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Chen Y, Wang X, Xiao B, Luo Z, Long H. Mechanisms and Functions of Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein in Synaptic Plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5738-5754. [PMID: 37338805 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is one of the most important regulators of cognitive functions in the brain regions. As a hub protein, Arc plays different roles in modulating synaptic plasticity. Arc supports the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) by regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics, while it guides the endocytosis of AMPAR in long-term depression (LTD). Moreover, Arc can self-assemble into capsids, leading to a new way of communicating among neurons. The transcription and translation of the immediate early gene Arc are rigorous procedures guided by numerous factors, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is considered to regulate the precise timing dynamics of gene expression. Since astrocytes can secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and L-lactate, their unique roles in Arc expression are emphasized. Here, we review the entire process of Arc expression and summarize the factors that can affect Arc expression and function, including noncoding RNAs, transcription factors, and posttranscriptional regulations. We also attempt to review the functional states and mechanisms of Arc in modulating synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, we discuss the recent progress in understanding the roles of Arc in the occurrence of major neurological disorders and provide new thoughts for future research on Arc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410008
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410008.
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China, 410008.
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Hajipour S, Khombi Shooshtari M, Farbood Y, Ali Mard S, Sarkaki A, Moradi Chameh H, Sistani Karampour N, Ghafouri S. Fingolimod administration following hypoxia induced neonatal seizure can restore impaired long-term potentiation and memory performance in adult rats. Neuroscience 2023; 519:107-119. [PMID: 36990271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal seizures commonly caused by hypoxia can lead to long-term neurological outcomes. Early inflammation plays an important role in the pathology of these outcomes. Therefore, in the current study, we explored the long-term effects of Fingolimod (FTY720), an analog of sphingosine and potentsphingosine 1-phosphate(S1P) receptors modulator, as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent in attenuating anxiety, memory impairment, and possible alterations in gene expression of hippocampal inhibitory and excitatory receptors following hypoxia-induced neonatal seizure (HINS). Seizure was induced in 24 male and female pups (6 in each experimental group) at postnatal day 10 (P10) by premixed gas (5% oxygen/ 95% nitrogen) in a hypoxic chamber for 15 minutes. Sixty minutes after the onset of hypoxia, FTY720 (0.3 mg/kg) or saline (100 µl) was administered for 12 days (from P10 up to P21). Anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal memory function were assessed at P90 by elevated plus maze (EPM) and novel object recognition (NOR), respectively. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was recorded from hippocampal dentate gyrus region (DG) following stimulation of perforant pathway (PP). In addition, the hippocampal concentration of superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and thiol as indices of oxidative stress were evaluated. Finally, the gene expression of NR2A subunit of N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor, GluR2 subunit of (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) AMPA receptor and γ2 subunit of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor were assessed at P90 by the quantitative real-time PCR. FTY720 significantly reduced later-life anxiety-like behavior, ameliorated object recognition memory and increased the amplitude and slope of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in the rats following HINS. These effects were associated with restoration of the hippocampal thiol content to the normal values and the regulatory role of FTY720 in the expression of hippocampal GABA and glutamate receptors subunits. In conclusion, FTY720 could restore the dysregulated gene expression of excitatory and inhibitory receptors. It also increased the reduced hippocampal thiol content, which was accompanied with attenuation of HINS-induced anxiety, reduced the impaired hippocampal related memory, and prevented hippocampal LTP deficits in later life following HINS.
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Cortical expression of AMPA receptors during postnatal development in a genetic model of absence epilepsy. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 73:19-25. [PMID: 30593850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood absence epilepsy has been associated with poor academic performance, behavioural difficulties, as well as increased risk of physical injury in some affected children. The frequent episodes of 'absence' arise from corticothalamocortical network dysfunction, with multifactorial mechanisms potentially involved in genetically different patients. Aberrations in glutamatergic neurotransmission has been implicated in some seizure models, and we have recently reported that reduced cortical AMPA receptor (AMPAR) expression (predominantly GluA4- containing AMPARs) in parvalbumin-containing (PV+) inhibitory interneurons, could underlie seizure generation in the stargazer mutant mouse. In the present study, we investigate AMPA receptor subunit changes occurring during postnatal development in the stargazer mouse, to determine when these changes occur relative to seizure onset and thus could be contributory to seizure generation. Using quantitative western blotting, we analysed the expression of AMPAR GluA1-4 subunits in the somatosensory cortex at three critical time points; two before seizure onset (postnatal days (PN) 7-9 and 13-15), and one at seizure onset (PN17-18) in stargazers. We report that compared to their non-epileptic littermates, in the stargazer somatosensory cortex, there was a significant reduction in expression of AMPARs containing GluA1, 3 and 4 subunits prior to seizure onset, whereas reduction in expression of GluA2-AMPARs appears to be a post-seizure event. Thus, while loss of GluA4-containing AMPARs (likely GluA1/4 and GluA3/4) may be linked to seizure induction, the loss of GluA2-containing AMPARs is a secondary post-seizure mechanism, which is most likely involved in seizure maintenance.
