 3.1, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between Hcy levels and BDI scores (Pearson r = 0.3025, p < 0.05). Plasma Hcy was not related to Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, age, disease duration or vitamin B12 and folate. CONCLUSION Moderately disabled MS patients with elevated Hcy levels are particularly prone to develop depressive symptomatology. Further study is warranted in order to elucidate the prognostic and therapeutic implications of this novel finding.
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29
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Oldreive CE, Harvey J, Doherty GH. Neurotrophic effects of leptin on cerebellar Purkinje but not granule neurons in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2008; 438:17-21. [PMID: 18472337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As recent evidence has revealed a pro-survival role for the anti-obesity hormone leptin in the nervous system, we investigated the generality of this finding on cerebellar Purkinje and granule neurons in vitro. We found that whilst leptin promoted cerebellar Purkinje neuron survival, it had no affect on cerebellar granule cells. In addition, we discovered that leptin promoted both the outgrowth of neurites from cerebellar Purkinje neurons and increased the complexity of the neurite arbor. Thus, leptin has different effects on two neighbouring populations of neurons within the cerebellum implying specificity of its actions in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri E Oldreive
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
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30
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Williams HM, Lippok H, Doherty GH. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite signalling triggers homocysteine-mediated apoptosis in trigeminal sensory neurons in vitro. Neurosci Res 2008; 60:380-8. [PMID: 18242751 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxic actions of homocysteine on central nervous system neurons have been well established, yet its effects on the neurons of the peripheral nervous system remain largely unknown. We analysed the consequences of homocysteine exposure for the in vitro survival of embryonic and postnatal murine trigeminal sensory neurons from E14 to P1, and also quantified the effects of homocysteine exposure on neurite outgrowth. We discovered that homocysteine was toxic to these neurons when they were grown with NGF, or, in the case of P1 trigeminal neurons, with CNTF. Cell death induced by homocysteine was blocked using caspase inhibitors indicating that this cell loss was apoptotic. In addition, we demonstrated that homocysteine toxicity was mediated through the actions of the NMDA receptor, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. We found that homocysteine had no effect on neurite outgrowth. Taken together our data show that homocysteine induces apoptosis in trigeminal sensory neurons via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. These data represent the first demonstration that homocysteine is toxic to a population of cranial sensory neurons and elucidate key components of the signalling pathway engaged to bring this about. These findings are of importance to our understanding of homocysteine's influence on neurodevelopment and on peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Williams
- School of Biology, Bute Medical Buildings, St. Andrew's University, St. Mary's Quad, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
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31
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Jin Y, Brennan L. Effects of homocysteine on metabolic pathways in cultured astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1410-5. [PMID: 18417255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine is an amino acid that is an important risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Increased homocysteine levels induce neuronal cell death in a variety of neuronal types. However, very few studies have probed the effects of homocysteine in astrocytes. The present study investigated the effects of homocysteine on primary cultures of astrocytes by exposing astrocytes to 400 microM homocysteine for 20 h. Metabolic extracts of cells were prepared following a 4-h incubation in minimum medium with 5.5 mM [U-(13)C]glucose in the presence or absence of homocysteine and analysed using (13)C NMR. The expression level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 2 (PDK-2), NAD(P)H levels and mitochondrial membrane potential responses were investigated following culture with homocysteine. Metabolomic analysis was performed using (1)H NMR spectroscopy and pattern recognition analysis. Following incubation with homocysteine there was a significant decrease (48%) in the ratio of flux through pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) which was due to an increased flux through PDH. In addition, homocysteine culture resulted in a significant reduction in PDK-2 protein expression. Following stimulation with glucose there was a significant increase in NAD(P)H levels and an impaired hyperpolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane in homocysteine-treated cells. Metabolomic analysis showed that the most discriminating metabolites following homocysteine treatment were choline and hypotaurine. In summary, the results demonstrated that sub-lethal concentrations of homocysteine caused significant metabolic changes and altered mitochondrial function in primary cultures of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD Conway Institute, UCD Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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