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Sebold M, Spitta G, Gleich T, Dembler-Stamm T, Butler O, Zacharias K, Aydin S, Garbusow M, Rapp M, Schubert F, Buchert R, Gallinat J, Heinz A. Stressful life events are associated with striatal dopamine receptor availability in alcohol dependence. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1127-1134. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Zimmerman CN, Eskow Jaunarajs KL, Meringolo M, Rizzo FR, Santoro M, Standaert DG, Pisani A. Evaluation of AZD1446 as a Therapeutic in DYT1 Dystonia. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:43. [PMID: 28659770 PMCID: PMC5468415 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is an early-onset, hyperkinetic movement disorder caused by a deletion in the gene TOR1A, which encodes the protein torsinA. Several lines of evidence show that in animal models of DTY1 dystonia, there is impaired basal dopamine (DA) release and enhanced acetylcholine tone. Clinically, anticholinergic drugs are the most effective pharmacological treatment for DYT1 dystonia, but the currently used agents are non-selective muscarinic antagonists and associated with side effects. We used a DYT1 ∆GAG knock-in mouse model (DYT1 KI) to investigate whether nicotine and/or a non-desensitizing nicotinic agonist, AZD1446, would increase DA output in DYT1 dystonia. Using in vivo microdialysis, we found that DYT1 KI mice showed significantly increased DA output and greater sensitivity to nicotine compared to wild type (WT) littermate controls. In contrast, neither systemic injection (0.25–0.75 mg/kg) or intrastriatal infusion (30 μM–1 mM) of AZD1446 had a significant effect on DA efflux in WT or DYT1 KI mice. In vitro, we found that AZD1446 had no effect on the membrane properties of striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and did not alter the spontaneous firing of ChI interneurons in either WT or DYT1 KI mice. We did observe that the firing frequency of dopaminergic neurons was significantly increased by AZD1446 (10 μM), an effect blocked by dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHβE 3 μM), but the effect was similar in WT and DYT1 KI mice. Our results support the view that DYT1 models are associated with abnormal striatal cholinergic transmission, and that the DYT1 KI animals have enhanced sensitivity to nicotine. We found little effect of AZD1446 in this model, suggesting that other approaches to nicotinic modulation should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea N Zimmerman
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama-BirminghamBirmingham, AL, United States
| | - Karen L Eskow Jaunarajs
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama-BirminghamBirmingham, AL, United States
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Neurophysiology and Plasticity Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
| | - Francesca R Rizzo
- Neurophysiology and Plasticity Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Don GnocchiMilan, Italy
| | - David G Standaert
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama-BirminghamBirmingham, AL, United States
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Neurophysiology and Plasticity Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor VergataRome, Italy
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3
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Exposure to low doses of 137cesium and nicotine during postnatal development modifies anxiety levels, learning, and spatial memory performance in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:82-88. [PMID: 27590783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a major cause of long-term complications observed in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. However, the effects of low-doses of ionizing radiation (IR) to the brain are less studied. On the other hand, tobacco is one of the most heavily abused drugs in the world. Tobacco is not only a health concern for adults. It has also shown to exert deleterious effects on fetuses, newborns, children and adolescents. Exposure to nicotine (Nic) from smoking may potentiate the toxic effects induced by IR on brain development. In this study, we evaluated in mice the cognitive effects of concomitant exposure to low doses of internal radiation (137Cs) and Nic during neonatal brain development. On postnatal day 10 (PND10), two groups of C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously exposed to 137-Cesium (137Cs) (4000 and 8000 Bq/kg) and/or Nic (100 μg/ml). At the age of two months, neurobehavior of mice was assessed. Results showed that exposure to IR-alone or in combination with Nic-increased the anxiety-like of the animals without changing the activity levels. Moreover, exposure to IR impaired learning and spatial memory. However, Nic administration was able to reverse this effect, but only at the low dose of 137Cs.