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Fachim HA, Pereira AC, Iyomasa-Pilon MM, Rosa MLNM. Differential Expression of AMPA Subunits Induced by NMDA Intrahippocampal Injection in Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:32. [PMID: 26912994 PMCID: PMC4753315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is involved in excitotoxic mechanisms by interacting with different receptors. Such interactions result in neuronal death associated with several neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this work was to study the time course of changes in the expression of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of glutamate amino-acid-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in rat hippocampus induced by NMDA intrahippocampal injection. Rats were submitted to stereotaxic surgery for NMDA or saline (control) microinjection into dorsal hippocampus and the parameters were evaluated 24 h, 1, 2, and 4 weeks after injection. The extension and efficacy of the NMDA-induced injury were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) behavioral test and Nissl staining. The expression of GluR1 and GluR2 receptors, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neuronal marker (NeuN) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. It was observed the impairment of learning and memory functions, loss of neuronal cells, and glial proliferation in CA1 area of NMDA compared with control groups, confirming the injury efficacy. In addition, NMDA injection induced distinct changes in GluR1 and GluR2 expression over the time. In conclusion, such changes may be related to the complex mechanism triggered in response to NMDA injection resulting in a local injury and in the activation of neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene A Fachim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao PauloRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria L N M Rosa
- Institute of Neuroscience and BehaviorRibeirão Preto, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB)Barretos, Brazil
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Murck H. Ketamine, magnesium and major depression--from pharmacology to pathophysiology and back. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:955-65. [PMID: 23541145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The glutamatergic mechanism of antidepressant treatments is now in the center of research to overcome the limitations of monoamine-based approaches. There are several unresolved issues. For the action of the model compound, ketamine, NMDA-receptor block, AMPA-receptor activation and BDNF release appear to be involved in a mechanism, which leads to synaptic sprouting and strengthened synaptic connections. The link to the pathophysiology of depression is not clear. An overlooked connection is the role of magnesium, which acts as physiological NMDA-receptor antagonist: 1. There is overlap between the actions of ketamine with that of high doses of magnesium in animal models, finally leading to synaptic sprouting. 2. Magnesium and ketamine lead to synaptic strengthening, as measured by an increase in slow wave sleep in humans. 3. Pathophysiological mechanisms, which have been identified as risk factors for depression, lead to a reduction of (intracellular) magnesium. These are neuroendocrine changes (increased cortisol and aldosterone) and diabetes mellitus as well as Mg(2+) deficiency. 4. Patients with therapy refractory depression appear to have lower CNS Mg(2+) levels in comparison to health controls. 5. Experimental Mg(2+) depletion leads to depression- and anxiety like behavior in animal models. 6. Ketamine, directly or indirectly via non-NMDA glutamate receptor activation, acts to increase brain Mg(2+) levels. Similar effects have been observed with other classes of antidepressants. 7. Depressed patients with low Mg(2+) levels tend to be therapy refractory. Accordingly, administration of Mg(2+) either alone or in combination with standard antidepressants acts synergistically on depression like behavior in animal models. CONCLUSION On the basis of the potential pathophysiological role of Mg(2+)-regulation, it may be possible to predict the action of ketamine and of related compounds based on Mg(2+) levels. Furthermore, screening for compounds to increase neuronal Mg(2+) concentration could be a promising instrument to identify new classes of antidepressants. Overall, any discussion of the glutamatergic system in affective disorders should consider the role of Mg(2+).
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Cox DJ, Racca C. Differential dendritic targeting of AMPA receptor subunit mRNAs in adult rat hippocampal principal neurons and interneurons. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1954-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lomoio S, Necchi D, Mares V, Scherini E. A single episode of neonatal seizures alters the cerebellum of immature rats. Epilepsy Res 2010; 93:17-24. [PMID: 21094593 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE to test whether a single episode of early-life seizures may interfere with the development of the cerebellum. The cerebellum is particularly vulnerable in infants, since it is characterized by an important postnatal histogenesis that leads to the settling of adult circuitry. METHODS seizures were induced in 10-day-old Wistar rats with a single convulsive dose (80μg/g b.w., s.c.) of pentylentetrazole (PTZ). Immediately after rats were treated with (3)H-thymidine ((3)HTdR, 2.5μCi/g b.w, s.c.). Rats were killed 4h later and paraffin sections of the cerebellar vermis were processed for (3)HTdR autoradiography and immunocytochemistry for 2/3 subunits of AMPA glutamate receptor (GluR2/3), glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and calbindin. RESULTS seizures reduced the proliferation rate of cells in the external germinal layer. Purkinje cells showed increased GluR2/3 immunoreactivity. However, some Purkinje cells were unstained or lost. Increased GLT1 immunoreactivity was present in glial cells surrounding Purkinje cells. Calbindin immunoreaction confirmed that some Purkinje cells were missed. The remaining Purkinje cells showed large spheroids along the course of their axon. CONCLUSIONS data indicate that seizures lead to a loss and alteration of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of immature rats. Since at 10 days of life Purkinje cells are no more proliferating, the loss of Purkinje cells should be permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Lomoio
- Department of Animal Biology, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Jiang Q, Wu Y, Wang J, Wu X, Qin J, Jiang Y. Characterization of developing rat cortical neurons after epileptiform discharges. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:455-63. [PMID: 20600787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing brain undergoes major reorganization in response to early environmental changes. The elevated excitation that allows the neonatal brain to develop quickly also makes it highly vulnerable to age-specific seizures that can cause lifelong cognitive and neurological disability. However, it is not yet clear how seizures interfere with the developmental program and how epileptogenesis actualize. Here, by using an in vitro model, we report a global abnormal status of cortical cells after epileptiform activity was induced: more NR2B is targeted on the neuronal surface with less NR2A. Dendrotoxicity including dendritic beading, distortion and simplification of dendritic branching patterns were observed. Early-life seizure-like insults also exert effects on the excitatory synaptic size and interactions between PSD-95 and NR2A or NR2B receptor subunits. Our findings support an abnormal development or, worse, cellular degeneration that resembles immature cells, which may enlighten better understanding of the pathological mechanism of early-life seizures and its related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Friedman LK, Segal M. Early exposure of cultured hippocampal neurons to excitatory amino acids protects from later excitotoxicity. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:195-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Friedman
- Neuroscience DepartmentNew York College of Osteopathic Medicine/New York Institute of TechnologyNorthern BoulevardOld WestburyNY11568United States
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