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4
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Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:168-85. [PMID: 26054790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Smokers have substantial individual differences in quit success in response to current treatments for nicotine dependence. This observation may suggest that different underlying motivations for continued tobacco use across individuals and nicotine cessation may require different treatments in different individuals. Although most animal models of nicotine dependence emphasize the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine as the major motivational force behind nicotine use, smokers generally report that other consequences of nicotine use, including the ability of nicotine to alleviate negative affective states or cognitive impairments, as reasons for continued smoking. These states could result from nicotine withdrawal, but also may be associated with premorbid differences in affective and/or cognitive function. Effects of nicotine on cognition and affect may alleviate these impairments regardless of their premorbid or postmorbid origin (e.g., before or after the development of nicotine dependence). The ability of nicotine to alleviate these symptoms would thus negatively reinforce behavior, and thus maintain subsequent nicotine use, contributing to the initiation of smoking, the progression to dependence and relapse during quit attempts. The human and animal studies reviewed here support the idea that self-medication for pre-morbid and withdrawal-induced impairments may be more important factors in nicotine addiction and relapse than has been previously appreciated in preclinical research into nicotine dependence. Given the diverse beneficial effects of nicotine under these conditions, individuals might smoke for quite different reasons. This review suggests that inter-individual differences in the diverse effects of nicotine associated with self-medication and negative reinforcement are an important consideration in studies attempting to understand the causes of nicotine addiction, as well as in the development of effective, individualized nicotine cessation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Andre Der-Avakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Fagan P, Moolchan ET, Pokhrel P, Herzog T, Cassel KD, Pagano I, Franke AA, Kaholokula JK, Sy A, Alexander LA, Trinidad DR, Sakuma KL, Johnson CA, Antonio A, Jorgensen D, Lynch T, Kawamoto C, Clanton MS. Biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in racial/ethnic groups at high risk for lung cancer. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:1237-45. [PMID: 25880962 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Whites, groups that have different lung cancer risk. METHODS We collected survey data and height, weight, saliva, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels from a sample of daily smokers aged 18-35 (n = 179). Mean measures of nicotine, cotinine, cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, trans 3' hydroxycotinine, the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), and expired CO were compared among racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS The geometric means for cotinine, the cotinine/cigarettes per day ratio, and CO did not significantly differ among racial/ethnic groups in the adjusted models. After adjusting for gender, body mass index, menthol smoking, Hispanic ethnicity, and number of cigarettes smoked per day, the NMR was significantly higher among Whites than among Native Hawaiians and Filipinos (NMR = 0.33, 0.20, 0.19, P ≤ .001). The NMR increased with increasing White parental ancestry. The NMR was not significantly correlated with social-environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic groups with higher rates of lung cancer had slower nicotine metabolism than Whites. The complex relationship between lung cancer risk and nicotine metabolism among racial/ethnic groups needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- Pebbles Fagan, Pallav Pokhrel, Thaddeus Herzog, Kevin D. Cassel, Ian Pagano, Adrian A. Franke, Alyssa Antonio, Dorothy Jorgensen, Tania Lynch, and Crissy Kawamoto are with the University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu. Eric T. Moolchan is an independent consultant, Cambridge, MA. Joseph Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula is with the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Angela Sy is with the School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Linda A. Alexander is with the University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington. Dennis R. Trinidad and C. Anderson Johnson are with the School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, CA. Kari-Lyn Sakuma is with the College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Mark S. Clanton is with the TMF Health Quality Institute, Austin, TX
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6
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Lee H, Kang MS, Chung JM, Noh J. Repeated nicotine exposure in adolescent rats: Reduction of medial habenular activity and augmentation of nicotine preference. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:345-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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7
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Ilott NE, Schneider T, Mill J, Schalkwyk L, Brolese G, Bizarro L, Stolerman IP, Dempster E, Asherson P. Long-term effects of gestational nicotine exposure and food-restriction on gene expression in the striatum of adolescent rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88896. [PMID: 24586432 PMCID: PMC3929494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational exposure to environmental toxins such as nicotine may result in detectable gene expression changes in later life. To investigate the direct toxic effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on later brain development, we have used transcriptomic analysis of striatal samples to identify gene expression differences between adolescent Lister Hooded rats exposed to nicotine in utero and controls. Using an additional group of animals matched for the reduced food intake experienced in the nicotine group, we were also able to assess the impact of imposed food-restriction on gene expression profiles. We found little evidence for a role of gestational nicotine exposure on altered gene expression in the striatum of adolescent offspring at a significance level of p<0.01 and |log2 fold change >0.5|, although we cannot exclude the possibility of nicotine-induced changes in other brain regions, or at other time points. We did, however, find marked gene expression differences in response to imposed food-restriction. Food-restriction resulted in significant group differences for a number of immediate early genes (IEGs) including Fos, Fosb, Fosl2, Arc, Junb, Nr4a1 and Nr4a3. These genes are associated with stress response pathways and therefore may reflect long-term effects of nutritional deprivation on the development of the stress system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Ilott
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Computational Genomics Analysis and Training (CGAT), Medical Research Council (MRC) Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Schneider
- Department of addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,
- Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mill
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard Schalkwyk
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovana Brolese
- Departamento de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e da Personalidade, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Bizarro
- Departamento de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento e da Personalidade, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Ian P. Stolerman
- Department of addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Emma Dempster
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Asherson
- Medical Research Council (MRC), Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Danielson K, Putt F, Truman P, Kivell BM. The effects of nicotine and tobacco particulate matter on dopamine uptake in the rat brain. Synapse 2014; 68:45-60. [PMID: 23999947 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide. Recently, tobacco extracts have been shown to have a different pharmacological profile to nicotine alone and there is increasing evidence of a role for non-nicotinic components of cigarette smoke in smoking addiction. Nicotine is known to affect the uptake of dopamine in the brain of laboratory animals, but studies in the literature are often contradictory and little is known of the effects on non-nicotinic tobacco components on dopamine uptake. This study has examined the acute and chronic effects of nicotine and a tobacco extract (TPM) on dopamine uptake by the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (DAT and NET) ex vivo using rotating disk electrode voltammetry, and quantified DAT and NET protein and mRNA expression in key brain regions. Nicotine (0.35 mg/kg) significantly decreased DAT function in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) at 30 min with no change in protein expression. This effect was sensitive to mecamylamine and DHβE but not MLA, indicating that it is dependent on α4 subunit containing nicotinic receptors. Furthermore, TPM, but not nicotine, increased DAT function in the dorsal striatum at 1 h in a nicotinic receptor independent manner with no change in DAT protein expression. At 1 h DAT mRNA in the ventral tegmental area was decreased by both acute and chronic TPM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Danielson
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Department of Science, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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9
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Li H, Bu Q, Chen B, Shao X, Hu Z, Deng P, Lv L, Deng Y, Zhu R, Li Y, Zhang B, Hou J, Du C, Zhao Q, Fu D, Zhao Y, Cen X. Mechanisms of metabonomic for a gateway drug: nicotine priming enhances behavioral response to cocaine with modification in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter level. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87040. [PMID: 24489831 PMCID: PMC3904956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, one of the most commonly used drugs, has become a major concern because tobacco serves as a gateway drug and is linked to illicit drug abuse, such as cocaine and marijuana. However, previous studies mainly focused on certain genes or neurotransmitters which have already been known to participate in drug addiction, lacking endogenous metabolic profiling in a global view. To further explore the mechanism by which nicotine modifies the response to cocaine, we developed two conditioned place preference (CPP) models in mice. In threshold dose model, mice were pretreated with nicotine, followed by cocaine treatment at the dose of 2 mg/kg, a threshold dose of cocaine to induce CPP in mice. In high-dose model, mice were only treated with 20 mg/kg cocaine, which induced a significant CPP. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance based on metabonomics was used to investigate metabolic profiles of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum. We found that nicotine pretreatment dramatically increased CPP induced by 2 mg/kg cocaine, which was similar to 20 mg/kg cocaine-induced CPP. Interestingly, metabolic profiles showed considerable overlap between these two models. These overlapped metabolites mainly included neurotransmitters as well as the molecules participating in energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism. Our results show that the reinforcing effect of nicotine on behavioral response to cocaine may attribute to the modification of some specific metabolites in NAc and striatum, thus creating a favorable metabolic environment for enhancing conditioned rewarding effect of cocaine. Our findings provide an insight into the effect of cigarette smoking on cocaine dependence and the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Bu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Chen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Shao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengtao Hu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Deng
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruiming Zhu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Baolai Zhang
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Hou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changman Du
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengqi Fu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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10
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Dickson PE, Miller MM, Rogers TD, Blaha CD, Mittleman G. Effects of adolescent nicotine exposure and withdrawal on intravenous cocaine self-administration during adulthood in male C57BL/6J mice. Addict Biol 2014; 19:37-48. [PMID: 22978678 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Studies of adolescent drug use show (1) a pattern in which the use of tobacco precedes the use of other drugs and (2) a positive relationship between adolescent tobacco use and later drug use. These observations have led to the hypothesis that a causal relationship exists between early exposure to nicotine and the later use of hard drugs such as cocaine. Using male C57BL/6J mice, we tested the hypothesis that nicotine exposure in adolescence leads to increased intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of cocaine in adulthood. Using miniature osmotic pumps, we exposed mice and their littermate controls to nicotine (24 mg/kg/day) or vehicle, respectively, over the entire course of adolescence [postnatal days (P) 28-56]. Nicotine exposure was terminated on P56 and mice were not exposed to nicotine again during the experiment. On P73, mice were allowed to acquire cocaine IVSA (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) and a dose-response curve was generated (0.18, 0.32, 0.56, 1.0, 1.8 mg/kg/infusion). Lever pressing during extinction conditions was also evaluated. All mice rapidly learned to lever press for the combination of cocaine infusions and non-drug stimuli. Analysis of the dose-response curve revealed that adolescent nicotine-exposed mice self-administered significantly more (P < 0.05) cocaine than controls at all but the highest dose. No significant differences were observed between adolescent nicotine-exposed and control mice during the acquisition or extinction stages. These results indicate that adolescent nicotine exposure can increase cocaine IVSA in mice, which suggests the possibility of a causal link between adolescent tobacco use and later cocaine use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guy Mittleman
- Department of Psychology; University of Memphis; Memphis TN USA
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11
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Behavioral effects of combined environmental enrichment and chronic nicotine administration in male NMRI mice. Physiol Behav 2013; 114-115:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Levine A, Huang Y, Drisaldi B, Griffin EA, Pollak DD, Xu S, Yin D, Schaffran C, Kandel DB, Kandel ER. Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:107ra109. [PMID: 22049069 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In human populations, cigarettes and alcohol generally serve as gateway drugs, which people use first before progressing to marijuana, cocaine, or other illicit substances. To understand the biological basis of the gateway sequence of drug use, we developed an animal model in mice and used it to study the effects of nicotine on subsequent responses to cocaine. We found that pretreatment of mice with nicotine increased the response to cocaine, as assessed by addiction-related behaviors and synaptic plasticity in the striatum, a brain region critical for addiction-related reward. Locomotor sensitization was increased by 98%, conditioned place preference was increased by 78%, and cocaine-induced reduction in long-term potentiation (LTP) was enhanced by 24%. The responses to cocaine were altered only when nicotine was administered first, and nicotine and cocaine were then administered concurrently. Reversing the order of drug administration was ineffective; cocaine had no effect on nicotine-induced behaviors and synaptic plasticity. Nicotine primed the response to cocaine by enhancing its ability to induce transcriptional activation of the FosB gene through inhibition of histone deacetylase, which caused global histone acetylation in the striatum. We tested this conclusion further and found that a histone deacetylase inhibitor simulated the actions of nicotine by priming the response to cocaine and enhancing FosB gene expression and LTP depression in the nucleus accumbens. Conversely, in a genetic mouse model characterized by reduced histone acetylation, the effects of cocaine on LTP were diminished. We achieved a similar effect by infusing a low dose of theophylline, an activator of histone deacetylase, into the nucleus accumbens. These results from mice prompted an analysis of epidemiological data, which indicated that most cocaine users initiate cocaine use after the onset of smoking and while actively still smoking, and that initiating cocaine use after smoking increases the risk of becoming dependent on cocaine, consistent with our data from mice. If our findings in mice apply to humans, a decrease in smoking rates in young people would be expected to lead to a decrease in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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13
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Hall FS, Markou A, Levin ED, Uhl GR. Mouse models for studying genetic influences on factors determining smoking cessation success in humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1248:39-70. [PMID: 22304675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Humans differ in their ability to quit using addictive substances, including nicotine, the major psychoactive ingredient in tobacco. For tobacco smoking, a substantial body of evidence, largely derived from twin studies, indicates that approximately half of these individual differences in ability to quit are heritable genetic influences that likely overlap with those for other addictive substances. Both twin and molecular genetic studies support overlapping influences on nicotine addiction vulnerability and smoking cessation success, although there is little formal analysis of the twin data that support this important point. None of the current datasets provides clarity concerning which heritable factors might provide robust dimensions around which individuals differ in ability to quit smoking. One approach to this problem is to test mice with genetic variations in genes that contain human variants that alter quit success. This review considers which features of quit success should be included in a comprehensive approach to elucidate the genetics of quit success, and how those features may be modeled in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, NIH-IRP, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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14
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Impaired striatal dopamine output of homozygous Wfs1 mutant mice in response to [K+] challenge. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 67:53-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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